Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Fan Basics
-
Fans
Fan Laws
Velocity Profile in Straight Fan Outlet Duct
Dos and Dont
Duct Design
3
4
5
6
Duct Basics
-
What is Duct
Air Distribution System Components
Supply, Return and Fresh Air
Type of Pressure
Static Pressure
Total Pressure
Velocity Pressure
Aspect Ratio
Effect of Aspect Ratio
Advantages and Disadvantages of various Ducts
Velocity in Ducts
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Appendix
- Legend
- Recommended GI Sheet Metal Gauge
- Friction Chart
22
23
25
28
33
36
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
55
56
57
Fan Basics
Fans
A fan is a power driven rotary machine which causes
a continuous flow of air. A fan has rotating bladed
impeller. The blades exert force on the air, raising
its pressure and maintaining a continuous flow.
FanFan
System
Curve
Laws
Fan Laws
Laws
Fan
BLAST AREA
Baffle Plate
CUT OFF
OUTLET AREA
DISCHARGE
DUCT
25%
INLET
COLLER
50%
75%
FAN HOUSING
CENTRIFUGAL
Dos
3xD
Fan Efficiency = 1/4 x ( 100% Normal Efficiency )
If D = Blower Diameter
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dos and
and Dont
Dont
Dos
Flexible Connection
Flexible Connection
No Beam !!
IDU
IDU
Side View
IDU
Side View
Duct
IDU
Top View
Top View
Duct
Duct Basics
What is a Duct
A Duct can be described as a device used to provide an isolation path to carry an item
from one place to other place without bringing the product in contact with the
atmosphere before the delivery point.
SUPPLY
GRILL
SUPPLY FAN
RETURN
AIR DUCT
COIL
FILTER
RETURN
AIR GRILL
FRESH
AIR DUCT
The major purpose of a duct is to carry the air from one point to the other without bringing
it in contact with the outside atmosphere. This can be either Supply Air or Return Air
Good Installation Excellent Performance
10
It is defined as the conditioned air being supplied from the air conditioner
outlet. This air is treated air & contains all the desired qualities as provided by the air
conditioning system
Return Air
It is defined as the air being supplied back to the air conditioner from the
air conditioned area. This air is returned back to the air conditioner after being circulated in
the conditioned area.
Return air path should be 1.25 to 1.5 times the Supply air path
Fresh Air
inlet from the outside atmosphere. This air is supplied to the air conditioner inlet from the
outside atmosphere after being initially treated.
Good Installation Excellent Performance
11
Type of Pressure
Total Pressure
Static Pressure
Velocity Pressure
TOTAL PRESSURE = STATIC PRESSURE + VELOCITY PRESSURE
12
Type of Pressure
Static Pressure
Static Pressure
Velocity Pressure
12
Static Pressure
+ve
-ve
Ps
Ps
13
Total Pressure
14
Velocity Pressure
The Pressure due to velocity of the air flowing in a duct is termed as Velocity
Pressure. It is always +ve & always exerted in the direction of flow.
Good Installation Excellent Performance
15
Aspect Ratio
h
idt
Height
16
the friction per running feet of the duct increases due to increase in surface area
Aspect Ratio 1 : 1
1 Feet
et
4F
Aspect Ratio 4 : 1
4 Feet
1 Feet
16 Feet
t
ee
2 Feet
8F
20 Feet
1F
1F
8F
For 1 Feet Length of the Duct
4F
For 1 Feet Length of the Duct
Surface Area of the Contact between duct and air
= 16 x 1 = 16 Sq. Feet
2F
= 20 x 1 = 20 Sq. Feet
17
More Area !!
More Friction !!
Square Duct
Rectangular Duct
Advantages :
Advantages :
Advantages :
Disadvantages :
18
Disadvantages :
Velocity in Ducts
Supply Air Duct Velocities
Application
Low Velocity
High Velocity
Low Velocity
High Velocity
Grill Velocities
Max. Permissible grill velocity
19
450 fpm
Velocity
in Ducts
Ducts
Velocity in
Recommended Maximum Duct Velocities for Low Velocity Systems
Controlling Factor Duct Friction
Application
Controlling Factor
Noise Generation
Main Ducts
Main Ducts
Supply
Return
Branch Ducts
Supply
Return
Residences
600
800
640
600
500
1000
1000
800
900
700
1200
1400
1100
1200
1000
Theatres, Auditoriums
800
800
650
800
600
1500
1600
1300
1200
1000
1500
1800
1400
1400
1100
20
Duct Design
21
Duct
Sizing
Ducts
SizingMethods
Methods
Velocity Reduction
Equal Friction
(Generally Used
Method)
Static Regain
22
Considerations
DuctDesign
Design
Considerations for
for Duct
1.
AVAILABLE SPACE
2.
3.
4.
NO DRAFTS / SUFFOCATION
5.
APPEARANCE
6. ADJUSTABLE
7.
8.
9.
FRICTION LOSS
23
24
Example Problem
Problem : The supply ductwork and air quantities for each diffuser for an office space is shown
in figure on next page.
Size the ductwork by the equal - friction method and Calculate the pressure drop.
The maximum height of the duct can be 16 inches ( the distance between the true
ceiling and false ceiling is 24 inches )
Assume the Terminal Pressure loss of 0.1 in Aq.
25
Example
Problem
Example Problem
Solution : -
5 Ft.
3400 CFM
5 Ft.
5 Ft.
10 Ft.
1700 CFM
1700 CFM
5 Ft.
1
10 Ft.
5
1300 CFM
10 Ft.
1300 CFM
FAN
3400 CFM
2
Total Air Quantity
3400 cfm
1300
Friction Rate
10 Ft.
6
900 CFM
10 Ft.
3
10 Ft.
900 CFM
7
500 CFM
10 Ft.
500 CFM
26
Friction Chart
27
Friction Chart
FRICTION LOSS FOR ROUND DUCT
IN
22
3400
CFM
3400
CFM
13
00
FP
13
00
3400
CFM
IN
22
3400
CFM
FP
13
00
FP
IN
22
13
00
FP
29
Example Problem
Step 6 : Find the Round Duct Diameter at each section.
Step 7 : Convert the round duct size to rectangular duct by using Table 3,4 & 5.
Table 1 :
Duct Section
Round Duct
Size ( in.)
* Rectangular
Duct Size ( in.)
** A - B
** B - C
3400
22
26 x 16
C-D
D-5
1700
17
16 x 16
1700
17
16 x 16
C -1
1-2
5-6
1300
15.2
16 x 12
2-3
6-7
900
13.3
16 x 9
3-4
7-8
500
10.8
16 x 6
Notes :* :- The sizes which are calculated are inside sizes of duct .
** :- For the initial 3m length of the duct the acoustic lining of 1 inch thickness is recommended.
So for section A - B and B - C increase the size by one inch in all sides ( 28 x 18 ), to accommodate
acoustic lining.
30
Example
Problem
Example Problem
Step 8 : Add the length of the longest run.
Step 9 : Convert elbows to equivalent length using table 6 & 7 .
Step 9 : Add the length of the longest duct run and equivalent length for elbows.
Table 2 :
Duct Section
Item
Length ( ft.)
AB
Duct
Add. Equiv
Length ( ft.)
Elbow
10
BC
Duct
CD
Duct
10
Elbow
D5
Duct
56
Duct
10
6-7
Duct
10
78
Duct
10
TOTAL
55
19
74
31
Example
Problem
Example Problem
Total Air Quantity
= 3400 CFM
= 1300 FPM
= 805 FPM
= 60 %
Regain
- ( 805 / 4000 ) 2)
`
Total static pressure required at the fan discharge
32
2)
30
Side
Rectangular
Duct
32.8
33.8
34.8
35.8
36.7
37.6
38.6
39.5
40.3
41.2
42.0
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
Dimensions in Inches
6
6.6
7.1
7.5
8.0
8.4
8.8
9.1
9.5
9.8
10.1
10.4
10.7
11.0
11.2
11.5
12.0
12.4
12.8
13.2
13.6
14.0
14.4
14.7
15.0
15.3
15.6
15.9
16.2
16.5
16.8
7
7.7
8.2
8.6
9.1
9.5
9.9
10.3
10.7
11.0
11.4
11.7
11.9
12.2
12.5
13.1
13.6
14.1
14.5
14.9
15.3
15.7
16.1
16.4
16.8
17.1
17.5
17.8
18.1
18.4
8.8
9.3
9.8
10.2
10.7
11.1
11.5
11.8
12.2
12.5
12.9
13.2
13.5
14.1
14.6
15.2
15.6
16.1
16.5
17.0
17.4
17.8
18.2
18.5
18.9
19.2
19.6
19.9
9.9
10.4
10.8
11.3
11.8
12.2
12.6
13.0
13.4
13.7
14.1
14.4
15.0
15.6
16.2
16.7
17.2
17.7
18.2
18.6
19.0
19.4
19.8
20.2
20.6
20.9
21.3
10
10.9
11.4
11.9
12.4
12.9
13.3
13.7
14.1
14.5
14.9
15.2
15.9
16.6
17.2
17.7
18.3
18.8
19.3
19.8
20.3
20.7
21.1
21.5
21.9
22.3
22.7
11
12.0
12.5
13.0
13.5
14.0
14.4
14.9
15.3
15.6
15.9
16.7
17.5
18.1
18.7
19.3
19.8
20.4
20.9
21.4
21.9
22.3
22.7
23.2
23.6
24.0
12
13.1
13.6
14.2
14.6
15.1
15.5
16.0
16.4
16.8
17.6
18.3
19.0
19.6
20.2
20.8
21.4
21.9
22.5
23.0
23.4
23.9
24.3
24.8
25.2
13
14.2
14.7
15.3
15.7
16.1
16.6
17.1
17.5
18.3
19.1
19.8
20.5
21.1
21.8
22.4
23.0
23.5
24.0
24.5
25.0
25.5
26.0
26.4
14
15.3
15.8
16.3
16.8
17.3
17.8
18.2
19.1
19.8
20.6
21.3
22.0
22.7
23.3
23.9
24.5
25.1
25.6
26.1
26.7
27.2
27.6
15
16.4
16.9
17.4
17.9
18.4
18.8
19.7
20.6
21.4
22.1
22.9
23.6
24.2
24.8
25.4
26.0
26.6
27.2
27.7
28.2
28.7
16
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.4
21.3
22.1
22.9
23.7
24.4
25.1
25.8
26.4
27.0
27.6
28.2
28.7
29.2
29.8
33
17
18.6
19.1
19.6
20.1
21
21.9
22.8
23.6
24.4
25.2
25.9
26.6
27.3
27.9
28.5
29.1
29.7
30.2
30.8
18
19.7
20.2
20.7
21.7
22.6
23.5
24.4
25.2
26.0
26.7
27.4
28.1
28.8
29.4
30.0
30.6
31.2
31.8
19
20.8
21.3
22.3
23.2
24.1
25
25.9
26.7
27.5
28.3
29.0
29.7
30.4
31.0
31.6
32.2
32.8
20
21.9
22.9
23.9
24.8
25.7
26.7
27.5
28.3
29.0
29.8
30.5
31.2
31.9
32.5
33.1
33.7
22
24.1
25.1
26.1
27.1
28.0
28.9
29.7
30.5
31.4
32.1
32.8
33.5
34.2
34.9
35.5
24
26.2
27.2
28.2
29.3
30.1
31.0
32.0
32.8
33.6
34.4
35.2
35.9
36.6
37.3
26
28.4
29.5
30.5
31.4
32.3
33.0
34.2
35.1
35.9
36.7
37.4
38.2
38.9
28
30.6
31.6
32.6
33.6
34.6
35.5
36.4
37.3
38.1
38.9
39.7
40.4
Circular
Equivalents of Rectangular
Ducts
Circular
Equivalents
Rectangular
Ducts
Table 4 : Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts For Equal Friction and Capacity
Side
Rectangular
Duct
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
96
Dimensions in Inches
6
17.0
17.3
17.6
17.8
18.1
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.0
19.2
7
18.7
19.0
19.3
19.5
19.8
20.1
20.3
20.6
20.8
21.0
8
20.2
20.5
20.9
21.1
21.4
21.7
22.0
22.3
22.5
22.8
9
21.6
22.0
22.4
22.7
23.0
23.3
23.6
23.9
24.2
24.5
10
23.1
23.4
23.8
24.2
24.5
24.8
25.2
25.5
25.8
26.1
11
24.4
24.8
25.2
25.5
25.8
26.2
26.5
26.9
27.3
27.6
12
25.6
26.1
26.5
26.9
27.3
27.6
27.9
28.3
28.7
29.1
13
26.8
27.3
27.7
28.2
28.7
29.0
29.3
29.7
30.1
30.4
14
28.1
28.5
28.9
29.3
29.8
30.2
30.6
31.0
31.4
31.8
15
29.2
29.7
30.1
30.5
31.0
31.4
31.8
32.2
32.6
33.1
16
30.3
30.8
31.2
31.7
32.2
32.6
33.1
33.5
33.9
34.3
34
17
31.4
31.9
32.4
32.9
33.4
33.8
34.2
34.7
35.1
35.6
18
32.4
32.9
33.4
33.9
34.5
35.0
35.5
35.9
36.3
36.8
19
33.4
33.9
34.5
35.0
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.0
37.5
37.9
20
34.3
34.9
35.5
36.0
36.5
37.1
37.6
38.1
38.6
39.1
39.6
40.0
40.5
40.9
41.3
41.8
42.2
42.6
43.0
43.4
43.8
44.6
22
36.2
36.8
37.4
38.0
38.6
39.2
39.7
40.2
40.7
41.3
41.8
42.3
42.8
43.3
43.8
44.2
44.6
45.0
45.4
45.9
46.3
47.2
24
28.0
38.7
39.3
39.8
40.4
41.0
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.8
44.4
44.9
45.5
46.0
46.4
46.9
47.4
47.9
48.3
48.7
49.5
26
39.6
40.3
41.0
41.7
42.3
42.9
43.5
44.1
44.7
45.3
45.9
46.4
47.0
47.5
48.0
48.6
49.2
49.6
50.1
50.6
51.1
52.0
28
41.2
42.0
42.7
43.4
44.0
44.7
45.4
46.0
46.6
47.2
47.8
48.4
49.0
49.5
50.1
50.6
51.1
51.6
52.2
52.8
53.4
54.4
30
42.8
43.6
44.3
45.0
45.8
46.5
47.2
47.8
48.4
49
49.7
50.3
50.8
51.5
52.0
52.6
53.2
53.7
54.3
54.8
55.4
56.3
Side
Rectangular
Duct
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
96
Circular
Equivalents of Rectangular
Ducts
Circular
Equivalents
Rectangular
Ducts
Table 5 : Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Ducts For Equal Friction and Capacity
Side
Rectangular
Duct
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
34
37.2
38.2
39.2
40.2
41.1
42.0
43.0
43.9
44.8
45.7
46.5
47.3
48.1
48.9
49.7
50.4
51.1
51.8
52.5
53.2
53.9
54.6
55.2
55.8
56.4
57.0
57.6
58.2
58.8
59.4
60.0
60.5
36
39.4
40.4
41.4
42.4
43.4
44.3
45.2
46.1
47.1
48.0
48.8
49.6
50.4
51.2
52.0
52.8
53.5
54.2
54.9
55.6
56.3
57.0
57.6
58.2
58.9
59.5
60.1
60.7
61.3
61.9
62.4
38
41.6
42.6
43.6
44.6
45.6
46.5
47.4
48.3
49.2
50.1
51.0
51.8
52.6
53.4
54.2
55.0
55.8
56.5
57.2
57.9
58.6
59.3
60.0
60.7
61.3
62.0
62.6
63.2
63.8
64.6
40
43.8
44.8
45.8
46.8
47.8
48.8
49.7
50.6
51.5
52.4
53.3
54.2
55.0
55.8
56.6
57.3
58.0
58.8
59.5
60.3
61.0
61.7
62.4
63.0
63.7
64.4
65.0
65.6
66.2
42
45.9
46.9
47.9
48.9
49.8
50.8
51.8
52.7
53.7
54.6
55.5
56.4
57.2
58.0
58.8
59.6
60.4
61.2
62.0
62.7
63.4
64.1
64.8
65.4
66.0
66.8
67.5
68.2
44
48.1
49.1
50.2
51.2
52.2
53.2
54.1
55.0
55.9
56.8
57.7
58.6
59.5
60.3
61.1
61.9
62.7
63.4
64.1
64.9
65.7
66.4
67.0
67.8
68.5
69.2
69.8
46
50.3
51.3
52.3
53.3
54.3
55.3
56.2
57.1
58.0
59.0
59.9
60.8
61.7
62.6
63.3
64.1
64.9
65.7
66.5
67.3
68.0
68.7
69.4
70.1
70.8
71.5
48
52.6
53.6
54.6
55.6
56.5
57.5
58.5
59.4
60.3
61.2
62.1
63.0
63.9
64.8
66.6
66.4
67.2
68.0
68.8
69.5
70.3
71.1
71.8
72.5
73.2
50
54.7
55.8
56.8
57.8
58.8
59.8
60.7
61.6
62.5
63.4
64.3
65.2
66.1
67.0
67.9
68.7
69.5
70.3
71.1
71.8
72.6
73.3
74.1
74.3
52
56.9
57.9
58.9
60.0
61.0
62.0
62.9
63.9
64.8
75.7
66.6
67.5
68.4
69.3
70.1
71.0
71.8
72.6
73.4
74.2
74.9
75.6
76.3
35
56
61.3
62.3
63.3
64.3
65.3
66.3
67.3
68.3
69.2
70.1
71.0
71.8
72.7
73.6
74.5
75.4
76.3
77.1
77.9
78.7
79.4
60
75.7
66.7
67.7
68.7
69.7
70.7
71.7
72.7
73.6
74.5
75.4
76.3
77.2
78.1
79.0
79.9
80.8
81.7
82.6
64
70.0
71.1
72.1
73.1
74.1
75.1
76.1
77.1
78.1
79.0
79.9
80.8
81.6
82.5
83.4
84.3
85.2
68
74.4
75.4
76.4
77.4
78.4
79.4
80.4
81.4
82.4
83.3
84.2
85.1
86.0
86.9
87.8
72
78.8
69.9
80.9
81.8
82.8
83.8
84.8
85.8
86.8
87.8
88.7
89.6
90.5
76
83.2
84.2
85.2
86.2
87.2
88.2
89.2
90.2
91.2
92.1
93.0
80
87.5
88.6
89.6
90.6
91.6
92.6
93.6
94.6
95.6
84
88
91.9
92.9
93.9 96.3
94.9 97.3
95.9 98.3
96.9 99.3
97.9 100.3
Side
Rectangular
Duct
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
Components of Ducting
38
Types of Joints
Types
Joints
A DRIVE SLIP
B S SLIP
C INSIDE GROOVE
SEAM
E SLIDING SEAM
D PITTSBURGH SEAM
39
Plenum
Plenum
Supply
Supply Plenum
Supply
40
Plenum
Plenum Design
Design
Generally for Low Velocity Application
Flexible Connection
D
D = Depth of the plenum
= 2.5 x Blower Diameter
IDU
Q=AxV
=WxHxV
Supply
Side View
IDU
Plenum
Top View
Supply
41
Supply
Grilles ,, Diffusers
Diffusers
Grilles
Grilles
Diffusers
42
Diffusers Selection
Q= AxV
Q= AxV
Where ,
Q = Flow Rate ( cfm )
A = Area of the grill ( ft x ft )
V = Velocity of air at the grill ( fpm )
43
TurningVanes
Vanes , Splitter
Turning
SplitterVanes
Vanes
Turning Vanes
Splitter Vanes
44
W ( mm )
Number of
Splitters
Upto 500
Upto 1000
Over 1000
30 ~ 45 Degree
30 Degree
Transition Ducts are part of main duct which are used to connect duct of one size
or shape to another size or shape.
45
Dos
Wall
Machine
Front View
Wall
Minimum Clearance H
Disadvantages :
> Cooling Efficiency of machine will decrease.
Top View
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
4 Feet
4 Feet
No Breathing Noise
47
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
No Bracing and width of the duct is more than
750mm.
Dos
Bracing should be done all around the duct from
outside when width of the duct is more than 750mm
to provide strength to the duct.
MS Bracing
8 Feet
4 Feet
T
B
A
48
4 Feet
A (mm)
B (mm)
T (mm)
25
25
Above 1200
40
40
No Breathing Noise
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
Duct
Duct
MS Angle
Support
MS Angle
Support
No Insulation
49
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
MAIN SUPPLY DUCT
Grill
FRONT VIEW
Grill
FRONT VIEW
2 or 3 inch duct
connection
TOP VIEW
Grill
TOP VIEW
50
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
Collar
Collar
Shoe Piece
H
45
Air Flow
Air Flow
Duct
Duct
Upto 600 mm
100 mm
Above 600 mm
150 mm
51
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
4 in.
Grill
Grill
4 in.
Very Less Air
More Air
52
Dos and
and Dont
Does
DontofofDucting
Ducting
Dont
Dos
6 in.
53
Dos
FAIR
POOR
BEST
POOR
FAIR
FAIR
POOR
POOR
54
LEGEND
55
Rectangular Duct
Size ( mm )
Gauge
Sheet Thickness
( mm )
Upto 750
24
0.63
750 to 1500
22
0.80
1500 to 2250
20
1.00
18
1.25
For Plenum
18
1.25
56
Friction Chart
FRICTION LOSS FOR ROUND DUCT