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162
163
164
12.44 GHz. To enhance the bandwidth further, the top edge of the
partial ground plane are reshaped to form a sawtooth shape top edge,
as shown in
Fig. 1(e).
The optimized dimension of the triangular shape
slot is 4 5 5 mm3 . The return loss curve presented in Fig. 2
shows that the antenna with modified ground plane can be operated
from 2.92 GHz to 15.70 GHz providing an impedance bandwidth of
12.78 GHz. The insertion of slots in the top edge of the ground plane
increases the gap between the radiating patch and the ground plane
and as a result the impedance bandwidth increases further due to extra
electromagnetic coupling in between radiating element and the ground
plane. Compared to the antenna with rectangular partial ground plane,
the antenna with modified sawtooth shape ground plane can increase
the bandwidth by 43.6% (3.89 GHz) as shown in Fig. 2.
y
WP
LP
Radiating
Patch
L
Modified
Ground Plane
wf
Lg
(a)
(b)
cw2
bw2
aw2
n2
n1
al1
aw3 al2
bt2
bl2
bl1
at
cl1
ct
bt1
aw1
bw1
cw1
(c)
4
Triangular
Slot
(d)
(e)
Figure 1. Geometry of the proposed antenna. (a) Top view.
(b) Bottom view. (c) Band notch structure. (d)(e) Modification of
ground plane.
165
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
8
10
12
Frequency (GHz)
14
16
18
Value
(mm)
30
22
14.5
14.75
7.5
3
6.5
6.5
Parameter
aw 3
al 1
al 2
at
bw 1
bw 2
bl 1
bl 2
Value
(mm)
5
3
2
0.5
6.5
6.5
4
2.5
Parameter
bt 1
bt 2
cw 1
cw 2
cl 1
ct
n1
n2
Value
(mm)
0.5
1
6.5
6.5
4
0.5
0.5
1
166
(a)
(b)
(c)
167
250
75
200
50
150
25
100
50
-25
-50
0
Resistance BN
Resistance WBN
Reactance BN
Reactance WBN
-50
-100
Reactance (Ohm)
Resistance (Ohm)
-75
- 100
- 125
-150
2
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
168
4
2
4
2
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
3.5
(a)
4
4.5
Frequency (GHz)
aw3 = 4.5 mm
aw3 = 5 mm
aw3 = 4 mm
aw3 = 4.5 mm
aw3 = 5 mm
aw3 = 4 mm
6
VSWR
6
VSWR
aw1 = 6.5 mm
aw1 = 5.5 mm
aw1 = 4.5 mm
6
VSWR
6
VSWR
aw1 = 6.5 mm
aw1 = 5.5 mm
aw1 = 4.5 mm
4
2
4
2
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
(b)
3.5
4
4.5
Frequency (GHz)
al1 = 3 mm
al1 = 6 mm
al1 = 5 mm
al1 =4 mm
4
2
0
2
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
3.5
(c)
4
4.5
Frequency (GHz)
8
al2 = 2 mm
al2 = 1 mm
al2 = 1.5 mm
al2 = 2 mm
al2 = 1 mm
al2 = 1.5 mm
6
VSWR
VSWR
al1 = 3 mm
al1 = 6 mm
al1 = 5 mm
al1 =4 mm
6
VSWR
VSWR
169
4
2
0
2
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
3.5
4
4.5
Frequency (GHz)
(d)
Figure 5. Simulated VSWRs for different values of (a) aw1 , (b) aw3 ,
(c) al1 , (d) al2 .
frequency of first notch band shifts down from 4.13 to 3.45 GHz as al2
increases from 1 to 2 mm and the bandwidth of notch band increases
from 0.49 GHz to 0.64 GHz. Therefore, from above analysis it can be
concluded that, the first notched band for WiMAX is controlled by
the e-shaped resonator where as it has no effect on the other notch
bands. It can also be concluded that the centre frequency as well as
the bandwidth of the first notch band can be adjusted by properly
selecting the values of aw1 , aw3 , al1 and al2 .
Figure 6 illustrates the effect of bw1 , bl1 , bl2 and bt1 on band notch
characteristics as well as on the antenna performance. Theoretically,
the notch frequency band for lower WLAN is determined by the widths
and lengths of the open circuit stub that placed in between e- and cshaped resonant elements. From Fig. 6(a) it is observed that the as
the value of bw1 increases, the centre frequency of the second notch
band for lower WLAN shifts towards lower frequency band. The
bandwidth of the notch band also decreases with the increase of bw1 .
The parameters bl1 and bl2 also affect the second notch frequency band
significantly.
It is observed from Figs. 6(b) and 6(c) that the notch band moves
to lower frequency band as the values of bl 1 and bl 2 increases. The
bandwidth of notch band is also deceases with increasing bl 1 and bl 2 .
170
4
2
5
6
7
8
9
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
= 4 mm
= 6 mm
= 3.5 mm
= 5 mm
5.4
5.6
Frequency (GHz)
5.8
bl1 = 4 m m
bl1 = 6 m m
bl1 = 3.5 m m
bl1 = 5 m m
6
VSWR
bl1
bl1
bl1
bl1
6
VSWR
5.2
(a)
4
2
0
2
5
6
7
8
9
Frequency (GHz)
10
0
4.8
11
(b)
8
bl2 = 2 mm
bl2 = 2.5 mm
bl2 = 1.5 mm
4
2
5.2
5.4
Frequency (GHz)
5.6
bl2 = 2 m m
bl2 = 2.5 m m
bl2 = 1.5 m m
6
VSWR
6
VSWR
4
2
4
2
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
bt1 = 1 mm
bt1 = 1.5 mm
bt1 = 0.5 mm
6
VSWR
5.25
5.5
Frequency (GHz)
(c)
VSWR
bw1 = 6.5 mm
bw1 = 5.5 mm
bw1 = 4.5 mm
6
VSWR
6
VSWR
bw1 = 6.5 mm
bw1 = 5.5 mm
bw1 = 4.5 mm
4
2
5.75
bt1 = 1 mm
bt1 = 1.5 mm
bt1 = 0.5 mm
4
2
0
2
5
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
0
4.8
5.2
5.4
Frequency (GHz)
5.6
5.8
(d)
Figure 6. Simulated VSWRs for different values of (a) bw1 , (b) bl1 ,
(c) bl2 , (d) bt1 .
8
cw1 = 6.5 mm
cw1 = 7.5 mm
cw1 = 5.5 mm
cw1 = 6.5 mm
cw1 = 7.5 mm
cw1 = 5.5 mm
6
VSWR
VSWR
6
4
4
2
0
5. 5
0
2
10
11
Frequency (GHz)
8
5.7
5.9
6.1
6.3
cw2 = 6.5 mm
cw2 = 5.5 mm
cw2 = 7.5 mm
VSWR
6.5
Frequency (GHz)
(a)
cw2 = 6.5 mm
cw2 = 5.5 mm
cw2 = 7.5 mm
6
VSWR
171
4
2
0
5.5
0
2
10
11
5.7
Frequency (GHz)
5.9
6.1
6.3
6.5
6.7
Frequency (GHz)
(b)
8
cl1 = 4 mm
cl1 = 6 mm
cl1 = 5 mm
4
2
0
5.4
0
2
10
Frequency (GHz)
11
5.6
5.8
ct = 0.5 mm
ct = 0.75 mm
ct = 0.25 mm
4
2
6.4
ct = 0.5 mm
ct = 0.75 mm
ct = 0.25 mm
6
VSWR
6.2
Frequency (GHz)
(c)
VSWR
cl1 = 4 mm
cl1 = 6 mm
cl1 = 5 mm
6
VSWR
VSWR
4
2
0
2
10
11
0
5.5
Frequency (GHz)
5.7
5.9
6.1
6.3
6.5
Frequency (GHz)
(d)
Figure 7. Simulated VSWRs for different values of (a) cw1 , (b) cw 2 ,
(c) cl 1 , (d) ct.
172
173
174
3.26-3.71
10
Simulated
VSWR
M easured
6
4
2
0
2
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
6
Simulated
M easured
VSWR
0
3
3.5
4.5
5.5
Frequency (GHz)
Gain (d Bi)
2
0
-2
-4
-6
3
6
7
8
Frequency (GHz)
10
11
175
-10
315
45
315
45
-20
-30
-40
270
90
270
90
-30
-20
225
-10
0
180
-10
225
135
315
135
180
at 3 GHz
0
45
315
45
-20
-30
-40
270
90
270
90
-30
-20
225
-10
135
180
-10
-20
315
225
135
180
at 6 GHz
0
45
315
45
-30
-40
270
90
270
90
-30
-20
-10
0
225
135
135
180
180
yz-plane
225
at 8 GHz
xz-plane
Figure 11. Measured radiation patterns at different frequencies [copolarization: black line; cross-polarization: orange line].
176
12
9
-30
-50
0
-3
-60
Delay (ns)
Magnitude (dB)
6
-40
-6
-70
-9
-80
-12
3
7
8
Frequency(GHz)
10
11
177
triple notch bands for WiMAX (3.263.71 GHz), lower WLAN (5.15
5.37 GHz) and upper WLAN (5.78 5.95 GHz). It has been revealed
that the antenna has a flat magnitude of transfer function and constant
group delay within the operating band except at notched bands which
ensures the good linear transmission performances.
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179