DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

EC-202: Signals & Systems

B.Tech (ECE,CSE) & IDD (ECW,CSI) IInd Year

Spring Semester 2013
End-Term Examination
Maximum Marks :100
Note: Answer all questions.

1. (a) Using the generalized function definition of impulse, show that

d (at) =

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1
d (t).
|a|

(b) Show that causality for a continuous-time system is equivalent to the following statement:
For any time t0 and any input x(t) such that x(t) = 0 for t < t0 , the corresponding
output must also be zero for t < t0 .

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(c) Consider a discrete-time system with input x[n] and output y[n] related by

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y[n] =

n+n0

x[k]

k=n n0

where n0 is a finite positive integer.

i. Is the system linear?
ii. Is the system time-invariant?
Justify your answers.
(d) Let

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y(t) = u(t + 1) u(t 1) t (u(t)
=
(1/2) x( 3t + 2).

u(t

1))

Determine and sketch x(t).

(e) Determine whether the following signals are periodic, and for those which are, find
the fundamental period.
i. x[n] =
k= (d [n 4k] d [n 1 4k])
ii. x[n] = cos( n8 p)
iii. x[n] = cos( p2 n) cos( p4 n)
2. (a) Suppose that x(t) = (u(t + 1) u(t 1)) and h(t) = x(t/a), where 0 < a 1.
i. Determine and sketch y(t) = x(t) h(t).
ii. If dy(t)/dt contains only three discontinuities, what is the value of a?.
2t u(t). Determine the
(b) An LTI system has step response given by s(t) = e t u(t) e p
output of this system y(t) given an input x(t) = d (t p) cos( 3)u(t).

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(c) Let x[n] and y[n] be two real-valued discrete-time signals. The autocorrelation functions fxx [n] and fyy [n] of x[n] and y[n], respectively are defined as
fxx [n] =

m=

x[m]x[m

fyy [n] =

n]

m=

y[m]y[m

n]

y[m]x[m

n]

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and the cross-correlation functions are given by

fxy [n] =

m=

x[m]y[m

fyx [n] =

n]

m=

i. Express fxx [n] and fxy [n] in terms of convolution. Is fxy = fyx ?.
ii. Let x[n] be the input to an LTI system with unit sample response h[n], and let the
corresponding output be y[n]. Show how fxy [n] and fyy [n] can be viewed as the
output of LTI systems with fxx [n] as the input. (Do this by explicitly specifying
the impulse response of each of the two systems in terms of h[n].)
(d) Determine whether the LTI systems characterized by the following impulse responses
are invertible. If yes, find the impulse response of the inverse system.
i. h(t) = d (t) + d (t + 2)

ii. h(t) = e

2t u(t)

iii. h[n] =

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1 n
5 u[n]

3. (a) Consider a causal continuous-time LTI system whose input x(t) and output y(t) are
related by the following differential equation:

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d
y(t) + 4y(t) = x(t).
dt
Find the Fourier series representation of the output y(t) for each of the following
inputs:
i. x(t) = cos(2pt)
ii. x(t) = sin(4pt) + cos(6pt + p/4).
(b) Suppose we are given the following information about a periodic signal x(t) with
period T = 2 and Fourier series coefficients ak .
i. x(t) is real and odd

ii. ak = 0 for |k| > 1

Specify two signals that satisfy these conditions.

iii.

1R2
2
2 0 |x(t)| dt

= 1.

(c) Find the Fourier transform of the following signals

j10t
|t| < p
e ,
i. x(t) =
|t| > p
0,
ii. x(t) =

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d
3t u(t)) (e t u(t
dt {(e

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2))}

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(d) Let x(t) be a real signal with Fourier transform X( jw). Suppose we are given the
following facts:
i. |t|e

|t| FT
! Re{X( jw)}

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ii. x(t) = 0 for t 0.

Find x(t).
4. (a) A signal x(t) = 3 cos(6pt) + cos(16pt) + 2 cos(20pt) is sampled at a rate 25% above
the Nyquist rate. Sketch the spectrum of the sampled signal. How would you reconstruct x(t) from these samples?
(b) i. Using the duality between the discrete-time Fourier transform synthesis equation
and the continuous-time Fourier series analysis equation, show that:

sin(W n) FT
|w| W
1,
jw
x[n] =
! X(e ) =
.
0,
W <w p
pn

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ii. Determine the following sum:

sin(pk/5) sin(pk/7)
.
k2

k=

(c) Using the DTFT of discrete-time rectangular pulse and the properties of DTFT, determine the DTFT of the signal
x[n] = 2d [n + 2] + 3d [n + 1] + 4d [n] + 3d [n

1] + 2d [n

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2].

(d) Consider a discrete-time LTI system with impulse response

8
0n2
< 1,
1,
2n 1 .
h[n] =
:
0,
otherwise

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Given that the input to the system is

x[n] =

d [n

4k],

k=

determine the Fourier series coefficients of the output y[n].

5. (a) Consider a continuous-time LTI system for which the input x(t) and output y(t) are
related by the differential equation
d 2 y(t) dy(t)
2y(t) = x(t).
dt 2
dt
i. Determine H(s) as a ratio of two polynomials in s. Sketch the pole-zero pattern
of H(s).
ii. Determine h(t) if the system is assumed to be stable.
(b) Let x(t) be the sampled signal specified as
x(t) =

nT

d (t

nT ),

where T > 0.

n=0

i. Determine X(s), including its region of convergence.

ii. Sketch the pole-zero plot of X(s).
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(c) It is desired to design a lowpass Butterworth filter with the following specifications:
i. pass band (0 |w| 10 radians/sec)
ii. pass band gain(0.9 |H( jw)| 1)

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iii. stop band (|w| 20 radians/sec)

iv. stop band gain (|H( jw)| 0.10)

Write down the equations to determine the order and 3 dB cut-off frequency of the
Butterworth filter.
(d) Sketch the poles of a 6th order Butterworth analog lowpass filter with a 3 dB cut-off
frequency of 1 kHz, in the s-plane.

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(e) Find the inverse z-transform of

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"
#
1
1, 024 z 10
X(z) =
,
1, 024
1 12 z 1

|z| > 0.

(f) Consider an LTI system with input x[n] and output y[n] for which
y[n

1]

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(17/4)y[n] + y[n + 1] = x[n].

Using Cauchy residue theorem, determine the unit sample response (impulse response)
of the system if it is assumed to be stable.
(g) A discrete-time system has two poles at z = 0 and z = 0.5 and a zero at z = 2. Show
using the geometrical evaluation that the magnitude response of the system is unity.

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