2013 International Conference on Aerospace Science & Engineering (ICASE)

Comparison Survey of 4G Competitors

(OFDMA, MC CDMA, UWB, IDMA)
1

Kiran Khurshid , Imtiaz Ahmed Khokhar

Dept. EE, Army Public College of Management & Sciences (APCOMS), Pakistan
Dept. EE, Military College of Signals, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Pakistan

AbstractIn the fast growing world, the need of people to

communicate and get connected with each other is increasing.
The demand for timely access to information regardless of
location, better quality of service (QoS), higher data rates and
better security are a few motivational factors for the research
and development (R&D) of the fourth generation (4G)
communication systems. With the evolution of wireless
standards, from the first generation (1G) uptil now, access
schemes used have also exhibited increase in efficiency, capacity
and scalability. Multiple access schemes for the 4G systems is a
hot topic for research nowadays. This paper presents a brief
overview of the reasons for migrating towards 4G. It provides a
look at some of the recent access schemes including Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple access(OFDMA), Multicarrier Code
Division Multiple Access(MC CDMA), Ultra Wide Band(UWB)
and Interleave Division Multiple Access(IDMA). All these
schemes can be potential candidates for the future 4G systems.
We have compared these schemes by looking at the advantages
and disadvantages of each scheme separately.

Fig. 1. Mobile subscribers

According to Ericsson Mobility Report 2012 the global mobile

percentage penetration is shown in Fig. 2.

Keywords: 4;, OFDMA; MC CDMA; IDMA; UWB.

I.
INTRODUCTION
4G takes on a number of definitions depending on the context
in which it is being talked about. According to some people it
is the next generation of wireless networks that will replace
3G networks sometimes in future, and to some, 4G is simply
an initiative by academic R&D labs to move beyond the
limitations and problems of 3G which are having trouble
getting deployed and are not letting 3G in meeting the
promised performance and throughput.
It sounds strange that research is being done for 4G systems
without fully deploying 3G systems. Some of the reasons for
this migration are that the performance of 3G is not sufficient
to meet needs of the future high- performance applications like
multi-media, wireless teleconferencing, full-motion video etc.
Also there are multiple standards for 3G making it difficult to
roam and interoperate across networks while global mobility
and service portability are needed
Hybrid networks are needed that utilize both wireless LAN
(hot spot) concept and cell or base-station wide area network
design. We need all digital packet networks that utilize IP in
its fullest form with converged voice and data capability
A. Objectives of 4G
The number of mobile subscribers in the world is increasing
rapidly. There are over six billion mobile subscriptions
worldwide. 75% of the world has now access to mobile
phones. According to infonetics research mobile subscribers
are forecast to total 7 billion worldwide by 2016

Fig. 2. Percentage penetration

With the ever increasing scalability, we need to improve the

existing infrastructure. This kind of demand growth will
require the support of higher capacity networks [1].
The objective of 4G is to handle this rapidly increasing
numbers of users without degrading the quality of service.
However scalability is not the only focus of 4G.
It aims at providing a spectrally efficient system (in bits/s/Hz
and bit/s/Hz/site) and a nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while
the client physically moves at high speeds relative to the
station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in relatively
fixed positions [2].
Research is being done to make it fully IP-based integrated
system so that voice, data and streamed multimedia can be
given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher
data rates than previous generations. Table shows comparison
of 3G and 4G systems [3].

978-1-4799-0993-3/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

TABLE I. Comparison of 3G and 4G systems
3G (including
2.5G, sub3G)

4G

Major
Requirement
Driving
Architecture

Predominantly
Converged data and
voice driven - data
voice over IP
was always add on

Network
Architecture

Wide area cellbased

Hybrid - Integration
of Wireless LAN
(WiFi, Bluetooth)
and wide area

Speeds

384 Kbps to 2
Mbps

20 to 100 Mbps in
mobile mode

Frequency Band

Dependent on
Higher frequency
country or continent
bands (2-8 GHz)
(1800-2400 MHz)

Bandwidth

5-20 MHz

100 MHz (or more)

Switching Design
Basis

Circuit and Packet

All digital with

packetized voice

Access
Technologies

OFDM and MCW-CDMA, 1xRTT,

CDMA (Multi
Edge
Carrier CDMA)

Forward Error
Correction

Convolutional rate
1/2, 1/3

Component
Design

Smarter Antennas,
Optimized antenna
software multiband
design, multi-band
and wideband
adapters
radios

IP

A number of air
link protocols,
including IP 5.0

II.

which would be the dominant portion of traffic load in 4G

system [4].
TABLE II. Comparison of 1G to 3G systems

Concatenated
coding scheme

All IP (IP6.0)

MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES

Multiple access schemes allow many mobile users to share

simultaneously a finite amount of radio spectrum. The sharing
of spectrum is done in order to achieve high capacity by
simultaneously allocating the available bandwidth (or the
available amount of channels) to multiple users. For high
quality communications, this must be done without severe
degradation in the performance of the system.
In first generation wireless standards TDMA and FDMA were
used. However both the access schemes were having certain
disadvantages, like in TDMA insertion of guard periods for
alleviating multipath impact was problematic for the higher
data rate channels. Similarly, FDMA consumed more
bandwidth for guard to avoid inter carrier interference. So in
second generation systems, one set of standard used the
combination of FDMA and TDMA and the other set
introduced a new access scheme called CDMA. Usage of
CDMA increased the system capacity. Data rate also increased
as this access scheme handled the multipath channel effect in a
quite well manner. This enabled the third generation systems
to used CDMA as the access scheme IS-2000, UMTS,
HSXPA, 1xEV-DO, TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA.

Recently, new access schemes like OFDMA, MC CDMA,

IDMA etc are gaining more importance for the next generation
systems. WiMAX is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the
uplink. For the next generation UMTS, OFDMA is being
considered for the downlink. MC-CDMA is in the proposal for
the IEEE 802.20 standard. Advantages and disadvantages of
the important access schemes are discussed below
A. OFDMA
OFDMA has emerged as the leading multiple access technique
for next generation wireless communications systems.
OFDMA systems are multi-carrier systems in which a
bandwidth is divided into a set of orthogonal sub-carriers. The
set of orthogonal sub-carriers are further subdivided into
subsets, wherein each subset of orthogonal sub-carriers forms
a traffic channel. Each traffic channel can be assigned
exclusively to a single user.

Existing multiple access techniques used in 1G/2G/3G

systems (such as FDMA/TDMA/CDMA respectively) are
basically suitable for voice communication only and
unsuitable for high data rate transmission and burst data traffic

Fig. 3. OFDMA Transmitter

This scheme is simple to implement. Some advantages and

disadvantages of this scheme are discussed below:

As each of the sub-channel carriers in an OFDMA system is

orthogonal within each cell, intra-cell interference is zero [5].

its output power on part of the channel bandwidth. This power

concentration is similar to what happens when using
traditional Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). For the
32 sub-channels system, 32 SU may be allocated one sub
channel each simultaneously. Each SU transmits only on those
sub-carriers belonging to its allocated sub-channel. The BST
receiver receives a signal to noise ratio (S/N) that is better than
the equivalent OFDM case, in which only one SU transmits
during a burst, by a factor of 32. This concentration effect
translates to a 15dB improvement in S/N without sacrificing
capacity, or impacting the average data rate provided by each
SU.

Another feature of OFDMA is power-concentration. Since a

subscriber unit (SU) is typically allocated less than all the
available sub-channels for a transmission burst, it concentrates

Power-concentration is not limited to the uplink. In the

downlink, although there is a single transmitter, power can be
concentrated in certain sub-channels at the expense of diluting

a) Advantages of OFDMA
The spectrum inefficiency in frequency division multiple
access (FDMA) is removed by OFDMA by using overlapping
orthogonal sub carriers transmitted in parallel. The frequency
separation among the sub carriers is minimal thus enabling
efficient spectrum use.

other sub-channels. Transmissions for SU suffering for high

RF path loss can be done on sub-channels in which the
transmission power is boosted. The current IEEE 802.16a
draft standard allows 6dB of power change for each
downlink sub channel.
OFDMA lends itself to adaptive modulation and FEC, as each
sub-channel may carry its own modulation and FEC scheme.
The modulation and FEC are selected according to the RF
path loss associated with each SU, and thus allow efficient use
of the available channel bandwidth. In IEEE 802.16a draft
standard for example, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM
modulations are allowed. The FEC scheme is concatenated
Reed Solomon (RS) and convolutionaI code, with optional
turbo product codes.
An OFDMA system is fairly resistant to most forms of
external interference. A narrowband interference source for
example, might block some of the OFDMA sub-carriers.
However, due to the fact that OFDMA sub-channels use subcarriers spread across the entire frequency band, and due to
the robust FEC scheme, this loss of sub-carriers will generally
not introduce significant errors. A broadband bursty
interference source may block reception for a short while. In
spite of this, the long duration of each OFDMA symbol, and
the FEC block interleaving over several OFDMA symbols
will prevent significant errors from this type of interference
source as well.
OFDM (A) transceivers are easily implemented using FFT
and IFFT algorithms. It combines nearly all multipath
elements without
need
for
sophisticated
RAKE
structures at the

receiver. It also transforms the frequency selective fading

channel to a large number of flat fading sub channels, which
are much easier to equalize. Usually 1-tap equalizers are used.
b) Disadvantages of OFDMA
In spite of its many advantages, OFDM modulation has been
considered for a long time costly to implement from an RF
point of view.
OFDMA is highly sensitive to time and
frequency synchronization errors. Demodulation of an OFDM
signal with an offset in the frequency can lead to a high bit
error rate.
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is proportional to the
number of sub-carriers used for OFDM systems. An OFDM
system with large number of sub-carriers will thus have a very
large PAPR when the sub-carriers add up coherently. Large
PAPR of a system makes the implementation of Digital-toAnalog Converter (DAC) and Analog-to-Digital Converter
(ADC) to be extremely difficult. The design of RF amplifier
also becomes increasingly difficult as the PAPR increases.
In OFDMA systems, if two neighboring cells use the same
subcarrier channels, transmission in a cell interferes with that
in the other.
To overcome this interference problem, the system can
employ techniques like spectrum spreading and multiplereceiver based interference suppression. A widely accepted
approach is to design the frequency reuse factor (FRF) such
that the two neighboring cells allocate subcarriers
exclusively[6]. FRF of OFDMA is 3.
Subcarrier allocation has also certain problems associated with
it. If sub carrier allocation is static then no frequency diversity
is achieved. Channel State Information (CSI) of all the users
for all sub-carriers are required in real-time in case of dynamic
sub-carrier allocation so signaling overhead is increased
compared to static allocation.
Sub-Carrier Hopped OFDMA minimizes inter cell
interference. It does not require CSI for sub-carrier allocation
anymore, however, the throughput is reduced compared to
dynamic allocation with the knowledge of CSI, but greatly
enhanced compared to static allocation
In OFDMA systems, the length of the cyclic prefix (cp)
imposes the problem of inefficient use of bandwidth. CP needs
to be longer than the largest channel delay spread of many
users. Even when most mobiles experience short channels, a
long CP needs to be used for those mobiles when there exists a
single user that has a wireless channel with a long delay
spread. The maximal guard time (cyclic prefix length) is as
long as 1/4 of the useful time (FFT size) in, which is a
significant overhead. Previous finite impulse response (FIR)
time domain filters [7].
If channel information is known at the transmitter side, a
proper strategy is to assign each user subcarrier with relatively
high gains. The channel gains seen by different users are
different. However, when no channel information is available
at the transmitter side, the performance of plain OFDMA may
be affected by fluctuation (i.e., fading) among the gains of
subcarriers. This problem motivates the work on
OFDMCDMA.

B. MC CDMA
The combination of OFDM and CDMA techniques is used in
multicarrier CDMA (or OFDM-CDMA). Such a technique is
considered as a very likely candidate for future wireless
systems because it marries the best of the OFDM and CDMA
worlds [8].

.
Fig. 4. MC CDMA Transmitter

a) Advantages of MC CDMA
MC-CDMA provides better performance than DS-CDMA for
downlink communication in a highly selective channel with
multiple resolvable paths. The ability to provide better
performance stems from the capability of the MC-CDMA
scheme to mitigate degradation of transmission quality due to
severe Multi-Path Interference (MPI) in a broadband channel.
MC-CDMA systems achieve this by using multiple low
symbol rate sub-carriers, and make maximum use of
frequency diversity by using spread and coded signals over
parallel sub-carriers.

Single carrier wireless access schemes, such as those used in

DS-CDMA systems, often suffer deep fading or degradation
of transmission quality. Retransmissions in such systems
predictably suffer deep fading as well when a channel is
experiencing relatively slow fading. Therefore, when there are
erroneous packets during transmissions, retransmissions are
required and the retransmitted packets are combined together
at a receiver to achieve combining gain to re-produce original
packets in entirety. It is possible that an erroneous packet
cannot be recovered even when the maximum number of
retransmission attempts is reached. Loss of erroneous packets
poses a serious problem for packet transmission in DS-CDMA
systems.
A conventional straightforward method for retransmitting
packets for MC-CDMA systems involves a symbol being
transmitted on the same sub-carrier during different
retransmission attempts. At the receiver end, retransmitted
packets with the same symbol are combined using packet
combining to obtain combining gain. Since it is less likely that
all sub-carriers in MC-CDMA systems are located in a deep
fade in the frequency domain, the frequency diversity
characteristic of MC-CDMA is not fully exploited in such a
packet retransmission method.
MC-CDMA signal can be easily transmitted and received
using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) without increasing
transmitter and receiver complexity.

A problem can occur in high data rate applications if channel

delay spread exceeds symbol duration. When the channel
delay spread exceeds the symbol duration, a DS- CDMA
system is subjected to severe ISI and is practically not usable
unless a complicated equalizer is used at the DS-CDMA
receiver to combat the severe ISI. A technique for increasing
the rate and also the symbol duration is therefore essential in
this case. Multi-carrier modulation, for example in MCCDMA, is proposed to advantageously reduce the effect of ISI
by transmitting the same data symbol over a large number of
narrowband orthogonal sub-carriers, without applying
spectrum spreading to each carrier. With Turbo coding, one
type of FEC coding, MC-CDMA achieves better performance.
Each sub-carrier is subject to non-selective fading.
Another main advantage of MC-CDMA scheme is that the
receiver can collect most of the received signal energy in the
frequency domain. Conversely, another main disadvantage of
DS-CDMA receiver is that such a scheme is not able to make
full use of time-delayed signal energy received.
So MC CDMA achieves high frequency diversity, low
complex equalization and high spectral efficiency. It has a
frequency reuse factor of 1.
This combined scheme benefits from the advantages of both
CDMA and OFDM systems. The advantages of CDMA are:
high immunity against multipath distortion (as the signal is
spread over a wide bandwidth) and easier variable rate
transmission. The advantages of Multi Carrier Modulation
(MCM) are robustness to frequency selective fading,
capability of narrowband interference rejection, higher
spectral efficiency (because of overlapping subcarriers),
reduced signal processing complexity (as no equalization is
required in the time domain) and easier implementation (as the
system can be implemented using FFTs).
The main advantages of the combined system are: higher
flexibility (adding new users is the same as adding more noise
to the system), robustness to frequency selective fading,
higher spectral efficiency, simpler transmitter and receiver
structure compared to DS-CDMA and narrowband
interference rejection capability.
b) Disadvantages of MC CDMA
MC-CDMA has been so far hailed to be a very efficient in DL.
Asynchronous UL has a severe effect on orthogonal codes.
In MC CDMA systems we require power control. High PAPR
occurs in a multi-carrier system when several subchannels add
in phase at the output of the transmitter. In the case of linear
amplification, this high PAPR imposes a substantial reduction
in power efficiency which is undesirable in mobile transmitter
where energy is a limited resource. Also it is complex to
implement MC CDMA.
c) UWB
UWB uses an extremely wide band of RF spectrum to transmit
data. In so doing, UWB is able to transmit more data in a
given period of time than the more traditional technologies.
Though UWB is often considered a recent breakthrough in
wireless communications, UWB has actually experienced over

40 years of development. The first wireless communication

system was based on UWB.
a) Advantages of UWB
A UWB signal is typically composed of a train of subnanosecond pulses, resulting a high bandwidth. Since the total
power is spread over such a wide range of frequencies, its
PSD is extremely low. This minimizes the interference caused
to existing services that already use the same spectrum.
On account of the large bandwidth used, UWB links are
capable of transmitting data over tens of megabits per second.
Self interference in a UWB network is also very low, so
allowing a large number of UWB terminals to operate in a
given area, either cooperatively as part of an ad hoc network
or as independent links.

So they provide extremely high data rate performance in

multi-user network applications. Also due to its extremely low
power spectral density its interference to exiting narrowband
systems is low. As for its low power spectral density it has
very low probability of detection, which is specifically in
more interest for military and security use.
b) Disadvantages of UWB
One disadvantage of narrow time domain pulses (UWB) is
that building radio frequency (RF) and analog circuits as well
as high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) to process
signals of extremely wide bandwidth is challenging, and
usually results in high power consumption. Collection of
sufficient energy in dense multi-path environments requires a
large number of RAKE fingers. The pulsed multiband
approach can eliminate the disadvantages associated with

large front-end processing bandwidth by dividing the

spectrum into several sub-bands.
In UWB systems, antennas are significant pulse-shaping
filters. Any distortion of the signal in the frequency domain
(which is a filtering operation) causes distortion of the
transmitted pulse shape, therefore increasing the complexity of
the detection mechanism at the receiver. UWB antennas
require the phase center and the VSWR to be constant across
the whole bandwidth of operation. A change in phase center
may cause distortion of the transmitted pulse and worse
performance at the receiver. The design of antennas for UWB
signal radiation is one of the main challenges for the UWB
system, especially when low cost, geometrically small, and
radio-efficient structures are required for typical consumer
applications. Conventional antennas are designed to radiate
only over the relatively narrow range of frequencies used in
conventional narrowband systems. If an impulse is fed to such
an antenna, it tends to ring, which severely distorts the pulse
and spreads it out in time. Resonant antennas are unsuitable
for the UWB system, as they can only radiate sinusoidal
waves at the resonance frequency.

data stream is first encoded by a (very) low-rate encoder. The

same encoder can be used for each data stream (i.e., even
different users use the same encoder). Subsequently the coded
bits, usually referred to as chips in this context, are
interleaved. In IDMA each user is assigned a user-specific
interleaver as a consequence of which chip-by-chip
interleaving is done and no spreading code is used. Finally, the
encoded and interleaved data streams of different layers of the
same user are linearly superimposed (preferably with different
phases and amplitudes) before transmission. In contrast to
other system designs, channel coding is an integral part of the
IDMA system design. It also greatly reduces the effect of
Multiple Access Interference.

In UWB systems there is no pass band modulation scheme

that is why in UWB there are short range transmissions.
D) IDMA
Interleave Division Multiple Access (IDMA) can be
considered as a special case of DS-CDMA. In IDMA, each

Fig. 5. IDMA transmitter and receiver

a) Advantages of IDMA
IDMA provides many desired features for modern
communication systems, like, robustness against interference
along with high power efficiency and spectral efficiency.
IDMA is also very flexible, allowing low-cost iterative
detection in various channel conditions
Besides being power and bandwidth efficient, IDMA offers a
number of nice features [9]:
Rate/power adaptation: The multi-code technique can be
used for a rate/power adaptation. A large variety of data rates
can be supported. As opposed to conventional adaptive
modulation/channel coding techniques, the modulation
scheme is fixed (and even binary) and the same channel code
is used for all layers. Power adaptation/savings are particularly
useful for the uplink.
MIMO: Since each layer is assigned a different
interleaver, an arbitrary number of transmit antennas can be
used. No orthogonal or arithmetic space-time code design is
necessary. According to Shannon, typical sequences are
generated and superimposed.
Fast fading: In conjunction with a superimposed pilot
layer, fast fading channels can easily be tracked
Frequency-selective fading: Rake-like reception is
straightforward.

number of receive antennas, number of channel taps, and the

number of iterations.

Low delay: Due to chip-by-chip interleaving, the block

size can optionally be reduced compared to conventional DSCDMA.

Security is also one of the features of IDMA. Even if the

interleaving pattern of one user is known, the information of
that user can not be extracted.

In IDMA, the receiver complexity is very low, and cost only

several arithmetic operations per chip per user per iteration.
Receiver cancels any type of interference (multilayer
interference, multiuser interference, multiantenna interference,
intersymbol interference, etc.) jointly. The receiver derived by
L. Ping is based on the Gaussian assumption (joint Gaussian
detector) and turbo processing in conjunction with the lowrate encoder. Its complexity is linear with respect to the
number of layers, number of chips/layer, number of users,

b) Disadvantages of IDMA
A disadvantage of IDMA is that its receiver complexity still
increases linearly with the number of paths, which can be a
concern for very wideband systems.
Interleaver design is also an issue in IDMA, like for random
interleavers, the entire interleaver matrix has to be transmitted
to the receiver, which can be very costly, however work is
being done in this regard to improve the design issues of
interleavers.

Some other problems are [10]

High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR): good

solution available

Iterative processing: not welcome in industry so

far

Synchronization: current research

To solve PARP problem soft clipping is done with [11]

No spectrum expansion

Clipping noise possible to be compensated

III. OFDMA Vs MC CDMA

A lot of research has already been done to compare the
performance of OFDMA and MC CDMA. It has been shown
that OFDMA outperforms MCCDMA at the edge of the cell
for low resource loads by using the Radio Resource
Management (RRM). In the inner part of the cell, OFDMA
can gain up to 0.5 dB at a target bit error rate of 10^-3 in a
fully-loaded system. For a not fully-loaded system, MCCDMA surpasses the OFDMA performance by utilizing its
whole diversity of used sub-carriers. In this scenario, MCCDMA can even gain 2 dB compared to OFDMA [12].
The BER performance of MC-CDMA could be better than
OFDMA, when traffic load is not very high. Finally, all
CDMA based systems provides inherently added security in
physical layer without costing anything. But if it comes to the
capacity/efficiency, the MC-CDMA looses to its rival
OFDMA [13].
III.

CONCLUSIONS

4G communication systems require bandwidth efficiency and

low complexity receivers to accommodate high data rate and
large number of users per cell. To make 4G really work carries
will need to migrate to UWB technology. It has been seen that
OFDMA outperforms MC CDMA in various cases using
RRM but there are certain problems with OFDMA like carrier

Fig. 6. Soft Clipping in IDMA

allocation, frequency reuse factor 3 and time and frequency

synchronization sensitivity. IDMA can be a potential
candidate for the future 4G systems because of being
bandwidth efficient and having low complexity receiver.
IDMA also solves the problems present in OFDMA and
provides many desired features for modern communications
systems, in particular, robustness against interference and high
power efficiency along with spectral efficiency. IDMA is also
very flexible, allowing low-cost iterative detection in various
channel conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank Dr. Khurram Khurshid and Dr. Khawar
Khurshid for helping me out in my research work.
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