Numerical Solution of Planar Mechanism

Communications in Nonlinear Science
and Numerical Simulation 11 (2006) 463480

www.elsevier.com/locate/cnsns
Adaptive numerical simulation of pulsating planar ames

for large Lewis and Zeldovich ranges
Olivier Roussel
a
a,b
, Kai Schneider
b,c,*
Institut fur Chemische Technik, Universitat Karlsruhe (TH), Kaiserstr. 12, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
b
Laboratoire de Modelisation et Simulation Numerique en Mecanique, CNRS et Universites
dAix-Marseille, 38 rue Frederic Joliot-Curie, 13451 Marseille cedex 20, France
Centre de Mathematiques et dInformatique, Universite dAix-Marseille I, 39 rue Frederic Joliot-Curie,
13453 Marseille cedex 13, France
Received 8 October 2003; received in revised form 8 November 2004
Available online 18 August 2005
Abstract
We study numerically the behaviour of pulsating planar ames in the thermo-diusive approximation.
The numerical scheme is based on a nite volume discretization with an adaptive multi-resolution technique
for automatic grid adaption. This allows an accurate and ecient computation of pulsating ames even for
very large activation energies. Depending on the Lewis number and the Zeldovich number, we observe
dierent behaviours, like stable or pulsating ames, the latter being either damped, periodic, or a-periodic.
A bifurcation diagram in the LewisZeldovich plane is computed and our results are compared with previous computations [Rogg B. The eect of Lewis number greater than unity on an unsteady propagating
ame with one-step chemistry. In: Peters N, Warnatz J, editors, Numerical methods in laminar ame
propagation, Notes on numerical uid mechanics, vol. 6. Vieweg; 1982. p. 3848.] and theoretical predictions [Joulin G, Clavin P. Linear stability analysis of nonadiabatic ames: diusional-thermal model.
Combust Flame 1979;35:13953]. For Lewis numbers larger than 6 we nd that the stability limit is
again increasing towards larger Zeldovich numbers and not monotonically decreasing as predicted by
Corresponding author. Address: Centre de Mathematiques et dInformatique, Universite dAix-Marseille I, 39 rue

Frederic Joliot-Curie, 13453 Marseille cedex 13, France. Tel.: +33 4 91 11 85 29; fax: +33 4 91 11 35 02.
E-mail addresses: roussel@ict.uni-karlsruhe.de (O. Roussel), kschneid@cmi.univ-mrs.fr (K. Schneider).
1007-5704/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2005.07.002
464
O. Roussel, K. Schneider / Commun. in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 11 (2006) 463480
the asymptotic theory. A study of the ame velocities for dierent Zeldovich numbers shows that the amplitude of the pulsations strongly varies with the Lewis number. A Fourier analysis yields information on their
frequency.
2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PACS: 02.70.Fj; 82.40.Py; 05.45.Pq
Keywords: Pulsating ame; Adaptivity; Multi-resolution; Finite volume
1. Introduction
In the combustion process of premixed gases for which heat conductivity is larger than diusivity of reactants, i.e. for which the Lewis number Le is greater than unity, dierent behaviours
are observed, such as spinning, travelling, or pulsating ames [4]. Their understanding is of capital
interest, since such phenomena happen in combustion of lean mixtures of heavy hydrocarbons,
such as octane in air, which is relevant for lean-burning automotive engines. Spinning waves have
also been observed in solid combustion where molecular diusion is negligibly small compared to
heat diusion and therefore the Lewis number is very large.
Pulsating ames have been observed experimentally for both rich, light hydrocarbon/air and
lean, heavy hydrocarbon/air mixtures (Pearlman and Ronney [14,15], Ronney [17]). In the frame
of the diusive-thermal hypothesis, Joulin and Clavin [10] determined the theoretical limit between stable and pulsating ames using asymptotic methods in the hypothesis Ze 1, Ze denoting the dimensionless activation energy, called Zeldovich number. In Rogg [16], this limit has been
determined numerically in function of Le and for nite Ze in the adiabatic case.
However, for Ze > 40, the computations using a regular ne grid become prohibitive in terms of
CPU time, even in 1D, because extremely ne space scales are required to resolve the thin reaction
zone, whose thickness is O(Ze1). Consequently, for explicit methods, also very small time steps
are required. A fully implicit treatment is possible, but it involves a partial linearization of the
source term. An implicit treatment of the diusive terms only may be disadvantageous, since
the source term imposes to use a time step which can sometimes be smaller than the one required
by the same discretized equations without source. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, studies
of large values of Le, i.e. Le > 5, have not yet been done. The study of mixtures for large Lewis
numbers enables us to determine the asymptotic behaviour of the LeZe bifurcation diagram for
Le ! 1. Large Lewis numbers are encountered in heterogeneous combustion (e.g. sprays, droplets) and innite Le correspond to solid combustion [3].
In Roussel et al. [21,18], an adaptive multi-resolution algorithm has been developed to solve
with high accuracy and eciency one-, two-, and three-dimensional parabolic partial dierential
equations (PDEs) for which the solution exhibits e.g. locally steep gradients or boundary layers.
In particular, accurate and ecient results have been shown for the system of thermodiusive equations [21], which are relevant for the study of pulsating ames. Applications to ame
ballvortex and ame ballwall interactions can be found in [20] and [19], respectively. The
general principle of the algorithm relies on Hartens multi-resolution scheme, initially developed
for hyperbolic PDEs (Harten [79]). This pioneering work led to the development of adaptive
465
multi-resolution algorithms for two-dimensional shock computations (Muller [13], Cohen et al.
[5]).
In this article, we complete the LeZe diagram for both large Ze and large Le and compare with
the previous theoretical [10] and numerical results [16]. We also study the frequency and the
amplitude of pulsations in function of Le and Ze.
The paper is organized as follows: rst we present the governing equations of a premixed ame
in the thermo-diusive approximation. In Section 3 we recall the essential features of the adaptive
multi-resolution scheme used in the present computations. The numerical results for a large number of computations are presented in Section 4. We complete the LeZe diagram for both large Ze
and Le numbers and compare the results with the previous theoretical [10] and numerical results
[16]. Finally, we conclude and give some perspectives for future work.
2. Physical problem
In the present work, we restrict ourselves to the combustion of a premixed fresh gas. The mixture is assumed to be a perfect gas and only contains two reactants and one product, the rst reactant and the product being highly diluted in the second reactant. We also suppose that the
chemical reaction follows a one-step nite rate Arrhenius kinetics. We respectively denote by
T u and T b the temperatures of the unburnt and burnt mixtures.
Let us consider an experiment in which a ame propagates at a velocity ~
vf in a premixed gas
contained in an innitely long cylindrical tube. When the fresh mixture is advected at velocity
~
vf , we can observe a steady planar ame [4,11]. Following [22], in the diusive-thermal approximation and when the radiation eects are neglected, the system of equations modelling this physical problem is, for (x, t) 2 X [0, +1),
oT
oT o2 T
vf
2 x
ot
ox
ox
oY
oY
1 o2 Y
x
vf
ot
ox Le ox2

Ze2
Ze1 T
xT ; Y
Y exp
1 a1 T
2Le
where T denotes the dimensionless temperature,

T T u
T
T b T u
Y the partial mass of the limiting reactant, x the dimensionless reaction rate, Le the Lewis number, Ze the Zeldovich number, and a the temperature ratio,
T b T u
a
Tb
466
We choose as initial condition the asymptotic solution for Ze ! 1 [22], i.e.

x
e if x 6 0
T x; 0
1 if x P 0

1 eLex if x 6 0
Y x; 0
0
if x P 0
2
3
For the numerical solution of (1), we consider a tube of size X, with X suciently large, and we
impose Dirichlet and Neuman boundary conditions at the two extremities
T x0 ; t 0
Y x0 ; t 1
oT
4
x0 X ; t 0
ox
oY
x0 X ; t 0
ox
where x0 denotes the x-coordinate of the left extremity of the tube. The ame velocity vf, which is
an eigenvalue of the system (1), is dened by [6]
Z
x dx.
vf
X
In the following, we study dierent gas mixtures whose Lewis number is larger than unity. This is
the case for e.g. a lean 2.65% C2H6air mixture, whose Lewis number is Le = 1.40 [17], or a lean
mixture of butane and oxygen highly diluted with helium (Le 3) [14,15]. The control parameters
are the Lewis number Le and the Zeldovich number Ze.
A steady planar ame structure with nite Ze is presented in Fig. 1. One can split it into four
regions:
the fresh mixture zone (AB), where T 0 and Y 1;
Fig. 1. Steady planar ame structure for Le = 1, Ze = 10.
467
the preheat zone (BC), where the dominant mechanism is the heat conduction, and where the
temperature prole grows exponentially;
the reaction zone (CD), whose thickness is of O(Ze1);
the burnt mixture zone (DE), where T 1 and Y 0.
For
ZeLe 1 > 16;
an instability mechanism appears, leading to possible pulsations of planar ames [10]. Radiative
heat loss is also found to lower the critical Lewis number to values which correspond to more realistic gas mixtures. One-dimensional pulsating ames have been observed experimentally in ammoniaoxygen ames standing on a cooled porous plug burner [22,4].
For these pulsating planar ames, the thermo-diusive model is appropriate, because convection terms can be canceled using a moving reference frame. This is no longer the case for wrinkled
ames, since the transport of mass and energy produced in tangential directions by convection is
of the same order of magnitude as transport by the diusion process [4].
In [16], the mechanism of pulsation is explained this way: let us consider a mixture whose Lewis
number is larger that unity. As pointed out in [12], the rate of heat conduction from the burnt
gases into the preheat zone exceeds the rate of diusion at which the reactants are transported
out of it, leading to an excess enthalpy in the preheat zone. As a consequence, the enthalpy is decreased in the thin chemical reaction zone. This implies a decrease in temperature and, due to its
strong sensitivity to the temperature, the ame velocity is decreased. On the other side, the increase of enthalpy and temperature in the preheat zone involves an accelerated ignition of the
reactant at the interphase between preheat and reaction zones. This is a velocity increasing eect,
which counteracts the velocity decreasing in the reaction zone. Therefore, the ame velocity
reaches a minimum and increases again.
If the activation energy lies far from the lower oscillation limit, the velocity increasing eect is
rather weak. Thus, in this case, the ame velocity tends to its steady state value. Two typical time
evolutions of the ame velocity vf are plotted in Fig. 6 for damped and steady pulsating ames.
3. Numerical method
The thermo-diusive system (1) can be written in the general form
ot U vox U Mo2xx U SU
6
0
with initial condition U(x, t = 0) = U (x), where U = (T, Y) , v 2 R, M is a 2 2 diagonal matrix,

x 2 X, X = [xa, xb], X R, t > 0, and S(U) is a non-linear function of U. This is a system of convectiondiusion-reaction equations. For ease of notation, we denote by
KU vox U Mo2xx U SU.
We then have
ot U KU .
468
3.1. Cell-average multi-resolution

The computational domain X is split into a set of nested dyadic grids Gl composed of 2l cells
l;i , i 2 {0, . . . ,2l 1} the cell-averages
Xl,i, i 2 {0, . . . ,2l 1}, 0 6 l 6 L (Fig. 2). We denote by U
of U on Xl,i.
The principle of the cell-average multi-resolution is to represent the cell-averages given on the
ne grid as cell-averages on a coarser grid plus a series of dierences at dierent levels of nested
dyadic grids [7,8]. These dierences contain the information of the solution when going from a
coarse to a ner grid. In particular, these coecients are small in regions where the solution is
smooth and yield hence high compression rates for functions with inhomogeneous regularity.
To navigate through the dierent levels of these dyadic grids, we organize the data following a
tree structure [5,13]. The tree is composed of a root cell, which is the basis of the tree and represents the whole domain, the nodes which are elements of the tree, and the leaves which are the
upper elements. In one dimension, a parent cell at a level l has always 2 children cells at the level
l + 1. In Fig. 3, a sketch of the graded tree structure is represented. For the incoming and outgoing ux computations, a leaf at the level l has sometimes no neighbour at the same level and needs
to get information from a leaf at the level l 1. Therefore, virtual leaves are created (Fig. 3). In
order to be graded, the tree must verify that each leaf at a level l has always adjacent cells of level
at least equal to l 1 in each direction.
Let us consider a node at level l having a position i, i 2 {0, . . . ,2l 1}. This node corresponds to
l;i . To
the cell Xl,i and the value contained in this node is the cell-average of U on Xl,i, denoted by U
l = ...
l =2
2,0
2,1
2,2
1,0
2,3
l =1
1,1
l =0
0,0 =
Fig. 2. Set of nested dyadic grids Gl.
l
l
l
l
=
=
=
=
...
2
1
0
0,0 =
Fig. 3. Sketch of a graded tree structure: nodes (plain), leaves (bold), and virtual leaves (dashed).
469
compute the average value of a cell at level l from the ones of cells at level l + 1, we use the
projection (or restriction) operator Pl+1!l. It is exact and unique, given that the cell-average value
l the vecof a parent cell is the weighted average value of its children cell-averages. Denoting by U
tor of the cell-average values at the level l, we have
l1 7! U
l
P l1!l : U
l to an approximation U
^ l1 of U
l1 . In
The prediction (or prolongation) operator Pl!l+1 maps U
contrast with the projection operator, there is an innite number of choices for the denition of
Pl!l+1. Nevertheless, in order to be applicable in a graded tree structure, it needs to be local, i.e.
based on an interpolation using the s nearest neighbours in each direction, and consistent with the
projection, i.e. Pl+1!l Pl!l+1 = Id.
l of the details
The detail is the dierence between the exact and predicted values. The vector D

^

at level l therefore veries Dl U l U l . Thanks to the consistency assumption, the sum of the
details on all the children of a parent cell is equal to zero [8]. Therefore, in one dimension, the
knowledge of the two children cell-averages of a given parent cell is equivalent to the knowledge
l1 ; D
l . Repeating the operation on L levels,
l $ U
of the parent cell-average and one detail, i.e. U
one gets the so-called cell-average multi-resolution transform [8]
:U
0; D
1; . . . ; D
L .
L 7! U
M
The threshold operator T() consists in removing leaves where details are smaller than a prescribed
tolerance , without violating the graded tree data structure. After thresholding, one more level is
also added to forecast the tree evolution at the next time step. The choice for an accurate tolerance
is described in [21].
3.2. Time evolution
Time evolution is performed with a nite volume method on the cell-averages of the leaves. Considering a graded tree data structure at the instant tn = nDt, n P 0, the cell-averages of U at the
n .
instant tn are denoted by U
l;i
R
Integrating (7) on a leaf Xl,i, and dividing it by the cell volume jXl;i j Xl;i dx dy yields
l;i t K
l;i t;
ot U
l;i denotes the cell-average value of K(U) on the cell Xl,i.

where K
Time integration is performed with a third-order explicit RungeKutta scheme. Omitting the
subscript l, i, it can be written as
U
n DtK
n
U
n

3U
U
DtK
=4
U
n

n1 U
2U
2DtK
=3
U
10
For the space discretization, we use a second-order accurate centered scheme in each direction
[21]. For the computation of the source term, we approximate the cell-average value of U with
the value of U at the center of the cell, which also yields a second-order accuracy.
470
3.3. Conservative ux computation

When a leaf at level l has no neighbour of the same level in a given direction (left or right), the
ux at the interface is computed using the cell-average value of the adjacent virtual leaf, which is
computed by projection from its parent at the level l 1, as explained in the previous subsection
(Fig. 3). In order to maintain a strict conservativity in ux computations, the ingoing ux for this
parent cell (at the level l 1) is taken as the sum of the uxes going out of the adjacent leaves at
the level l.
3.4. Algorithm
In the following, we briey summarize the algorithm. For more details we refer to [21,18]. First,
depending on the initial condition, an initial graded tree is created. Then, given the graded tree
structure, a time evolution is made on the leaves. Finally, details are computed by multi-resolution
transform. The thresholding operation consists in removing cells whose details are smaller than a
prescribed tolerance, while respecting the graded tree structure [21].

Denoting by EDt
the discrete time evolution operator, the global algorithm can schematically
be summarized by
1 T M
EDt

n;
n1 M
U
U
11
is the multi-resolution transform operator, and T() is the threshold operator with tolerwhere M
ance .
4. Numerical results
In the following, we apply the adaptive multi-resolution scheme to the system (1) and perform a
large number of computations for dierent Le and Ze numbers. The temperature ratio is set to
a = 0.8. The computational domain is X = [10, 10], and the maximal resolution is 2L, where
9 6 L 6 12. The time step Dt is set in function of the maximal scale L to ensure a stable computation. The elapsed time is set between 80 and 360, in order to observe a sucient number of periods in case of pulsations.
4.1. Adaptive simulation of a pulsating ame
First, we consider a typical pulsating ame for Le = 2 and Ze = 17.5. In Fig. 5, temperature, concentration and reaction rate are plotted from t = 3 to t = 8. This represents one period of pulsation.
The corresponding time evolution of the ame velocity vf is plotted in Fig. 4. From t = 3 to t = 5, we
observe that x is increasing inside the reaction zone. This is due to a large heat ux going from the
reaction zone to the pre-heat zonea phenomenon of accelerated ignition. As the temperature in
the reaction zone is larger than in the burnt mixture zone, we also observe a heat ux going from
the reaction zone to the burnt mixture zone. Due to this heat loss, the reaction rate decreases from
t = 6 to t = 8 whereas, in the same time, the temperature in the reaction zone decreases.
471
Fig. 4. Time evolution of the ame velocity vf for the pulsating planar ame, Ze = 17.5, Le = 2, L = 11, = 5 104.
The zone between the two dashed lines corresponds to the proles plotted in Fig. 5.
Thus, the Lewis number is here the main control parameter, which determines the intensity of
heat loss compared to mass diusivity. On the other side, the Zeldovich number determines the
size of the reaction zoneits thickness is O(Ze1)and the maximum of the reaction rate. The
larger the Zeldovich number is, the thinner the reaction zone is, and the larger the maximum
of x is in this zone. Therefore large values of Ze make the problem stier and increase the eects
due to large Le numbers.
4.2. Flame velocity of stable and pulsating ames
Fig. 6 (left) shows the situation for Ze = 10 and Le = 3, which is close but below the oscillation
limit. As already observed in [16], the ame velocity overshoots its steady state value. The oscillations are damped in time, because both, heat loss due to conduction and heat production due to
reaction, balance, even if the ame velocity increases. This results in a stabilization eect on the
temperature and concentration proles, and hence also on the ame velocity.
For Ze = 10 and Le = 4 (Fig. 6, right side), the rate of heat loss cannot compensate the rate of
heat production due to reaction. Therefore the temperature in the reaction zone increases exponentially, causing the reaction rate to do likewise, and a thermal explosion results. Thus, the ame
velocity increases sharply until the reactant is consumed in a large region ahead of the ame.
Then, heat production quickly slows down and the temperature in the reaction zone decreases
due to heat losses. This results in a rapidly decreasing ame velocity. With time, more reactant
becomes available, and so the reaction is gradually accelerated, although the ame velocity is still
decreasing. Furthermore, depending on the control parameters, we observe pulsations with a single frequency (Fig. 6, right side), with several frequencies (Fig. 7, left side), or without any periodicity (Fig. 7, right side). These pulsating ames and their transition to chaos have also been
observed in previous numerical simulations [16,1].
To check the periodicity of vf, we plot in Figs. 8 and 9 the energy spectrum of the ame velocity
1
En j^vf nj2
2
472
Fig. 5. Left: Proles of T, Y and x at t = 3 (top left), t = 4 (middle left), t = 5 (bottom left), t = 6 (top right), t = 7
(middle right), and t = 8 (bottom right), for a pulsating planar ame, Ze = 17.5, Le = 2, L = 11, = 5 104.
computed by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) using 215 = 32,768 samples of the time evolution of
vf after the transition phase, in order to get the spectrum of the pulsating part only. The corresponding continuous Fourier transform of vf (t) is given by
Z 1
vbf n
vte2pint dt.
12
1
473
Fig. 6. Flame velocity vf: damped pulsations, Ze = 10, Le = 3 (left), and steady pulsations, Ze = 10, Le = 4, (right).
Fig. 7. Flame velocity vf: pulsations with several frequencies, Ze = 15, Le = 4 (left), and without periodicity, Ze = 20,
Le = 3 (right).
Fig. 8. Energy spectrum as function of the frequency n for Ze = 10, Le = 4.
In Figs. 8 and 9, we only plot the part corresponding to the 10% highest peaks. We focus on the
lowest frequencies that give these highest peaks. They correspond to the main frequencies of the
signal. We nd that the case Ze = 10, Le = 4, is well periodic, with a frequency approximately
equal to 0.1, which corresponds to a period T 10. This period can be observed on the right side
474
Fig. 9. Energy spectrum as function of the frequency n for Ze = 15, Le = 4 (left), and Ze = 20, Le = 3 (right).
of Fig. 6. We also conrm that several frequencies exist for Ze = 15, Le = 4. Finally, the case
Ze = 20, Le = 3 seems to become chaotic, since its spectrum shows an increasing number of
frequencies.
4.3. Bifurcation diagram
In this part, we perform a parametric study using a large number of computations to determine
the limit between stable and pulsating planar ames. As previously explained, the ame thickness
is of O(Ze1). Thus, for very large values of the Zeldovich number, the reaction zone becomes
very thin. Consequently, a very ne mesh is required in this region. To determine how many scales
are necessary for a given Zeldovich number, several computations of stable cases have been performed with Le = 1.25. Considering that we need a minimum of 15 points to have a correct estimation of x inside the reaction zone, we use the following maximal scales in the computations
(Table 1).
The result of the numerical computations is plotted in Fig. 10. Five dierent behaviours
have been observed: stable ame velocities, periodic pulsations with single frequency, transition,
Table 1
Number of required scales L and maximal resolution for a given Ze
Ze
Maximal resolution
Points
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
9
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
12
12
512
1024
1024
1024
2048
2048
2048
2048
4096
4096
20
31
24
22
28
25
22
20
18
17
The number of points in the reaction zone are measured at the steady state for Le = 1.25.
475
Fig. 10. Computed points in the LeZe plane using the adaptive multi-resolution method. The dierent point types
correspond to dierent behaviours of the ame velocity.
a-periodic pulsations, unbounded ame velocity. In the transitional state, periodic pulsations with
multiple frequencies are observed. When the ame velocity is unbounded, this results in a numerical instability, even for very small time steps. From a theoretical point of view, this last behaviour
exists [22], but it cannot be simulated numerically using an explicit method.
The LeZe bifurcation diagram is plotted in Fig. 11 together with the asymptotic result
from [10] which shows that, for Ze 1 and without radiation, the limit of the pulsating ames
Fig. 11. Bifurcation diagram LeZe for the pulsating planar ames: computed values with the adaptive multiresolution method (triangles, plain line), computed values of [16] (squares), and theoretical asymptotic value for Ze 1
(Eq. (5)) (dashed line).
476
corresponds to Ze(Le1) = 16 (see Eq. (5)). It is also compared with other numerical simulations
performed using a method of lines [16], which is a nite element method based on B-splines.
We rst remark that, for 15 < Ze < 40, the results obtained here are comparable with both nonadaptive simulation and theoretical results. However, for Ze > 40, the non-adaptive computations
dier signicantly from the asymptotic result, which becomes theoretically more and more accurate when Ze ! 1. For large Ze, only the adaptive computation is compatible with theory. This
is due to the fact that, for large Ze, a very large number of points is required. Moreover, as the
ame velocity increases with Ze, smaller and smaller time steps are required to maintain the
numerical stability. Therefore, when using a regular grid, the computation becomes either too
expensive, or inaccurate.
For Ze < 15, both adaptive and non-adaptive computations show that the asymptotic result is
no more accurate. In this part, we observe a good agreement between the adaptive computation
and the non-adaptive one. We also perform computations for Le ranges larger than the ones studied in [16]. We observe that the stability limit is increasing again for Le > 6. This phenomenon was
not observed in [16] and is not predicted by the asymptotic theory in [10]. We give the following
interpretation to this phenomenon: as explained in [16], the pulsations are a consequence of the
fact that heat loss due to conduction cannot compensate heat production due to reaction. However, for large values of the Lewis number, the heat conduction is stronger and both eects can
balance when the heat production remains moderate, i.e. when Ze is not too large.
Fig. 12. Extrema of the ame velocity vf as function of Le for dierent values of Ze.
477
4.4. Amplitude of pulsations

This part aims at understanding the pulsating behaviour of ames for moderate Zeldovich
numbers. In this goal, the extrema of the ame velocity are plotted in Fig. 12 as a function of
the Lewis number. Four dierent values of Ze have been chosen: Ze = 7.5, where no pulsations
have been observed; Ze = 10, where pulsations are periodic and disappear for large values of the
Lewis number; Ze = 12.5, where transitional states exist; Ze = 15, where pulsations do not disappear for high Le.
For Ze = 7.5, we remark that the ame velocity decreases with Le, reaches a minimum for
Le = 6 and increases again. However, the variations are moderate and, as already shown in
Fig. 11, no pulsations are observed. For Ze = 10 and Ze = 12.5, the ame velocity rst decreases,
then pulsations are observed. The amplitude of the pulsations increases, reaches a maximum for
Le 5, then decreases. Finally, the pulsations disappear for Le 8, and the ame velocity increases again. The dierence between these two cases is that, for Ze = 10, the amplitude is smaller
than for Ze = 12.5.
Fig. 13. Flame velocity vf for Le = 1.25 (left), Le = 5 (center), Le = 9 (right) and for Ze = 7.5 (top), Ze = 10 (middle),
Ze = 15 (bottom).
478
The main dierence is observed for Ze = 15. When Le is small, as before, no pulsations are observed. Then, when ames are pulsating, the amplitude increases, decreases, increases again, and
almost tends to zero for Le = 7. For Le > 7, another pulsating state appears, with pulsations of
weak amplitude (Fig. 13, bottom right).
We give the following interpretation to this phenomenon: when Le is small, the heat ux from
the reaction zone to the pre-heat zone is not strong enough to accelerate the ignition. Moreover,
the ame velocity does not initially decrease, because the conductive heat loss in the reaction zone
remains low. Consequently the ame is stable (Fig. 13, left side). Then, for moderate values of Le,
due to accelerated ignition, the ame velocity overshoots its steady state value, but both eects of
accelerated ignition and velocity decrease due to heat loss are not strong enough to maintain the
pulsations. Then, when Le is suciently large that steady pulsations occur, both amplitude and
frequency increase with Le. However, the amplitude reaches a maximum and then decreases because, as the heat production remains moderate, the heat loss reduces the energy in the reaction
zone. Finally, for large values of Le, when the heat production remains moderate, i.e. when
Ze < 15, the ame velocity decreases and increases again, but the heat loss in the reaction zone
compensates the heat production due to reaction and, as a consequence, after a strong increase
of the ame velocity, this one remains high, but becomes stable (Fig. 13, right, top and middle).
For Ze > 15, we observe that, even for large Le, the heat production due to reaction is too
important to be compensated by conductive heat loss. The limit is reached around Ze = 15, where
pulsations of weak amplitude and low frequency appear for Le > 7 (Fig. 13, bottom right) whereas
pulsations of larger amplitude and higher frequency have been observed for smaller values of the
Lewis number (Fig. 13, bottom center). In Fig. 13 (bottom center), the black zone actually corresponds to pulsations of very high frequency.
5. Conclusion
The present paper reports on various computations of pulsating planar ames in the thermodiusive approximation for a wide range of Lewis and Zeldovich numbers. The numerical scheme
is based on a nite volume method with explicit time discretization, both of second order. A multiresolution technique allows an ecient and automatic adaptive grid renement in regions of steep
gradients while controlling the local truncation error. Hence ames with large activation energies
can be computed eciently with reduced memory and computing time. The implementation of the
algorithm uses graded tree structures with dynamic memory allocation. A validation and analysis
of the numerical scheme can be found in [21]. The numerical results show dierent behaviours of
the ames depending on the control parameters, i.e. the Lewis and Zeldovich numbers. We found
stable or pulsating ames where for the latter the pulsations are either decaying in time, are periodic or even a-periodic. A Fourier analysis of the time series of the ame velocities showed the
presence of one or several characteristic wavelengths. The computed bifurcation diagram in the
LeZe plane agrees perfectly with the theoretical predictions of [10] for large Zeldovich numbers.
On the other hand we found that for large Lewis numbers, i.e. for Le > 6, the stability limit is
again increasing towards larger Zeldovich numbers and not monotonically decreasing as predicted by the asymptotic theory. A study of the ame velocities for dierent Zeldovich numbers
showed that the amplitude of the pulsations strongly varies with the Lewis number. In future
479
work we will apply the adaptive multi-resolution scheme to investigate pulsating ame balls in
three dimensions as predicted theoretically in [2].
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge support from the European Program TMR on Wavelets in Numerical Simulation (Contract No. FMRX-CT98-0184), and from the French-German Program Procope (Contract No. D/0031094). We would also like to thank Alexandre Fornel for his help in
computations.
References
[1] Bayliss A, Leaf GK, Matkowsky BJ. Pulsating and chaotic dynamics near the extinction limit. Comb Sci Technol
1992;84:25378.
[2] Buckmaster JD, Joulin G, Ronney PD. The structure and stability of non-adiabatic ame balls II. Combust Flame
1991;84:41122.
[3] Buckmaster JD, Ludford GS. Lectures on mathematical combustion. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: SIAM; 1983.
[4] Clavin P. Dynamic behaviour of premixed ame fronts in laminar and turbulent ows. Prog Energy Combust Sci
1985;11:159.
[5] Cohen A, Kaber SM, Muller S, Postel M. Fully adaptive multi-resolution nite volume schemes for conservation
laws. Math Comput 2003;72:183225.
[6] Frohlich J, Schneider K. An adaptive wavelet Galerkin algorithm for one- and two-dimensional ame
computations. Eur J Mech B/Fluids 1994;13(4):43971.
[7] Harten A. Discrete multi-resolution analysis and generalized wavelets. J Appl Numer Math 1993;12:15393.
[8] Harten A. Multi-resolution algorithms for the numerical solution of hyperbolic conservation laws. Comm Pure
Appl Math 1995;48:130542.
[9] Harten A. Multi-resolution representation of data: a general framework. SIAM J Numer Anal 1996;33(3):120556.
[10] Joulin G, Clavin P. Linear stability analysis of nonadiabatic ames: diusional-thermal model. Combust Flame
1979;35:13953.
[11] Larrouturou B, Berestycki H, Brauner CM, Clavin P, Schmidt-Laine C. editors, Modelisation de la combustion.
Images des mathematiques. CNRS, 1996.
[12] Lewis B, von Elbe G. Combustion, ames and explosions of gases. New York: Academic Press; 1961.
[13] Muller S. Adaptive multiscale schemes for conservation laws, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Engineering, vol.
27. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2003.
[14] Pearlman HG, Ronney PD. Near-limit behavior of high-Lewis number premixed ames in tubes at normal and low
gravity. Phys Fluids 1994;6(12):400918.
[15] Pearlman HG, Ronney PD. Self-organized spiral and circular waves in premixed gas ames. J Chem Phys
1994;101(3):26323.
[16] Rogg B. The eect of Lewis number greater than unity on an unsteady propagating ame with one-step chemistry.
In: Peters N, Warnatz J, editors. Numerical methods in laminar ame propagation. Notes on numerical uid
mechanics, vol. 6. Vieweg; 1982. p. 3848.
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[20] Roussel O, Schneider K. An adaptive multi-resolution scheme for combustion problems: application to ame ballvortex interaction. Comp Fluids 2005;34(7):81731.
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Numerical Solution of Planar Mechanism

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Numerical Solution of Planar Mechanism

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Communications in Nonlinear Science

and Numerical Simulation 11 (2006) 463480

Adaptive numerical simulation of pulsating planar ames

Corresponding author. Address: Centre de Mathematiques et dInformatique, Universite dAix-Marseille I, 39 rue

where T denotes the dimensionless temperature,

We choose as initial condition the asymptotic solution for Ze ! 1 [22], i.e.

Fig. 1. Steady planar ame structure for Le = 1, Ze = 10.

with initial condition U(x, t = 0) = U (x), where U = (T, Y) , v 2 R, M is a 2 2 diagonal matrix,

3.1. Cell-average multi-resolution

Fig. 2. Set of nested dyadic grids Gl.

l;i denotes the cell-average value of K(U) on the cell Xl,i.

3.3. Conservative ux computation

Fig. 8. Energy spectrum as function of the frequency n for Ze = 10, Le = 4.

4.4. Amplitude of pulsations

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