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2. Referenced Documents
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
resistance to fracture of metallic materials under Mode I
loading at static rates using either of the following notched and
precracked specimens: the middle-cracked tension M(T) specimen or the compact tension C(T) specimen. A K-R curve is a
continuous record of toughness development (resistance to
crack extension) in terms of KR plotted against crack extension
in the specimen as a crack is driven under an increasing stress
intensity factor, K.
1.2 Materials that can be tested for K-R curve development
are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, so long as
specimens are of sufficient size to remain predominantly elastic
to the effective crack extension value of interest.
1.3 Specimens of standard proportions are required, but size
is variable, to be adjusted for yield strength and toughness of
the materials.
1.4 Only two of the many possible specimen types that
could be used to develop K-R curves are covered in this
method.
1.5 The test is applicable to conditions where a material
exhibits slow, stable crack extension under increasing crack
driving force, which may exist in relatively tough materials
under plane stress crack tip conditions.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E08 on Fatigue
and Fracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on Fracture
Mechanics.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally
approved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E561 08 1. DOI:
10.1520/E0561-10E02.
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E561 102
factor K. The crack is driven forward by continuously or
incrementally increasing force or displacement. Measurements
are made periodically for determination of the effective crack
size and for calculation of K values, which are individual data
points that define the K-R curve for the material under those
test conditions.
4.2 The crack starter is a low-stress-level fatigue crack.
4.3 The method covers two techniques for determination of
effective crack size: (1) direct measurement of the physical
crack size which is then adjusted for the developing plastic
zone size, and (2) compliance measurement techniques that
yield the effective crack size directly. Methods of measuring
crack extension and of making plastic-zone corrections to the
physical crack size are prescribed. Expressions for the calculation of crack-extension force KR are given. Criteria for
determining if the specimen conditions are predominantly
elastic are provided.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The K-R curve characterizes the resistance to fracture of
materials during slow, stable crack extension and results from
the growth of the plastic zone ahead of the crack as it extends
from a fatigue precrack or sharp notch. It provides a record of
the toughness development as a crack is driven stably under
increasing applied stress intensity factor K. For a given
material, K-R curves are dependent upon specimen thickness,
temperature, and strain rate. The amount of valid K-R data
generated in the test depends on the specimen type, size,
method of loading, and, to a lesser extent, testing machine
characteristics.
5.2 For an untested geometry, the K-R curve can be matched
with the crack driving (applied K) curves to estimate the degree
of stable crack extension and the conditions necessary to cause
unstable crack propagation (1).4 In making this estimate, K-R
curves are regarded as being independent of original crack size
ao and the specimen configuration in which they are developed.
For a given material, material thickness, and test temperature,
K-R curves appear to be a function of only the effective crack
extension ae (2).
5.2.1 To predict crack behavior and instability in a
component, a family of crack driving curves is generated by
calculating K as a function of crack size for the component
using a series of force, displacement, or combined loading
conditions. The K-R curve may be superimposed on the family
of crack driving curves as shown in Fig. 1, with the origin of
the K-R curve coinciding with the assumed original crack size
ao. The intersection of the crack driving curves with the K-R
curve shows the expected effective stable crack extension for
each loading condition. The crack driving curve that develops
tangency with the K-R curve defines the critical loading
condition that will cause the onset of unstable fracture under
the loading conditions used to develop the crack driving
curves.
5.2.2 Conversely, the K-R curve can be shifted left or right
in Fig. 1 to bring it into tangency with a crack driving curve to
4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Testing MachineMachines used for K-R curve testing
shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4. The forces
used in determining KR values shall be within the verified force
application range of the testing machine as defined in Practices
E4.
6.2 Grips and Fixtures for Middle-Cracked Tension (M(T))
SpecimensIn middle-cracked tension specimens, the grip
fixtures are designed to develop uniform stress distribution in
the central region of the specimen. Single pin grips can be used
on specimens less than 305 mm (12 in.) wide if the specimen
is long enough to ensure uniform stress distribution in the crack
plane (see 8.5.3.) For specimens wider than 305 mm (12 in.),
multiple-bolt grips such as those shown in Fig. 2 or wedge
grips that apply a uniform displacement along the entire width
of the specimen end shall be used if the stress intensity factor
and compliance equations in Section 11 are to be used. Other
gripping arrangements can be used if the appropriate stress
intensity factor and compliance relationships are verified and
used. Grips should be carefully aligned to minimize the
introduction of bending strain into the specimen. Pin or gimbal
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E561 102
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E561 102
restraints and specimen faces is detrimental and should be
minimized as much as possible.
6.4.3 Lubrication shall be provided between the face plates
and specimen. Care shall be taken to keep lubricants out of the
crack. Sheet TFE-fluorocarbon or heavy oils or both can be
used. The initial clamping forces between opposing plates
should be high enough to prevent buckling but not high enough
to change the stress distribution in the region of the crack tip at
any time during the test.
6.5 Displacement GagesDisplacement gages are used to
accurately measure the crack-mouth opening displacement
(CMOD) across the crack at a specified location and span. For
small C(T) specimens, the gage recommended in Test Method
E399 may have a sufficient linear working range to be used.
However, testing specimens with W greater than 127 mm (5
in.) may require gages with a larger working range, such as the
gage shown in Fig. 3.
6.5.1 A recommended gage for use in M(T) specimens is
shown in Fig. 4 (13). This gage is inserted into a machined hole
having a circular knife edge. The diameter di, is the gage span
2Y used in the calibration. Detail drawings of the gage are
given in Fig. 5. Radius of the attachment tip should be less than
the radius of the circular knife edge in the specimen.
6.5.2 The gage recommended in 6.5.1 is preferred because
of its excellent linearity characteristics and ease of attachment.
However, other types of gages used over different span lengths
are equally acceptable provided the precision and accuracy
requirements are retained. For example, the conventional clip
gage of Test Method E399 may be used with screw attached
knife edges spanning the crack at a chosen span 2Y. In M(T)
tests, the proper compliance calibration curve must be used
because compliance is a function of Y/W. When using the
g
mm (in.)
23.3 (0.918)
d
mm (in.)
12.7 (0.500)
Dimensions
t
mm (in.)
1.6 (0.062)
h
mm (in.)
86.4 (3.400)
w
mm (in.)
7.6 (0.300)
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E561 102
during the test. Specimen unloading compliance values are
substituted into the appropriate calibration curve or compliance
expression to determine physical crack size ap. In this case,
effective crack size can be computed by adding the plastic zone
size at each measurement point.
7.3 The single compliance technique uses specimen displacement measured at a single location, for example the front
face mouth opening for C(T) specimens or spanning the notch
at the specimen midplane for M(T) specimens.
7.4 Specimen compliance is measured by simultaneously
recording the force and CMOD during the test. The effective
crack size can be determined directly by calculating v/P in
the single compliance method. Crack size is determined from
compliance measurements using the compliance equations or
tables for the specimen tested as described in Section 11.
7.5 The compliance technique uses elastic-spring characteristics of the specimen calibrated over a variety of crack sizes
(15). Compliance calibration curves have been developed for
various specimen geometries analytically using finite element
methods or experimentally using specimens containing various
crack sizes. The change in CMOD (v) of specific measurement points on the specimen is determined as a function of the
change in force (P). The slopes are normalized for material
thickness and elastic modulus and plotted against the ratio of
crack size to specimen width, providing a calibration curve of
EB~ v/P ! as a function of a/W for the C(T) specimens or 2a/W
for the M(T) specimen. Analytical expressions for the normalized compliance of the two specimen types covered in this
method are given in Section 11 for specified displacement
measurement points.
8. Specimen Configuration, Dimensions, and Preparation
FIG. 5 Detail Drawings of Clip Gage for Use with the
M(T) Specimen
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E561 102
elastic conditions over a wide range of ae values are provided
for each specimen type below. Methods for determining invalid
data points are provided in subsequent sections of the method.
8.4 Starting Notch and PrecrackThe machined starter
notch for either of the recommended specimens may be made
by electrical-discharge machining, end milling, or saw cutting.
It is advisable to have a root radius at the ends of the notch of
0.08 mm (0.003 in.) or less to facilitate fatigue precracking.
Fatigue precracking is highly recommended and may be
omitted only if it has been demonstrated for the material and
thickness of interest that the machined notch root radius
effectively simulates the sharpness of a fatigue precrack. The
starter notch should be extended by fatigue precrack not less
than 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) in length. The procedure for precracking
is given in Testing Procedures, Section 9.
8.5 Middle-Cracked Tension (M(T)) Specimen:
8.5.1 The middle-cracked tension (M(T)) specimen is a
rectangular specimen containing a centrally-located starter
notch that is pulled in tension in the length direction of the
specimen.
8.5.2 The ends of the specimen may contain a single
pin-loading hole or may be configured for gripping with
multiple-bolt grips or wedge grips along the two ends of the
specimen as shown in Fig. 2.
8.5.3 To ensure uniform stress entering the crack plane
when single-pin grips are used, the length between the loading
pins shall be at least three specimen widths, 3W. For specimens
wider than 305 mm (12 in.), multiple-bolt grips such as those
shown in Fig. 2 or wedge grips that apply a uniform displacement along the entire width of the specimen end shall be used.
In this case, the length requirement between the innermost
gripping points is relaxed to 1.5W.
8.5.4 A starter notch is machined perpendicular to the
tension direction, centered at mid-width and located midway
along the length of the specimen. The machined notch length
shall be between 0.25 and 0.40W and shall be centered with
respect to the specimen width within 0.002W. The machined
notch must lie within the envelope shown in Fig. 6. A fatigue
precrack shall be initiated from each end of the starter notch
using the procedure in 9.2. The fatigue precrack shall extend
from the starter notch by at least 1.3 mm (0.05 in.) and must
extend beyond the envelope shown in Fig. 6. The original crack
size, 2ao (machined notch plus fatigue precrack) shall be
within the range of 0.25 to 0.40W.
A
Distance between pin centers of single pin loaded M(T) specimens is nominally
3W. Specimens wider than 305 mm (12 in.) will require multiple pin grips or
full-width gripping and the length requirement for the distance between nearest
gripping points is relaxed to 1.5W.
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E561 102
Specimen Width
W (mm)
75 < W # 125
125 < W # 250
250 < W
D
(mm)
25
40
65
d
(mm)
10
20
20
Specimen Width
W (in.)
3<W#5
5 < W # 10
10 < W
D
(in.)
1.0
1.5
2.5
NOTE 1Specimen thickness B shall not vary by more than 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) or 0.01W, whichever is greater.
FIG. 7 Compact Tension (C(T)) Specimen
S D
4 K
~ W 2 a p! $ R
YS
(1)
8.6.4 For specimen compliance determination, CMOD measurements are made across the notch at either location V0 or V1
in Fig. 7 (0.25W 6 0.0006W or 0.1576W 6 0.0006W in
advance of the loading hole centerline). Span of the gage is not
critical so long as it is less than W/4. Alternative location of the
gage is permitted but displacement values must be linearly
m (in.)
0.8
0.06
(2.5)
0.25
(10.0)
0.57
(22.6)
1.01
(39.8)
1.59
(62.7)
9. Testing Procedures
9.1 Specimen MeasurementsMeasure specimen thickness
B to 60.5 % of B at two locations in the plane of the notch
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E561 102
between the notch tip and the specimen edge. Measure specimen width, W, to 60.5 % of W.
9.2 Specimen PrecrackingAll specimens shall be precracked in the final heat-treated condition. The length of the
fatigue crack extension shall not be less than 1.3 mm (0.05 in.).
The precrack must also extend beyond the applicable envelope
boundary shown in Fig. 6 or Fig. 8 depending on the specimen
being tested.
9.2.1 Precracking may include two or more stages: crack
initiation, intermediate propagation, and finishing. To avoid
temporary growth retardation from a single step of load
shedding, one or more intermediate levels may be added. The
reduction in maximum force from the final intermediate stage
to the finishing stage shall not be more than 30 %.
9.2.2 As a guide, crack initiation can be started in most
commercial materials at Kmax/E = 0.00013 m1/2 (0.00083
in.1/2). Many commercial materials can be finished at Kmax/E =
0.0001 m1/2 (0.0006 in.1/2). Most aluminum alloys can be
precracked at K = 10 to 12 MPam ( 9 to 11 ksiin.). Stress
ratio selection is optional, but R = 0.1 is recommended.
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E561 102
Otherwise, monitor and record the force versus CMOD while
continuously applying deformation.
9.8.3 It may be possible to detect whether buckling or
friction are affecting the test by performing a periodic partial
unload of the specimen by reversing the deformation direction
as shown schematically in Fig. 9, unloading to about 80 % of
the test force at the time of the unload. The initial part of the
force-CMOD record should have a linear portion which can be
substantially retraced upon partial unloading. Should buckling
or friction problems develop during the test, the unloading and
reloading slopes will tend to diverge. If the slopes differ by
more than 2 %, or if one or both have no linear range, or if the
unload-reload trace forms a loop, then buckling or friction may
be affecting the test results sufficiently to cause significant error
in compliance-measured crack sizes and calculated K value.
Added confidence can be obtained by comparing the crack
sizes predicted from unloading slopes to physical crack size
measured with other more direct methods.
NOTE 8Buckling can also be detected in an M(T) specimen by
watching for a difference in the CMOD measured on both faces of the
specimen (indicating symmetric buckling) and by watching for clip gage
rotation (indicating anti-symmetric buckling).
DISPLACEMENT, v
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E561 102
10. Calculation and Interpretation
10.1 Construction of the K-R curveThe K-R curve determined in accordance with this method is a plot of crack
extension resistance KR as a function of effective crack
extension ae. Because the crack extension can be measured in
several ways, the following sections describe several procedures for determining data pairs of KR and ae from the test
record depending on the type of test run. The physical crack
size and plastic zone size also need to be determined for the net
section stress validity criteria. A sample tabulation of analysis
data is shown in Table 1.
10.1.1 There are three methods for determination of effective crack size, each requiring a slightly different calculation
approach: (1) Measurement of physical crack size by direct
observation and then calculating the effective crack size ae by
adding the plastic zone size, (2) Measurement of physical crack
size by unloading compliance and calculating ae by adding the
plastic zone size, and (3) Measurement of the effective crack
size directly by loading compliance, then calculating the
physical crack size needed for determining validity.
10.1.2 Depending on the measurement technique chosen,
perform the steps in either 10.2 for tests using direct measurement of physical crack size or 10.3 for tests using compliance
methods. Use the appropriate sections of 10.3 for the particular
compliance method used. Complete the test analysis by using
the procedures in 10.4 and subsequent sections. Equations and
tables for calculating the stress intensity factor, compliance,
force limits, and validity criteria for the three specimen types
are described in Section 11.
10.2 Data Reduction Procedures for Tests Using Direct
Measurement of Physical Crack Size:
10.2.1 For tests where the physical crack size ap is measured
directly, the effective crack size ae is determined by adding the
plastic zone size ry to the physical crack size.
10.2.2 For each observation point where physical crack size
ap and force were recorded, determine the plastic zone size by
calculating K(ap), the stress intensity factor using the physical
crack size ap in Eq 4 for the M(T) specimen or Eq 10 for the
C(T) specimen. Substitute K(ap) for K in Eq 2 along with the
yield strength YS to determine the plastic zone size ry.
S D
1
K 2
(2)
2 YS
NOTE 9The expression for rY is most accurate for high-strength
materials of yield strength-to-density ratios above 174 kPa/(kgm-3)
(700 000 psi/(lbmin.-3)). Lower-strength, high-toughness materials require increasing reliance on unloading compliance methods to correct for
plastic-zone effects. Compliance methods are discussed in 10.3.
rY 5
Obs
296
335
407
471
530
585
636
686
900
935
967
997
1024
1049
1072
1093
1111
1125
1137
1147
1152
Material and
Specmen ID
Test date
Alloy
Temper
Data points
YS
E
W
B
ao
yo
Secant
Slope
(kN/mm)
609.2
606.4
599.4
590.2
581.2
571.4
560.6
547.5
532.6
513.3
495.0
474.5
453.3
431.3
409.5
384.1
358.1
335.2
307.5
278.1
259.0
Specimen Information
999-888-L-T-1
2004-08-04
XXXX
YYYY
1162
(MPa)
325
(MPa)
71018.5
(mm)
761.5
(mm)
6.72
(mm)
125.8
(mm)
14.1
Force
(kN)
CMOD
(mm)
aeff
(mm)
218.7
254.0
324.0
392.5
459.3
524.7
588.0
650.0
708.2
759.1
807.1
851.6
890.1
923.8
952.6
974.2
987.5
993.5
986.7
966.2
945.2
0.359
0.419
0.541
0.665
0.790
0.918
1.049
1.187
1.330
1.479
1.631
1.795
1.964
2.142
2.326
2.536
2.757
2.964
3.209
3.474
3.650
0.00
1.03
2.35
4.10
5.87
7.84
10.06
12.85
16.17
20.67
25.20
30.56
36.49
43.08
50.06
58.86
68.67
78.11
90.52
105.11
115.44
KR
Krate
Kapp
(MPa=m) (MPa=m/s) (MPa=m)
28.8
33.7
43.2
52.9
62.4
72.0
81.6
91.5
101.3
110.9
120.6
130.5
140.3
150.2
160.0
170.5
181.0
190.4
200.7
211.3
218.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.8
1.6
28.8
33.5
42.7
51.8
60.6
69.2
77.5
85.7
93.4
100.1
106.4
112.3
117.4
121.8
125.6
128.5
130.2
131.0
130.1
127.4
124.6
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rY
(mm)
net
(MPa)
Rv = net /YS
Rv # 1?
1.24
1.68
2.74
4.05
5.56
7.27
9.16
11.27
13.52
15.88
18.33
20.97
23.66
26.45
29.29
32.37
35.45
38.21
41.18
44.05
45.73
63.55
73.95
94.44
114.62
134.26
153.52
172.26
190.95
208.91
225.83
242.15
258.32
273.62
288.49
302.76
317.39
331.49
343.84
357.18
370.88
379.79
0.20
0.23
0.29
0.35
0.41
0.47
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.84
0.89
0.93
0.98
1.02
1.06
1.10
1.14
1.17
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
E561 102
observation point to calculate KR. Complete the analysis by
following the steps starting at 10.4.
10.3 Data Reduction Procedures for Tests Using Compliance Methods:
10.3.1 The single compliance method uses values of specimen compliance v/P to enter a specimen calibration curve
or entered into the appropriate compliance expression to
determine crack size. The effective modulus Eeff is first
determined from the initial linear slope of the force-CMOD
curve to initialize the calibration curve or compliance expression and to check the experimental setup.
10.3.2 Check for data integrity by inspecting the forceCMOD curve and, if desired, by plotting force and CMOD as
functions of time. A sudden drop in force accompanied by a
drop in CMOD usually indicates grip slippage. A small amount
of slippage will not be detrimental to the test, but large drops
in force, especially near maximum force, would put the test
results in doubt. A drop in force accompanied by an increase in
CMOD indicates pop-in crack extension, or short bursts of
unstable crack extension. Large amounts of pop-in crack
extension may contribute to variability in K-R curve results or
invalidate the interpretation of data.
10.3.3 The test record of force versus CMOD for the single
compliance method will have an initial linear region that
corresponds to the specimen compliance associated with the
original crack size ao. Fig. 9 shows a schematic diagram of the
test record. Compliance construction lines for determining
v/P at several points on the force versus CMOD curve are
also shown.
10.3.4 Single Compliance InitializationFor tests using the
single compliance method, determine the effective modulus Eeff
using the following steps.
10.3.4.1 Determine lower and upper force limits to select
the initial linear slope of the force-CMOD curve. This initial
linear slope can be determined from digital data by first
establishing lower and upper limits of force for the linear
regression. These limits can be based on visual estimates from
an X-Y chart, on statistical determination of the best linear
region, or on theoretical plastic zone sizes (see Notes 10 and
11). With digital data, a linear regression of at least 20 data
pairs between those limits is recommended.
NOTE 10For relatively high-toughness specimens, the shape of the
initial portion of the K-R curve is sensitive to the portion of the
force-CMOD curve selected as the initial linear region. This is because
there is slight curvature at the beginning of the force-CMOD curve due to
the growth of the plastic zone as K increases. The Kc value can also be
affected by the region selected. To establish a consistent basis that is
applicable to a variety of specimens and specimen sizes, the use of lower
and upper plastic zone size limits to determine the lower and upper limits
of the initial region of the force-CMOD curve has been found to avoid the
problems with other methods for determining the initial linear region. The
lower and upper plastic zone sizes can be used to determine the force
limits between which the linear region is determined. The force limits can
be determined by substituting in the lower and upper plastic zone size
limits for rY in Eq 9 for the M(T) specimen or Eq 16 for the C(T)
specimen.
NOTE 11Lower and upper plastic zone size limits of 0.050 mm (0.002
in.) and 1.25 mm (0.05 in.) have been found to work well with K-R testing
of aluminum alloys.
~ v/P ! i 5 ~ v i 2 v o ! /P i
(3)
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E561 102
on the physical crack size and using the force for this analysis
point. Next, determine an underestimate of ry by substituting
K(ap) for K in Eq 2. Adjust ry between these limits until K(ap)
results in the same ry when substituted in Eq 2.
10.3.5.4 Calculate the physical crack size ap = ae ry. This
will be used in the net section stress validity calculation.
Complete the analysis by going to 10.4.
10.3.6 Effective Crack Size Determination from Unloading
ComplianceUse the steps in this section if the physical crack
size is to be determined directly from unloading compliance
data. Effective crack size is computed by adding the plastic
zone size to the physical crack size.
NOTE 13Determination of compliance by digital data collection and
analysis is recommended because of the better accuracy compared to
manual methods.
which is valid for 0.2 < 2a/W < 0.8 and Y/W 0.5 and where:
E
= the specimen material Youngs modulus or the
effective modulus Eeff ,
v/P = specimen compliance (the ratio of the change in
CMOD to the change in force),
B
= specimen thickness,
W
= total specimen width,
Y
= half span of the displacement measurement points,
a
= effective crack size ae for increasing load or physical crack size ap for unloading, and
K5
where:
P
=
B
=
W =
a
=
WB
S D
asec
P
a
5
W
WB
a
a
cos
W
(4)
S D
applied force,
specimen thickness,
total specimen width, and
the crack size; depending on the calculation, this could
be the effective crack size ae or the physical crack size
a p.
S D
2Y
P
W
2W
cosh~ Y/W !
2
cosh21
Y
cos ~ a/W !
a/W
sin ~ a/W !
(5)
11
sin ~ a/W !
11
sinh~ Y/W !
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E561 102
11.2.6 The lower and upper force limits for selecting the
initial linear region of the force-CMOD curve in an M(T)
specimen can be determined by substituting lower and upper
plastic zone size limits for rY in the following expression:
P lim 5 YSBW
S D=
2
a o
cos
ao
W
rY
(9)
S D
S D
S D
a
W
K5
B =W 1 2 a
W
P
21
3/2
a
W
(10)
where:
f
S D F
S D
S D
a
a
a
5 0.88614.64
2 13.32
W
W
W
2 5.6
114.72
S D
a
W
S DG
4
a
W
(11)
which
P =
B =
a =
W
11.3.2 The expression for calculating normalized compliance EB~ v/P ! as a function of the C(T) specimen geometry
and effective crack size (10) is given by:
EB
2 =@ E eff B ~ /P ! # 2 2 ~ 2Y/W ! 2
2.141
(6)
2a
5 1.2235X 2 0.699032X 2 13.25584X 3 2 6.65042X 4 15.54X 5
W
2 1.66989X 6
(7)
net
P
5
YS YSB ~ W 2 2a p !
1A 3
S D
a
W
1A 4
S D
a
W
(12)
(8)
S D S D
v
a
a
1A 2
5 A 0 1A 1
P
W
W
where:
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(13)
E561 102
TABLE 2 Variability in KR at Four Selected Levels of Effective Crack Extension, ae Seven LabsTriplicate Tests
NOTE 1The standard deviation has been pooled for all laboratories testing a given alloy. Data on the round robin results are on file at ASTM
Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA, USA 19428-2959. Request RR: E-24-1011.
KR values for 2024-T351: YS = 330 MPa (48 ksi) in MPa=m (ksi=in.)
2.5 mm (0.1 in.)
5.1 mm (0.2 in.)
7.6 mm (0.3 in.)
10.2 mm (0.4 in.)
47.8 (43.5)
61.9 (56.3)
73.4 (66.8)
81.3 (74.0)
2.0 (1.8)
2.0 (1.8)
1.5 (1.4)
1.6 (1.5)
KR values for 7475-T7351: YS = 405 MPa (59 ksi) in MPa=m (ksi=in.)
2.5 mm (0.1 in.)
5.1 mm (0.2 in.)
7.6 mm (0.3 in.)
10.2 mm (0.4 in.)
52.9 (48.1)
65.9 (60.0)
78.2 (71.2)
85.2 (77.5)
3.4 (3.1)
4.2 (3.8)
4.1 (3.7)
4.5 (4.1)
U5
11
EB
(14)
v
P
11.3.5 The lower and upper force limits for selecting the
initial linear region of the force-CMOD curve in the C(T)
specimen can be determined by substituting lower and upper
plastic zone size limits for rY in the following expression (see
Notes 10 and 11):
P lim 5
v
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
measurement
C0
location
V0
1.0010
-4.6695
18.460
-236.82
1214.90
-2143.6
1.0008
-4.4473
15.400
-180.55
870.92
-1411.3
V1
Accuracy for a/W is 0.0005% over the range of 0.35 # a/W # 0.60
8r Y
W 2 ap
(15)
S D
DS D
YSB =2W 1 2
21
a0
a0
f
W
W
a0
W
3
2
=r Y
(16)
FIG. 12 Compliance Curves for the C(T) Specimen for Two Displacement Measurement Locations V0 and V1 shown in Fig. 7
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E561 102
12.1.4 Original physical crack size ao,
12.1.5 Crack orientation (see Annex A2 in Terminology
E1823 for coding system),
12.1.6 Product form and thickness,
12.1.7 Yield strength,
12.1.8 Material modulus,
12.1.9 Precracking conditions,
12.1.10 Crack measurement technique (direct measurement
or single compliance, and whether unloading compliance
measurements were used),
12.1.11 Effective modulus, if obtained,
12.1.12 Initial CMOD gage span, if used,
12.1.13 Average K-rate during the initial portion of the test
and whether this value meets the requirements of 9.5,
12.1.14 A tabular listing of the KR and ae values defining
the K-R curve along with the values of ry and Rv at each point
(see sample tabulation of analysis data in Table 1). Note any
data points where the physical crack tip is outside the 10
envelope as described in 9.10, and
12.1.15 Test environmental conditions (temperature and
humidity).
14. Keywords
14.1 effective crack extension; fracture mechanics; fracture
resistance; fracture toughness; KR ; K-R curve; linear elastic;
plane stress; plastic zone; standard test method; stress intensity
factor
REFERENCES
(1) Srawley, J. E., and Brown, W. F., Fracture Toughness Testing,
Symposium on Fracture Toughness Testing and Its Applications,
ASTM STP 381, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., 1965, pp. 133198.
(2) Kraft, J. M., Sullivan, A. M., and Boyle, R. W., Effect of Dimensions
on Fast Fracture Instability of Notched Sheets, Proceedings of the
Crack Propagation Symposium, College of Aeronautics, Cranfield,
England, Vol 1, 1961, pp. 826.
(3) Heyer, R. H., and McCabe, D. E., Plane-Stress Fracture Toughness
Testing Using a Crack-Line-Loaded Specimen, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol 4, pp. 393412.
(4) Heyer, R. H., and McCabe, D. E., Crack Growth Resistance in
Plane-Stress Fracture Testing, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol
4, pp. 413430.
(5) Paris, P. C., and Sih, G. C., Stress Analysis of Cracks, Symposium
on Fracture Toughness Testing and Its Applications, ASTM STP 381,
Am. Soc. Testing Mats., 1965, pp. 3083.
(6) McDarmaid, D. S., Thomas, C. E., and Wheeler, C., Mechanical
Properties of 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy Sheet, Defence Research
Agency, Aerospace Division, RAE Farnborough, Hampshire, Technical Report 91071, December 1991.
(7) Dawicke, D. S., Newman, J. C. Jr., Starnes, J. H. Jr., Rose, C. A.,
Young R. D., and Seshadri, B. R. Residual Strength Analysis
Methodology: Laboratory Coupons to Structural Components, The
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E561 102
(15) Boyle, R. W., Crack Growth in Notched Sheet Specimens,
Materials Research and Standards, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., Vol 2,
No. 8, 1962.
(16) Feddersen, C. E., Evaluation and Prediction of the Residual
Strength of Center Cracked Tension Panels, Damage Tolerance in
Aircraft Structures, ASTM STP 486, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., 1971 ,
pp. 5078.
(17) Cotterell, B., On Fracture Path Stability in the Compact Tension
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee E08 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(E561 051) that may impact the use of this standard.
(1) Removed the C(W) specimen and its double compliance
method.
(2) Deleted Tables 1 and 2 which contained tabular data
relating a/W to EBv/P for the C(T) and C(W) specimens.
(3) Moved analytical expressions for C(T) compliance from
Table 1 to Section 11.
(4) Re-ordered several figures so they coincide with the order
in which they appear in the text.
(5) Modified the C(T) figure (new Fig. 7) to remove the C(W)
specimen and to remove the V2 displacement measurement
point.
(6) Made numerous minor changes in wording to correct and
improve the text.
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