Vector Space & Linear Maps

Define: (1)Vector Space (2)Vector Subspace (3)Linear Combination (4)Linear Dependence and Independence

(5)
Generate or Span (6)Basis (7)M.S.of L.I.E ofV.S. (8)Dimension (9)Maximal set of L.I.E. ofV.S. (10)Sum & Direct sum

Prove:

1. Let V be a vector space over the field K. Let {v1, v2, .........., vn} be a set of generators of a vector space V. Let {v1,
v2, v3, .........., vr } be a maximal subset of linearly independent elements . Then {v1, v2, .........., vr } is a basis of V.
2. Let V be a vector space over the field K. Let {v1, v2, v3, .........., vm } be a basis of V over K. Let w1, w2, w3, ..........,
wn be elements of V and assume that n>m. Then w1, w2, w3, .........., wn are linearly dependent.
3. Every basis of vector space have same no. of elements.
4. Let V be a vector space over the field K and V be the direct sum of two subspaces U and W of V. Then
dimV = dim U + dim W .
5. Let U and W be two subspaces of a finite dimensional vector space V over the field K.
Then,dim(U+W)=dimU + dimW - dim(U ' W)
6. The set of all linear combination of vectors u1, u2, u3, .........., un is a subspace of V.
7. Let V be a vector space over the field K and {v1, v2, v3, .........., vn} be a maximal set of linearly independent elements
of V. Then {v1, v2, v3, .........., vn} is a basis of V.
8. Let V be a vector space of dimension n (dim n) and let v1, v2, v3, .........., vn be linearly independent elements of V.
Then v1, v2, v3, .........., vn constitute a basis of V.
9. Let V be a vector space having a basis consisting of n elements. Let W be a subspace which does not consist of 0
alone. Then W has a basis and dimension of W is < n.
10. Sum of two subspaces of a vector space V is also a subspace of V.
11. Let V be a vector space over the field K and let U and W be subspaces of V. If U+W=V, and if U'W={0}. Then V
is the direct sum of U and W.
12. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over the field K. Let W be a subspace .Then there exist a subspace U
such that V is the direct sum of W and U.

Define : (11)Mapping and Function (12) Composite map (13) Injective map (14) Surjective map (15)Bijective

map (16)Identity map (17)Inverse map (18)Co-ordinate function (19) Linear mapping (20) Kernel of linear map
(21) Image of linear map (22)Invertible map (23)Isomorphism
13. Let U, V, W, S be sets. Let F : U ---> V, G : V--->W and H : W ---> S be mappings. Then,Ho(GoF) = (HoG)oF.
14. A map f: S --->S` has an inverse mapping iff f is both injective and surjective.
15. Sum of two linear maps is also linear.
16. Let V and W be vector spaces . Let {v1, v2, v3, .........., vn} be a basis of V and let w1, w2, w3, .........., wn be arbitrary
elements of W , then there exists a unique linear mapping T : V--->W such that T(v1) = w1, ........, T(vn) = wn
[If x1, x2, ............, xn are numbers then, T(x1v1+ x2v2 +............+ xnvn) = x1w1 + x2w2+.............+ xnwn.]
17. The Kernel of linear map L :V--->W be a subspace of V.

18. The Image of linear map L : V--->W is a subspace of W.

19. Let V be a vector space. Let L :V--->W be a linear map. Let dimV = n, dim ker L = q, and dim imL = s. Then
n = q + s. i.e. dimV = dim ker L + dim imL.
20. Let V and W be two vector spaces over the same field K. Let F : V--->W be a linear map then the following
conditions are equivalent : (1) The kernel of F is equal to 0. (2) If v, w are elements of V s.t. F(v)=F(w) then v=w.
21. Let F : V--->W be a linear map whose Kernel is {0}. If v1, v2, .........., vnare linearly independent elements of V,
then F(v1), F(v2)....... F(vn) are linearly independent elements of W.
22. Let V be a vector space. Let P : V ---> V be a linear map, such that PoP = P. Let U be the image of P and W be
the Kernel of P. Then, V = U + W
23. The composite of two linear map is also linear.
24. The inverse of a linear map is also linear.
25. Let U, V, W be vector spaces over a field K. Let F : U ---> V be a linear mapping and G, H be two linear mappings
of V in to W. Then ,
(i) (G+H)oF = GoF + HoF (ii) (cG)oF = c(GoF) (iii) If T : U ---> V is a linear map, then Go(F + T)= GoF + GoT.
26. Let V be a vector space of dimension n. Let {v1, v2, v3, .........., vn} be a basis for V and let L : Rn --->V be a map
such that : L(x1, x2, ......., xn) = x1v1+ x2v2 +............+ xnvn. Then L is an isomorphism.

Scalar Product on Vector Spaces

Define : (1) Scalar Product (2) Positive definite (3) Non-degeneracy (4) Orthogonal Space (5) Length (Norm) (6)

Unit Vector (7) Fourier Coefficient (Component of v along w) (8) Orthogonality , Orthonormality (9) Orthogonal subset
(10) Hermitian Product (11) Row, Column rank (12) Bilinear Maps (13) Functional (14)Dual Space (15) Dual Basis

Prove :

1. Pythagoras Theorem : If v and w are perpendicular vectors of a vector space V then ||v+w||2 = ||v||2 + ||w||2.
2. Parallelogram Law : For any v, w we have ||v+w||2 + ||v - w||2 = 2||v||2 + 2||w||2, where v, w are in a vector space V.
3. Schwarz Theorem : Let v, w be any two vectors in a v.s. V over the field K with s.p., then |<v,w>| < ||v||.||w||.
4. Triangle Inequality Law : Let v, w be any two vectors in a v.s. V over the field K. Then, ||v+w|| < ||v|| + ||w||.
5. Let v1, v2, .........., vn be vectors which are mutually perpendicular and such that ||vi|| = 0 for all i. Let v be an
element of V, and let ci be the component of V along vi . Let a1, a2, .... , an be the numbers. Then, ||v -Scivi || < ||v
-Saivi ||,i=1,2,.... n.
6. If v1, v2, .........., vn are mutually perpendicular unit vectors and ci is the Fourier Coefficient of v with respect to
vi , then Sci2 < ||v||2.
7. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over the field K with a positive definite scalar product. Let W be a
subspace of V and {w1, w2, ..... wm} be an orthogonal basis of W. If V = W then there exists elements wm+1 , wm+2 ,
......... wn of V such that {w1, w2, ..... wm , wm+1 , wm+2 , ......... wn} be an orthogonal basis of V.
8. W is a subspace of V.
9. Let V be a vector space over R with a positive definite scalar product, of dimension n. Let W be a subspace of
V of dim r. Let W be the subspace of V consisting of all elements which are perpendicular to W. Then V is the
direct sum of W and W , and W has dimension n-r. In other words, dim W + dim W = dim V.

10. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over the complex field i.e. complex numbers with a positive definite
hermitian product. Let W be a subspace of V and {w1, w2, ..... wm} be an orthogonal basis of W. If V = W then there
exists elements wm+1 , wm+2 , ......... wn of V such that {w1, w2, ..... wm , wm+1 , wm+2 , ......... wn} be an orthogonal basis of V.
11. For complex field prove that : dim W + dim W = dim V (hermitian product is used in complex field).
12. Every orthogonal set (or orthonormal set) of non zero vectors in a finite dimensional vector space V over the
field F is linearly independent set.
13. In a vector space : (i) {0} = V and (ii) V = {0}.
14. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over a field K, and assume that V has a scalar product. If V = {0},
then V has an orthogonal basis.
15. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over the field K. Let V* be the dual space of V, then V* is also finite
dimensional, and dim V = dim V*.
16. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over the field K. Let V* be its the dual space. The set of all elements 0 e V* which are orthogonal to subspace W of V is a subspace of V*. Then dim W + dim W = dim V. Here
by W we mean the set of all 0 e V* which are orthogonal to W.
17. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over K, with a non degenerate scalar product. Given a functional
L : V --->K, there exists a unique element v e V such that L(w)=<v, w> " w e W.
18.The map v --->Lv of V into V* is an isomorphism.
19. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over a field K, with a non degenerate scalar product. Let w be a subspace of V. Let w be the subspace of V orthogonal to w. Then, dim V = dim w + dim w.
-0-

Bilinear Forms and Standard Operator

Define : (1)Bilinear Form (2) Symmetric Bilinear form (3) Matrix Representing the Bilinear Form (4) Bilinear form
as a product between elements of V (5) Quadratic Form (6) Operator (7) Transpose of an Operator A (8) Quadratic
form determined by A (9) Hermitian Form (10) Functional on a Complex Field C (11) Adjoint Operator (12) Hermitian Operator (self-adjoint) (13) Unitary Operator (14) Complex Unitary Operator
1. The sum of two bilinear forms is a bilinear form.
2. The product of a scalar and a bilinear form is also a bilinear form.
3. An n n matrix C in K represents a symmetric bilinear form if and only if it is a symmetric matrix.
4. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over the field K with non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form <,>.
Let g be any bilinear form on V. Then there exist unique operator A and B of V such that, g(v,w) = <Av, w> =
<v,Bw> "v,w eV.
5. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over the field K with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form <,>. Let
A, B be operators of V, and c e K. Then,(i) t(A+B)=tA+tB (ii) t(AB)=tBtA (iii) t(cA)= c tA (iv) t tA = A.
6. Prove that the adjoint operator A* of A is linear and unique.
7. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over C with a positive definite hermitian form <,>. Given a functional
on V, then there exist a unique element w eV s.t L(v)=< v, w > for all v eV.

8. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over the field C with a fixed positive definite hermitian form <,>.
Let A, B be operators of V, and a e C. Then,(i) (A+B)*=A*+B* (ii) (AB)*=B*A* (iii) (aA)*= a A* (iv) A* * = A.
9. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over C with a positive definite hermitian form <,>. Let g be another hermitian form on V. Then there exist a unique hermitian operator A of V such that for all v, w eV, g(v, w) = < Av, w >.
10. Polarization Identity: (i) <A(v + w), (v + w)> - <A (v - w), (v - w)>= 2[<Av, w> + <Aw, v>]
(ii) <A(v + w), (v + w)> - <Av, v> - <Aw, w> = <Av, w> + <Aw, v> " v,w eV.
11. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over C with a positive definite hermitian form <,>. Let A: V--->V
be an operator such that <Av, v> = 0 for all v eV. Then A = 0.
12. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over C with a positive definite hermitian form <,>. Let A be an
operator. Then A is hermitian if and only if <Av, v> is real for all v eV.
13. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over R, with a positive definite scalar product. Let A : V--->V be a
linear map. Then the following conditions on A are equivalent:
(1) A is unitary
(2) A preserve the length of vectors, i.e. for every v eV, we have ||Av|| = ||v||.
(3) For every unit vector v eV, the vector Av is also a unit vector.
14. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over R, with a positive definite scalar product. A linear map A : V--->V
is unitary iff tAA = I.
15. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over C, with a positive definite hermitian product. A linear map A :
V--->V is unitary if and only if A*A = I.
16. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over R, with a scalar product. Assume dim V > 0. Let V0 be the subspace of V consisting of all vectors v eV such that <v, w> = 0 for all w eV. Let {v1, v2, .........., vn } be an orthogonal
basis for V. Then the number of integers i such that <vi , vi> = 0 is equal to the dimension of V0.
17. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over R, with a scalar product. There exist an integer r > 0 having
the following property: If {v1, v2, .........., vn } is an orthogonal basis of V, then there are precisely r integers i such
that <vi , vi>>0.

Some Problems :

1. State and prove Hamilton - cayley theorem:

2. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over K and V = U + W, prove that : dim V = dimU + dimW.
3. Consider the vector space Kn and Km over field K. Let , L : Kn ---> Km be a linear map, show that there exist
unique m n matrix A such that L = LA , where LA is defined by LA(X) = AX, X e Kn.
4. Let V be a vector space over K, and Let A : V--->V be an operator. Let v1, v2, ........, vm be eigen vectors of A with
eigen values l1 l2 l3.... lm respectively. If li = lj for i = j. Prove that v1, v2, ........, vm are linearly independent.
5. Let A be an n n matrix in a field K.Prove that an element l e K is an eigen value of A if and only if l is a root
of the characteristic polynomial of A. [of PA(t)].
6. Let, A be a complex unitary matrix. Prove that there exist a unitary matrix U s.t. U-1AU is a diagonal matrix.
7.Let U,V,W be vector spaces. Let B, B and B be basis for U, V, W respectively. Let F : U--->V and G : V--->W be
linear maps. Then prove MB (G) MB (F) = MB (GoF).
8. Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over C, and assume that dim V> 1. Let A : V--->V be a linear map.
Prove that there exist a non zero eigen vector of A.