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offspring.!
Gene Pool consists of all the alleles for all loci in a population!
A locus is fixed if all individuals in a population are homozygous for the same allele.(only
one allele for a particular locus. !
- (if there are two or more alleles for a particular locus diploid individuals are heterozygous
or homozygous).!
In order to evolve population must differ genetically, and one of the factors that causes
evolution must be at play (being used by species)!
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: in a population where gametes contribute to the next
generation randomly and Mendelian inheritance occurs, allele and genotype frequencies
remain constant from generation to generation without evolution. (constant frequency of
alleles in a gene pool).!
p+q=1(number of alleles in population)!
p = expected frequencies of one homozygous genotype!
q = expected frequencies of other homozygous genotype!
2pq = expected frequencies of heterozygous genotype!
p+2pq+q=1 frequency of alleles in gene pool!
Incomplete dominance: each genotype has a distinct phenotype!
1. No Mutations!
2. Random Mating!
3. No Natural Selection!
4. Extremely Large Population Size!
5. No Gene Flow!
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) - metabolic disorder that results from homozygosity for a recessive
allele and occurs in about 1 of 10,000 births.!
Concept 23.3: Natural Selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter
allele frequencies in population.
- Adaptive Evolution - an improvement in the match between organisms and their
environment!
- The tree of life suggests that eukaryotes and archaea are more closely
related to each other than to bacteria.!
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Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea!
Masters of Adaptation!
Cell-Surface Structures!
Mobility!
- In a heterozygous environment, many bacteria exhibit taxis, the ability to move toward or
away from a stimulus!
Chemotaxis is the movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus!
- Most motile bacteria propel themselves by flagella scattered about the surface or
concentrated at on or both ends!
Flagella are composed of different proteins and likely evolved independently !
translation allow people to use some antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth without harming
themselves!
Reproduction !
- Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by binary fission and can divide every 1-3 hours!
- Key features of prokaryotic reproduction:!
They are small!
They reproduce by binary fission!
they have short generation times!
Nitrogen Metabolism!
- Horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes obscures the root of the tree of life!
Bacteria
Archaea!