Cooling Load Calculation

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB
Chapter 1
Introduction
Refrigeration may be defined as the process of achieving and maintaining a temperature
below that of the surroundings, the aim being to cool some product or space to the
required temperature. One of the most important applications of refrigeration has been
the preservation of perishable food products by storing them at low temperatures.
Refrigeration systems are also used extensively for providing thermal comfort to human
beings by means of air conditioning. Air Conditioning refers to the treatment of air so as
to simultaneously control its temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, odour and
circulation, as required by occupants, a process, or products in the space. The subject of
refrigeration and air conditioning has evolved out of human need for food and comfort,
and its history dates back to centuries. The development of refrigeration and air
conditioning industry depended to a large extent on the development of refrigerants to
suit various applications and the development of various system components. At present
the industry is dominated by the vapour compression refrigeration systems, even though
the vapour absorption systems have also been developed commercially. Refrigeration and
air conditioning involves various processes such as compression, expansion, cooling,
heating, humidification, de-humidification, air purification, air distribution etc. In all
these processes, there is an exchange of mass, momentum and energy.
The primary function of an air conditioning system is to maintain the conditioned
space at required temperature, moisture content with due attention towards the air motion,
air quality and noise. The required conditions are decided by the end use of the
conditioned space, e.g. for providing thermal comfort to the occupants as in comfort air
conditioning applications, for providing suitable conditions for a process or for
manufacturing a product as in industrial air conditioning applications etc. The reason
behind carrying out cooling and heating load calculations is to ensure that the cooling and
heating equipment designed or selected serves the intended purpose of maintaining the
required conditions in the conditioned space. Design and/or selection of cooling and
heating systems involve decisions regarding the required capacity of the equipment
B.N. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD
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selected, type of the equipment etc. By carrying out cooling and heating load calculations
one can estimate the capacity that will be required for various air conditioning equipment.
For carrying out load calculations it is essential to have knowledge of various energy
transfers that take place across the conditioned space, which will influence the required
capacity of the air conditioning equipment. Cooling and heating load calculations involve
a systematic step-wise procedure by following which one can estimate the various
individual energy flows and finally the total energy flow across an air conditioned
building.
B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD
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Chapter 2
Thermodynamic cycles
2.1
Gas Cycles:
In a typical gas cycle, the working fluid (a gas) does not undergo phase change;
consequently the operating cycle will be away from the vapour dome. In gas cycles, heat
rejection and refrigeration take place as the gas undergoes sensible cooling and heating.
2.2 Vapour Cycles:

In a vapour cycle the working fluid undergoes phase change and refrigeration effect is
due to the vaporization of refrigerant liquid. If the refrigerant is a pure substance then its
temperature remains constant during the phase change processes. However, if a zeotropic
mixture is used as a refrigerant, then there will be a temperature glide during vaporization
and condensation. Since the refrigeration effect is produced during phase change, large
amount of heat (latent heat) can be transferred per kilogram of refrigerant at a near
constant temperature. Hence, the required mass flow rates for a given refrigeration
capacity will be much smaller compared to a gas cycle. Vapour cycles can be subdivided
into vapour compression systems, vapour absorption systems, vapour jet systems etc.
Among these the vapour compression refrigeration systems are predominant.
1. Vapour Compression System:
As mentioned, vapour compression refrigeration systems are the most commonly used
among all refrigeration systems. As the name implies, these systems belong to the general
class of vapour cycles, wherein the working fluid (refrigerant) undergoes phase change at
least during one process.
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Fig. 2.1 Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

In a vapour compression refrigeration system, refrigeration is obtained as the
refrigerant evaporates at low temperatures. The input to the system is in the form of
mechanical energy required to run the compressor. Hence these systems are also called as
mechanical refrigeration systems. Vapour compression refrigeration systems are
available to suit almost all applications with the refrigeration capacities ranging from few
Watts to few megawatts. A wide variety of refrigerants can be used in these systems to
suit different applications, capacities etc. The actual vapour compression cycle is based
on Evans-Perkins cycle, which is also called as reverse Rankine cycle.
Figure 2.1 shows the basic components of a vapour compression refrigeration
system which consists of an evaporator, compressor, condenser and an expansion valve.
The refrigeration effect is obtained in the cold region as heat is extracted by the
vaporization of refrigerant in the evaporator. The refrigerant vapour from the evaporator
is compressed in the compressor to a high pressure at which its saturation temperature is
greater than the ambient or any other heat sink. Hence when the high pressure, high
temperature refrigerant flows through the condenser, condensation of the vapour into
liquid takes place by heat rejection to the heat sink. To complete the cycle, the high
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pressure liquid is made to flow through an expansion valve. In the expansion valve the
pressure and temperature of the refrigerant decrease. This low pressure and low
temperature refrigerant vapour evaporates in the evaporator taking heat from the cold
region. It should be observed that the system operates on a closed cycle. The system
requires input in the form of mechanical work. It extracts heat from a cold space and
rejects heat to a high temperature heat sink.
A refrigeration system can also be used as a heat pump, in which the useful output
is the high temperature heat rejected at the condenser. Alternatively, a refrigeration
system can be used for providing cooling in summer and heating in winter. Such systems
have been built and are available now.
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Chapter 3
Main Components of Air-conditioning system:
1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Expansion device
4. Evaporator
1. Compressor:
A compressor is the most important and often the costliest component (typically 30 to 40
percent of total cost) of any vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS). The
function of a compressor in a VCRS is to continuously draw the refrigerant vapour from
the evaporator, so that a low pressure and low temperature can be maintained in the
evaporator at which the refrigerant can boil extracting heat from the refrigerated space.
The compressor then has to raise the pressure of the refrigerant to a level at which it can
condense by rejecting heat to the cooling medium in the condenser.
2. Condensers:
In condensers the refrigerant vapour condenses by rejecting heat to an external fluid,
which acts as a heat sink. Normally, the external fluid does not undergo any phase
change, except in some special cases such as in cascade condensers, where the external
fluid (another refrigerant) evaporates. Next to compressors, proper design and selection
of condensers is very important for satisfactory performance of any refrigeration system.
3. Expansion device:
An expansion device serves normally two purposes:
One is the thermodynamic function of expanding the liquid refrigerant from the
condenser pressure to the evaporator pressure. The other is the control function which
may involve the supply of the liquid to the evaporator at the rate at which it is evaporated.
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4. Evaporator:
An evaporator, like condenser is also a heat exchanger. In an evaporator, the refrigerant
boils or evaporates and in doing so absorbs heat from the substance being refrigerated.
The name evaporator refers to the evaporation process occurring in the heat exchanger.
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Chapter 4
Human Comfort
According to the American Society of heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Engineers, Air conditioning is the process of treating air so as to control simultaneously
its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet the requirements of
conditioned space. Air Conditioning is often used to improve an industrial process or to
maintain human comfort. In an industrial system, the conditions to be maintained are
determined by the nature of the process or material being handled. In comfort system,
however, conditions are determined by the requirements of the human body.
4.1
Body Comfort
What is it that makes a person feel hot or cold? The human body burns food to provide
heat and energy in a process called metabolism, in much the same way an automobile
engine burns gasoline, providing heat and energy. The excess heat we generate must be
given off from our body at a rate necessary to maintain our normal temperature of 98.6 0F
or 370C, this means when the surrounding temperature is higher than 37 deg C body
receives heat and when temperature of surrounding is less than 37 deg c body is rejecting
heat. Thermodynamically speaking, the ideal human comfort exists when rate of heat
production becomes equal to heat loss.
This heat transfer takes place constantly, every second, every day of the year, in
three ways by convection, by radiation and by evaporation.
1. Convection
When heat is given off by convection, the air close to our body becomes warmer
than the air away from the body. Since warm air is lighter than cool air, it floats upward.
As it does, it is replaced by the cooler air. As this cooler air absorbs body heat, it too
floats upward.
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2. Radiation
The second way the body loses heat is by radiation. Heat radiates directly from the
body to any cooler object, just as the rays of the sun travel through space to warm the
surface of the earth. Heat may be lost from the bodys skin to wall, ceiling, or any object
which is cooler than the body.
3. Evaporation
Evaporation is the third way the body gives off heat. Moisture or perspiration is
discharged through the pores of the skin. As this moisture evaporates it absorbs heat from
the body. In other words, it cools the body by transferring body heat to the surrounding
air. One can readily feel the effect of evaporation by rubbing alcohol on the skin. Because
alcohol vaporizes at a lower temperature than perspiration, the body feels cooler.
Evaporation from the body goes on constantly whether or not we sense it. When drops of
perspiration can be seen, the body is producing more heat than it can reject by
evaporation. This may occur when the moisture content of the air, in other words, the
relative humidity becomes too high for the air to accept water vapor at the rate needed.
All three methods of giving off heat, convection, radiation and evaporation are
normally used at the same time. However, depending on surrounding conditions, one
method may be called upon to do a major share of the job.
Temperature, relative humidity, and air motion are three conditions that affect the
bodys ability to reject heat. Changes in each of these surrounding conditions will speed
up or slow down convection, radiation, or evaporation.
1. Temperature
Heat always flows from a place of higher temperature to one of lower temperature.
The greater the temperature difference, the faster is the flow of heat. If the difference is
too great, the body may loose heat more rapidly than it should; discomfort is the result,
we feel cold. Conversely, higher the air temperature, slower is the rate of heat transfer.
As the air temperature approaches body temperature, the body loses heat less rapidly
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through convection. If the heat cant be dissipated, we start to feel hot. Thus air
temperature has an important effect on comfort.
Fig4.1 ASHRAE Comfort Zone
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2. Relative Humidity
As mentioned earlier there are conditions other than surrounding temperatures that
affect the bodys ability to reject heat. Relative humidity is a measure of how much
moisture is in the air. It is an indication of the airs ability to absorb more moisture. For
example, when we say that the air has a relative humidity of 50%, we are saying that the
air at this specific temperature contains half the amount of moisture it can actually
absorb. Relative humidity of 100% indicates that the air contains all the moisture it can
hold at its present temperature. Air at 100% relative humidity is commonly called
saturated. Because relative humidity has a direct correlation to temperature, any time
the temperature is raised or lowered the relative humidity or moisture content of air will
also change. Cool air has less capacity to hold moisture than warm air. When surrounding
air has a low relative humidity, the body is able to give off more heat through
evaporation. Conversely, when the relative humidity is high, the body is less able to give
off heat.
Experience has shown that while the acceptable conditions of comfort vary from
person to person, temperatures somewhere between 72 and 780F and 50% relative
humidity are satisfactory to most.
3. Air Motion
Air motion is the third condition that affects the heat rejection from the body. One
result of air motion is an increase in the rate of evaporation. As we have seen,
evaporation depends on ability of the air to absorb moisture. Air moves across the body
forces away the saturated air, allowing more moisture to evaporate from the skin, cooling
it. If there were no air motion, the layer of air closest to the body would soon approach
saturation. Its relative humidity will increase to the point where it could no longer absorb
water vapor. At this point evaporation from body would almost stop and discomfort
would result.
Air motion also speeds up the convection process by removing the warn air close to
the body and carrying away the heat from walls, ceilings, and other surfaces surrounding
the body.
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When outdoors, we must depend on changes of clothing and the whims of nature fro
comfort. If the combination of temperature, relative humidity, and air motion happens to
be just right, and if these conditions allow our bodies to reject excess heat and no more,
we feel comfortable. If the combination isnt right, we feel uncomfortable.
The definition given in ASHRAE standard 55 for human comfort is Thermal
Comfort is that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with thermal environment.
Although this definition leaves open what is meant by condition of mind or satisfaction,
but it correctly emphasizes that the judgment of comfort is a cognitive process involving
many inputs influenced by physical, physiological, psychological, other processes.The
conscious mind appears to reach conclusions about thermal comfort and discomfort from
direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin, deep body temperatures, and
the efforts necessary to regulate body temperatures.
In general, comfort occurs when body temperatures are held within narrow ranges,
skin moisture is low, and the physiological effort needed for regulation is minimized.
Some of the possible behavioral actions to reduce discomfort are altering clothing,
altering activity, changing posture or location, changing the thermostat setting, opening a
window, complaining or leaving the space.
Surprisingly, although regional climate conditions, living conditions, and cultures
differ widely throughout the world, the temperature that people choose for comfort under
like conditions of clothing, activity, humidity, and air movement has been found to be
very similar.
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Chapter 5
Cooling Load Estimating
While designing air conditioning systems, the main objective is to maintain designed
conditions in the specified space. If the air conditioning calls for reducing temperature
and humidity, we need cooling. In order to do so, we have to pump out heat from the
space, to a place where we are able to reject this heat.
In order to pump out heat we need external energy to operate an air conditioning
system. In an air conditioning system design, the air, which is circulating in the space to
be cooled, picks up this heat and in turn gets heated. The warm air is then mixed with
certain quantity of fresh outside air and the mixture is then cooled in an air handler
housing cooling coil, where it gets cooled, dried, filtered and is then supplied to the space
for picking up heat again. The cycle thus continues. The purpose of load estimating is
therefore establishing correct quantity of air at a particular temperature which will offset
the heat load of a space to be cooled & maintain required space conditions is the primary
objective. In order to arrive at this quantity of air, we need to first estimate the cooling
load imposed on the space that needs to be neutralized. There are many
independent/dependant variables which influence cooling load & it is necessary to
understand these, if cooling load is to be estimated accurately.
5.1
Sources of Heat generation

We shall now look at the various sources that contribute to the cooling load.
These can be grouped in three categories

1. External loads
2. Internal loads
3. Other loads
4. Process loads
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1. EXTERNAL LOADS- Originate from heat sources outside or external to

conditioned spaces
The main contributing sources are
a. Heat gain by conduction through walls, roofs, windows and through internal
partitions, ceilings and floors.
b. Solar heat gain through glass radiation and conduction
c. Outside air load through ventilation and infiltration
2. INTERNAL LOADS- These include

a. People
b. Lighting
c. Appliances and equipment
3. OTHER LOADS
These are system generated heat sources and may comprise of
a. Supply duct leakage and heat gain
b. Heat gain from fan motor in the air handler
There is another way to look at the distribution of the heat contributing sources
The cooling load components can thus be divided in to
a. Sensible heat load components- These components would always tend to cause
increase in dry bulb temperatures of the space. They are from walls, windows, roofs,
lights, solar heat gain as well as from people, appliances, equipment and
ventilation/infiltration air.
b. Latent heat load components- Latent heat results when moisture is entering the
space and causes humidity to increase. The factors contributing to latent heat load are
people, appliances as well as infiltration/ventilation air.
A load component may be totally sensible or latent or a combination of the two such as
people, appliances, and air which contribute to both sensible and latent heat load.
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5.4
Estimation of Loads:
1. Estimation of external loads:
a) Heat transfer through opaque surfaces: This is a sensible heat transfer process. The
heat transfer rate through opaque surfaces such as walls, roof, floor, doors etc. is given by:
Qopaque = U. A. CLTD
Where
U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and
A is the heat transfer area of the surface on the side of the conditioned space
For interior air conditioned rooms surrounded by non-air conditioned spaces, the CLTD
of the interior walls is equal to the temperature difference between the surrounding non-air
conditioned space and the conditioned space. Obviously, if an air conditioned room is
surrounded by other air conditioned rooms, with all of them at the same temperature, the
CLTD values of the walls of the interior room will be zero.
Estimation of CLTD values of floor and roof with false ceiling could be tricky. For floors
standing on ground, one has to use the temperature of the ground for estimating CLTD.
However, the ground temperature depends on the location and varies with time. ASHRAE
suggests suitable temperature difference values for estimating heat transfer through ground. If
the floor stands on a basement or on the roof of another room, then the CLTD values for the
floor are the temperature difference across the floor (i.e., difference between the temperature
of the basement or room below and the conditioned space). This discussion also holds good
for roofs which have non-air conditioned rooms above them. For sunlit roofs with false
ceiling, the U value may be obtained by assuming the false ceiling to be an air space.
However, the CLTD values obtained from the tables may not exactly fit the specific roof.
Then one has to use his judgment and select suitable CLTD values.
b) Heat transfer through fenestration: Heat transfer through transparent surface such as a
window, includes heat transfer by conduction due to temperature difference across the
window and heat transfer due to solar radiation through the window. The heat transfer
through the window by conduction is calculated by using the same equation as for heat
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transmitted through opaque surface except CLTD being equal to the temperature difference
across the window and Area is equal to the total area of the window.
Qopaque = (U). (A). (CLTD)
Where,
U= Overall heat transfer coefficient
A=Area of window
The heat transfer due to solar radiation through the window is given by:
Qtrans= (Aunshaded). (SHGFmax). (SC). (CLF)
Where,
A
unshaded
SHGF
max
is the area exposed to solar radiation,

the maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor
SC is the Shading Coefficient,

And CLF is the Cooling Load Factor.
The Cooling Load Factor (CLF) accounts for the fact that all the radiant energy that
enters the conditioned space at a particular time does not become a part of the cooling load 1
instantly. As solar radiation enters the conditioned space, only a negligible portion of it is
absorbed by the air particles in the conditioned space instantaneously leading to a minute
change in its temperature. Most of the radiation is first absorbed by the internal surfaces,
which include ceiling, floor, internal walls, furniture etc. Due to the large but finite thermal
capacity of the roof, floor, walls etc., their temperature increases slowly due to absorption of
solar radiation. As the surface temperature increases, heat transfer takes place between these
surfaces and the air in the conditioned space. Depending upon the thermal capacity of the
wall and the outside temperature, some of the absorbed energy due to solar radiation may be
conducted to the outer surface and may be lost to the outdoors. Only that fraction of the solar
radiation that is transferred to the air in the conditioned space becomes a load on the building,
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the heat transferred to the outside is not a part of the cooling load. Thus it can be seen that the
radiation heat transfer introduces a time lag and also a decrement factor depending upon the
dynamic characteristics of the surfaces. Due to the time lag, the effect of radiation will be felt
even when the source of radiation, in this case the sun is removed. The CLF values for
various surfaces have been calculated as functions of solar time and orientation and are
available in the form of tables in ASHRAE Handbooks.
c) Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ):

The quality of air inside the conditioned space should be such that it provides a
healthy and comfortable indoor environment. Air inside the conditioned space is polluted
by both internal as well as external sources. The pollutants consist of odours, various
gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter. The internal sources of
pollution include the occupants (who consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide and
also emit odors), furniture, appliances etc, while the external sources are due to impure
outdoor air. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) can be controlled by the removal of the
contaminants in the air or by diluting the air. The purpose of ventilation is to dilute the air
inside the conditioned space. Ventilation may be defined as the supply of fresh air to the
conditioned space either by natural or by mechanical means for the purpose of
maintaining acceptable indoor air quality. Generally ventilation air consists of fresh
outdoor air plus any re-circulated air that has been treated. If the outdoor air itself is not
pure, then it also has to be treated before supplying it to the conditioned space.
d) Infiltration:
Infiltration may be defined as the uncontrolled entry of untreated, outdoor air directly
into the conditioned space. Infiltration of outdoor air into the indoors takes place due to wind
and stack effects. The wind effect refers to the entry of outdoor air due to the pressure
difference developed across the building due to winds blowing outside the building. The
stack effect refers to the entry of outdoor air due to buoyancy effects caused by temperature
difference between the indoor and outdoors. Though infiltration brings in outdoor air into the
building similar to ventilation, in many commercial buildings efforts are made to minimize it,
as it is uncontrolled and uncertain. Some of the means employed to control infiltration
include use of vestibules or revolving doors, use of air curtains, building pressurization and
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sealing of windows and doors. It is very difficult to estimate the exact amount of infiltration
as it depends on several factors such as the type and age of the building, indoor and outdoor
conditions (wind velocity and direction, outdoor temperature and humidity etc.). However,
several methods have been proposed to estimate the amount of infiltration air. Sometimes,
based on type of construction, buildings are classified into loose, average or tight, and
infiltration is specified in terms of number of air changes per hour (ACH). One ACH is equal
to the airflow rate equal to the internal volume of the occupied space per hour. The ACH
values are related to the outside wind velocity and the temperature difference between the
indoor and outdoors. Infiltration rates are also obtained for different types of doors and
windows and are available in the form of tables in air conditioning handbooks.
The sensible heat transfer rate due to ventilation and infiltration, Q
The latent heat transfer rate due to ventilation and infiltration, Q
l,vi
s,vi
is given by:
is given by:
In the above equations:

mo and Vo are the mass flow rate and volumetric flow rates of outdoor air due to
ventilation and infiltration, cpm is the average specific heat of moist air, h is the latent heat
fg
of vaporization of water, T and T are the outdoor and indoor dry bulb temperatures and W
o
and W are the outdoor and indoor humidity ratios. Thus from known indoor and outdoor
i
conditions and computed or selected values of ventilation and infiltration rates, one can
calculate the cooling and heating loads on the building. The sensible and latent heat transfer
rates as given by the equations above will be positive during summer (heat gains) and
negative during winter (heat losses).
Though the expressions for heat transfer rates are same for both ventilation and
infiltration, there is a difference as far as the location of these loads are considered. While
heat loss or gain due to infiltration adds directly to the building cooling or heating load, heat
loss or gain due to ventilation adds to the equipment load.
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Estimation of Internal Load
I.
People:
a) Qsensible = N.(Sensible heat gain).CLF
N= no. of people
Sensible heat gain = 70 w
(For SHG refer table 3, 1989 ASHRAE HANDBOOK, For people sited in office doing very
light work)
CLF=0.61
(For CLF refer table 40, 1989 FUNDAMENTAL HANDBOOK)
(Operation of CAD LAB from 10am to 6pm will be 8 hours and after a practical of 2 hour
new bath students will enter in the LAB.)
b) Qlatent =N.(Latent heat gain).CLF

N= no. of Persons
Latent heat gain=45 w
(For LHG refer table 3,1989 ASHRAE HANDBOOK.)
CLF=1
II.
(for CLF refer table 27, 1989 ASHRAE HANDBOOK.)
LIGHT:
Q= Input CLF
= (40 26) 0.82

(For CLF Refer table 48, 1989 ASHRAE HANDBOOK.)
III.
APPLIANCES:
A) COMPUTERS, FAN, PRINTER
Qsensible= Heat gainCLF

(For CLF refer table48,1989 FUNDAMENTAL ASHRAE HANDBOOK.)
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Chapter 6
Duct Design
6.1
The chief requirements of an air conditioning duct system are:
1. It should convey specified rates of air flow to prescribed locations
2. It should be economical in combined initial cost, fan operating cost and cost of
building space
3. It should not transmit or generate objectionable noise
Generally at the time of designing an air conditioning duct system, the required airflow
rates are known from load calculations. The location of fans and air outlets are fixed
initially. The duct layout is then made taking into account the space available and ease of
construction. In principle, required amount of air can be conveyed through the air
conditioning ducts by a number of combinations. However, for a given system, only one
set results in the optimum design. Hence, it is essential to identify the relevant design
parameters and then optimize the design.
6.2
General rules for duct design:
1. Air should be conveyed as directly as possible to save space, power and material
2. Sudden changes in directions should be avoided. When not possible to avoid sudden
changes, turning vanes should be used to reduce pressure loss
3. Diverging sections should be gradual. Angle of divergence 20
4. Aspect ratio should be as close to 1.0 as possible. Normally, it should not exceed 4
5. Air velocities should be within permissible limits to reduce noise and vibration
6. Duct material should be as smooth as possible to reduce frictional losses
6.3
Classification of duct systems:
Ducts are classified based on the load on duct due to air pressure and turbulence. The
classification varies from application to application, such as for residences, commercial
systems, industrial systems etc. For example, one such classification is given below:
Low pressure systems: Velocity 10 m/s, static pressure 5 cm H O (g)
2
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Medium pressure systems: Velocity 10 m/s, static pressure 15 cm H O (g)

2
High pressure systems: Velocity > 10 m/s, static pressure 15<p 25 cm H O (g)
s
High velocities in the ducts results in:

1. Smaller ducts and hence, lower initial cost and lower space requirement
2. Higher pressure drop and hence larger fan power consumption
3. Increased noise and hence a need for noise attenuation
6.4
Commonly used duct design methods
Figure shows the schematic of a typical supply air duct layout. As shown in the figure,
supply air from the fan is distributed to five outlets (1 to 5), which are located in five
different conditioned zones. The letters A to I denote the portions of the duct to different
outlets. Thus A-B is the duct running from the supply air fan to zone 1, A-B-C is the duct
running from supply fan to conditioned zone and so on. These are known as duct runs.
The run with the highest pressure drop is called as the index run. From load and
psychometric calculations the required supply airflow rates to each conditioned space are
known. From the building layout and the location of the supply fan, the length of each
duct run is known. The purpose of the duct design is to select suitable dimensions of duct
for each run and then to select a fan, which can provide the required supply airflow rate
to each conditioned zone.
1. Velocity method
2. Equal Friction Method
3. Static Regain method
1.
Velocity method:
The various steps involved in this method are:

i. Select suitable velocities in the main and branch ducts
ii. Find the diameters of main and branch ducts from airflow rates and velocities for
circular ducts. For rectangular ducts, find the cross-sectional area from flow rate and
velocity, and then by fixing the aspect ratio, find the two sides of the rectangular duct
iii. From the velocities and duct dimensions obtained in the previous step, find the
frictional pressure drop for main and branch ducts using friction chart or equation.
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iv. From the duct layout, dimensions and airflow rates, find the dynamic pressure losses
for all the bends and fittings

v. Select a fan that can provide sufficient FTP for the index run
vi. Balancing dampers have to be installed in each run. The damper in the index run is
left completely open, while the other dampers are throttled to reduce the flow rate to the
required design values.
The velocity method is one of the simplest ways of designing the duct system for both
supply and return air. However, the application of this method requires selection of
suitable velocities in different duct runs, which requires experience. Wrong selection of
velocities can lead to very large ducts, which, occupy large building space and increases
the cost, or very small ducts which lead to large pressure drop and hence necessitates the
selection of a large fan leading to higher fan cost and running cost. In addition, the
method is not very efficient as it requires partial closing of all the dampers except the one
in the index run, so that the total pressure drop in each run will be same.
6.5
Estimation of pressure loss in ducts:
As air flows through a duct its total pressure drops in the direction of flow. The pressure
drop is due to:
1. Fluid friction
2. Momentum change due to change of direction and/or velocity
1. Fluid Friction
The pressure drop due to friction is known as frictional pressure drop or friction loss,
p . The pressure drop due to momentum change is known as momentum pressure
f
drop or dynamic loss, p . Thus the total pressure drop p is given by:
d
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In general in air conditioning ducts, the fluid flow is turbulent. It is seen from the above
equation that when the flow is turbulent, the friction factor is a function of Reynolds
number, hydraulic diameter and inner surface roughness of the duct material. Of the
different materials, the GI sheet material is very widely used for air conditioning ducts.
o
Taking GI as the reference material and properties of air at 20 C and 1 atm. pressure,
the frictional pressure drop in a circular duct is given by:
Where Qair is the volumetric flow rate of air in m /s, L is the length and D is the inner
diameter of the duct in meters, respectively.
2. Dynamic losses in ducts:

Dynamic pressure loss takes place whenever there is a change in either the velocity or
direction of airflow due to the use of a variety of bends and fittings in air conditioning ducts.
Some of the commonly used fittings are: enlargements, contractions, elbows, branches,
dampers etc. Since in general these fittings and bends are rather short in length (< 1 m), the
major pressure drop as air flows through these fittings is not because of viscous drag
(friction) but due to momentum change. Pressure drop in bends and fittings could be
considerable, and hence should be evaluated properly. However, exact analytical evaluation
of dynamic pressure drop through actual bends and fittings is quite complex. Hence for
almost all the cases, the dynamic losses are determined from experimental data. In turbulent
flows, the dynamic loss is proportional to square of velocity. Hence these are expressed as:
Where,
K is the dynamic loss coefficient, which is normally obtained from experiments.
Page 23
Chapter 7
Calculations
1. BASIC ANGLES:
Declination Angle:
For calculation of Declination Angle
d= [23.47sin360 (284+N)]/365
N=no of days starting from Jan1 say, for Jan1=1
For Jan20=20
For March=65
d= [23.47sin360 (284+65)]/365
d= - 6.38
Hour Angle:
At
12:00 pm=0
1:00 am =195
1:00 pm =15
2:00 am =210
2:00 pm =30
3:00 am =225
3:00 pm =45
4:00 am =240
4:00pm =60
5:00 am =255
Page 24
5:00 pm =75
6:00 am =270
6:00 pm =90
7:00 am =285
7:00 pm =105
8:00 am =300
8:00 pm =120
9:00 am =315
9:00 pm =135
10:00 am =330
10:00 pm =150
11:00 am =345
12:00 pm =360=0
12:00 am =180
For Pusad,
1. Hour Angle at 12:00 pm=0
2. Declination angle for 21 June.
d=23.47 sin [360(284+N)]/365
=23.47 sin [360(284+172)]/365

d=23.46
(N=no. of days)
3. Latitude angle =19 from Net for Pusad.
4. Altitude angle, =1 [cosl.cosh.cosd+sinl.sind]
= 1 [cos (19).cos (0).cos(23.46)+sin(19).sin(23.46)]
= 1 [(0.19) (1) (0.917) + (0.32) (0.99)]
Page 25
=1 [0.861+0.1248]
= 80.33 .. [Cross check it by page 1-24]
5. Zenith angle () =(/2-)
=9.67
6. Solar azimuth angle ():
= 1 [cosl.sind- cosd.cosh.sinl]/cos
But l<d
=0
7. Surface azimuth angle :()
Southo
West 19
North180
East-19
(Cross check it by ASHRAE handbook 09)
8. Wall solar azimuth angle (
= [-(+)].F
F=-1 for noon and 1 for afternoon
For south side;

=[ (62.79 + 0)]
=117.21
Page 26
For west side;

= [ ( 62.79+90)]
=27.21
For North side;
=-62.79
For East side;
= [-(62.79-90)]
=207.21
9. Direct Radiation from sun
=A exp (-B/SIN)..w/m2
A= Apparent solar radiation
=1080 for summer
B=Atmospheric extinction coeff.
=0.21 for summer
IDN=1080 exp [(-0.21)/sin]
10. Diffuser Radiation From sky.
Id=C.IDN.FWSw/m2
a. C=const for cloudless sky.
C=0.135 for mid suffer.
Page 27
b. Fws=view factor or configuration factor

Fws= (1+cos)/2.. (=Tilt angle)
[For horizontal surface =o, For vertical surface=90]
For horizontal surface;
Fws= (1+coso)/2
=2/2
=1
For vertical surface;

Fws= (1+cos90)/2
=1/2
=0.5
Id =0.135.IDN .FWS
11. Reflected short wave (solar) radiation (Ir)
Ir = (IDN+ID)g.FWG
g=reflectivity of the ground
FWS=View factor.
FWS= (1-COS)/2
For horizontal =o
For vertical
=90
Page 28
For horizontal,
FWG= (1-COS90)/2
=0
For vertical,
FWG= (1-COS90)/2
=0.5
2. AMOUNT OF HEAT AVAILABLE (PRODUCE) FOR PUSAD:

Latitude=19
Reflectivity=0.6
Hour angle=0
Declination=+23.5
Considering Cloudless condition:

Wall azimuth angle ()=0south facing
=180north facing
=-90east facing
North side:
Altitude=80.33.. (Calculated)
Solar azimuth angle () = 0. (As < )
Now,
Wall solar azimuth angle,
=180-( + )
=180-(0+180)
=0
Page 29
Incidence angle,
= 1 (cos.cos)
= 1 (cos80.33.cos0)
=80.33
1. Direct Radiation:
=IDN.cos
IDN=A.exp (-B/sin)
=1080 exp (-0.21/sin80.33)
IDN=872.78w/m2
Direct Radiation =IDN.cos

=872.78cos (80.33)
Direct Radiation =146.6w/m2
2. Diffuse Radiation(Id):
View factor, FWS= (1+cos)/2
Vertical surface, =90
FWS= (1/2)
=0.5
Id=C.IDN.FWS
=0.135 827.78 0.5
Id=55.87 w/m2
Page 30
3. Reflected Radiation(Ir):
= reflectivity = 0.6
View factor= (1-cos)/2
FWG= (1-cos90)/2
=0.5
Ir= (IDN+ID) g.FWG
= (872.78+55.87) 0.6 0.5
Ir=278.595 w/m2
Total incident radiation (IT):
IT =IDN.cos+Id+ Ir
=146.6+55.87+278.595
IT=481.065w/m2
Area of North side wall=520sq.ft
=520/10.76sq.m
IT= (481.065520)/10.76
ITN=23.2kw
Page 31
East Side:
Altitude ==80.33
Solar azimuth angle==0
Wall azimuth angle=-90=
Wall solar azimuth angle ()
=180-( + )
=180-(0+90)
=270
Incidence angle
() = 1 (cos.cos)
() = 1 (cos80.33.cos270)
()=90
1. Direct radiation =IDN.cos

Direct radiation=0
[as cos90=0]
2. Diffuse radiation (Id):

View factor, FWS= (1+COS)/2
FWS=1/2=0.5
Page 32
Id =C.IDN.FWS
IDN =A. exp (-B/sin)
=1080 exp (-0.21/sin80.33)
IDN=872.78 .w/m2
Id=0.135 872.78 0.5

Id=58.91w/m2
3. Reflected Radiation (Ir):
=0.6
=Reflectivity
View factor, FWG = (1-cos/2)
For vertical, =90
FWG= (1-cos90/2)
=0.5
Ir= (IDN+Id).g.FWG
= (872.78+58.91)0.60.5
= 279.5 w/m2
Total incident radiation:
IT=IDN.cos90+Id+Ir
IT=0+58.91+279.5
IT=338.41 w/m2
Area of east side wall=250sq.ft
Page 33
IT=338.41 23.23
IT=7.86 w/m2
3. External Load Calculations:
Amount Of heat transmitted in Lab by following way,
1. Through wall.
2. Through Glass.
3. Through Roof.
4. Through Floor.
1. Through wall:
CAD wall =200 mm common brick, so take a wall of B type.
(ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook1989 PG 26.39)
A. Heat transfer through North side wall:

CLTDadj=CLTDtable+ (Tav-29) (27 p.no,ch34,ASHRAE handbook)
=8+ (35-29)
(ASHRAE hand book 1989,p no26.37)
=14
A=36.91m2
Qnorth=Uwall.Awall.CLTDadj
Page 34
=1.7136.9114
=883.625w
B. Heat transfer through East side wall.
A=22.4m2
CLTDadj=CLTDtable+ (Tav-29)
=15+ (35-29)
=21
Qeast =UwallAwallCLTDadj
=1.722.421
=804.384w
C. Heat transfer through south side wall:
A=52.65m2
Q=UAT
=1.7152.65(35-20)
=1350.47w
This is shaded wall hence CLTD is not used.
D. Heat transfer through west side wall:
A=21.96m2
Q=UAT
Page 35
=1.7121.96(35-20)
=563.27w
This is shaded wall hence CLTD is not used.
2. Through Window
A. North Side:
qconduction=UA(CLTD)
(U value taken from table5,pg.no611,ASHRAE2001 fundamental).
(CLTD value taken from 1989ASHRAE handbook,Table29,pg.no26.39,at
12 noon).
SINGLE GLASS WITH INTERNAL SHADING 6mm.
(ASHARAE-2001 Fundamentals.)
=54.28w
For one windows heat transfer through glass by conduction= 54.28w
For 4 window=454.28
=217.12w
Heat transfer through fenestration
Qsolar=ASCSHGFCLF
=2.360.5 186 0.89
Page 36
=195.34w
(For SC refer table5, Pg.no611, ASHRAE2001 fundamental)
(For SHGF refer chapter 26, table34)
(For CLF refer chapter26, table39)
There are 4 windows on North side
Q=4 195.34
=781.36w
B. East Side:
Heat transfer through glass due to conduction
qconduction =U.A.CLTD
=4.6 2.36 5
=54.28w
(For U refer table5, pg. no.611, ASHRAE2001 fundamental)
(For CLTD refer chapter26 1989 ASHRAE handbook)
There are 2 windows on east side
qconduction= 2 54.28
=108.56w
Heat transfer due to fenestration:
Page 37
Qsolar =A.SC.SHGFCLF
=2.36 0.5 663 0.27
(Depth of inset is zero hence total area of window is considered)
(For SC refer table5, pg.no. 611, ASHRAE2001 fundamental)
(For SHGF Refer table34, chapter24, 1989ASHRAE handbook)
(For CLF refer chapter26, table39)
=211.232w
There are 2 windows on east si de.
Qsolar=2 211.232
=422.464w
C. Through Roof:
A=155 m2
Q=U.A. (CLTD)
=0.761 155 38 20
(For U Refer Table29, pg.no26.35, 1989ASHRAE handbook, at solar
time12pm)
Q=1887.28w
Page 38
D. Through Floor:
Q=UAT
=4.101 155 35 20
=9534.825w
(Floor is the slab of room which is unconditioned hence T is considered.)
4. Internal Load:
A. People:
a) Qsensible = N.(Sensible heat gain).CLF
N= 40 no. of people
Sensible heat gain = 70 w
(For SHG refer table 3, 1989 ASHRAE HANDBOOK,
people sited in office doing very light work)
CLF=0.61
(For
CLF
refer
table
40,1989
FUNDAMENTAL
HANDBOOK)
(Operation of CAD LAB from 10am to 6pm will be 8 hours
and after a practical of 2 hour new bath students will enter in
the LAB.)
Qsensible =40 70 0. 61
= 1708 w
b) Qlatent =N.(Latent heat gain).CLF
Page 39
N= 40 Persons
Latent heat gain=45 w
(For LHG refer table 3,1989 ASHRAE HANDBOOK.)
CLF=1
(for CLF refer table 27,1989 ASHRAE
HANDBOOK.)
Qlatent =40 45 1
=1800 W
B. Appliances:
a) COMPUTERS:
[CRT: 1 Wipro, 2 Acer][LCDs: 33 HP]
Qsensible= Heat gainCLF
Heat Gain= [ (CRT 15 Watt)+(LCD 14 Watt)+(LCD
19Watt) ]
= [ (5 255) + 19 153 + 15 255 ]
= 1275+2907+3825
=8007 w
Qsensible= 8007 0.78
(For CLF refer table48,1989 FUNDAMENTAL ASHRAE HANDBOOK.)
=6245.46 W
Page 40
b) FAN:
Qsensible= Heat Gain CLF
= (12 55) 0.78
(For CLF refer table 48, 1989 FUNDAMENTAL ASHRAE HANDBOOK)
=514.8 W
c) PRINTER:
[Company: Epson FX-1170]
Qsensible = Heat Gain CLF
= (1 92) 0.78
(For CLF refer table48,1989 FUNDAMENTAL ASHRAE HANDBOOK)
=71.76 W
d) LIGHT:
Q= Input CLF
= (40 26) 0.82
(For CLF Refer table 48, 1989 ASHRAE HANDBOOK.)
= 852.8 W
5. Ventilation Load :
For meeting place ventilation required=3.5 l/sec/person.
Total outdoor air required:
VO,V=3.5No.of person.
Page 41
=3.5 40
=140 m3/s
Mass flow rate of ventilation air:
MO,V=Volumetric flow rate /specific volume
For outside condition:
DBT=44C,RH=20%
VO =Specific volume
=0.915 m3/kg
WO=Moisture content
=0.015 kg/kg dry air.
Ho=specific enthalpy
=74 kJ/kg da
Mo,v=0.14/0.915
=0.153 kg/s
Sensible Heat Transfer Due To Ventilation Is Given By:

QS,V=MO,V.CPM(TO-TI)
=0.153 1.0216(44-20)
Page 42
QS,V=3.75 kw
Latent heat transfer due to ventilation is given by;
QL,V=MO,V.hfg(wo-wi)
For inside conditions:
DBT=20C
RH=50%
WI=0.0075
WO=0.015
QL,V=0.153 2501 (0.015-0.0075)

QL,V=2.86 kw
Hence heat transfer through ventilation.
QVENTILATION=QS,V+QL,V
=3.75+2.86
=6.61 kw
6. Infiltration Load:
Infiltration rate,
MInf=Density of air (ACHVolume of the room)/3600
=1.095(1 155 3)/3600
Page 43
MInf=O.14 kg/sec
QS=MInfCpm(To-TI)
=0.14 1.0216 44 20
=3.43 kw
QL=MInf.hfg(WO-WI)
=0.14 2501 0.015 0.0075
=2.62 kw
QInf=QS+QL
=3.43+2.62
=6.05 kw
SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN IN CAD LAB:

1. Heat gain through North side wall = 883.625 w
2. Heat gain through East side wall = 804.384w
3. Heat gain through South side wall=1350.47w
4. Heat gain through West side wall=563.27 w
5. Heat gain through North side window=998.48w
6. Heat gain through East side window =531.02 w
7. Heat gain from roof =1887.28 w
8. Heat gain through floor =9534.825 w
9. Heat due to Occupants =1708 w
10.Heat due to Light =852.8 w
Page 44
11.Heat due to Computers =6245.46 w

12.Heat due to Fan =514.8 w
13.Heat due to Printer =71.76 w
14.Heat due to ventilation =3750 w
15.Heat due to infiltration =3430 w
16.Taking 3% duct gain.
17.Taking 5% leakage loss.
TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT GAIN =35770 W

= 35.77
LATENT HEAT GAIN :

1.Person
=1800 watt
=1.8kw
2.ventilation
=2.86kw
3.Infiltration
=2.62kw
4. Taking 3% duct gain=

Total latent heat=7.66 kw
Total heat load =35.77+ 7.66
=43.43 kw
Total TR= 43.43/3.517
Page 45
=12.34
=13 TR of Refrigeration
As,
RSH=35.77kw
RLH=7.49kw
RSHF= RSH/(RSH+RLH)
=35.77/(35.77+7.49)
=0.82
Now calculate ERSH
ERSH=RSH+BF(OASH)
OASH=0.0204cmmda(to-tr)
=0.0204 0.14 60 (44 20)
OASH=4.11kw
Similarly
OALH=50cmmda(wo-wr)
=50 0.14 60 0.0117 0.0076
OALH=1.722kw
So, Grand sensible Heat (GSH);
RSH+OASH=35.77+4.11
Page 46
GSH=39.88kw
GLH=RLH+OALH
=7.49+1.722
GLH=9.212kw
GSHF=GSH/(GSH+GLH)
=(37.236)/(37.236+9.002)
GSHF=0.805 kw
ERSH=35.77+0.1(4.11)
ERSH=36.181 kw
ERLH=7.49+0.1(1.722)
ERLH=7.66 kw
ESHF=ERSH/(ERSH+ERLH)
=36.181/(36.181+7.66)
ESHF=0.82
Coil ADP=7 (From Psychometric chart)

cmmda =ERSH/(0.0204(1-BF)(t2-tadp))
=33.537/(0.0204(1-0.1)(20-7))
cmmda =140.51m3/min
Page 47
cmmda=cmmoa+cmmra
140.51=(0.14 60) +cmmra
Cmmra=140.51-8.4
=132.11m3/min
t3 =(cmm1t1+cmm2t2)/(cmm1+cmm2)
=(8.4 44 + 132.11 20)/(8.4 + 132.110)
=21.43C
BF=(t4-tadp)/(t3-tadp)
0.1=t4-7/21.43-7
t4=8.443C
Condition of air entering the cooling coil state3;
=DBT=21.43C
WBT=8C
Room ADP=8C
Condition of air entering the room:
DBT=8.44C
WBT=8
Quantity of air supplied to the room=8430.6 m3/hr
Page 48
Duct Calculations
1. Area of main duct (position A):
A=Quantity of air supplied/velocity.
A=Q/V
=2.34/8
=0.292 m2
A=0.292
A=/4D2
D=0.61m
2. Area of main duct ()
A=Q/V
= [2.34-(0.334 2)]/8
A=0.209m2
=/2 D2
D=0.51m
3. Area of main Duct (k):
A=Q/A
=0.0.125
=/4 D2
Page 49
D=0.4m
4. Area of main Duct (k):
A=Q/V
=0.336/8
A=0.042
A=/4.D2
D=0.231m
5. Area of supply Ducts:
[C, E, G, B, D, F]
A=Q/V
=0.334/8
A=0.042 m2
=/4 D2
D=0.231m
DYNAMIC COEFFICIENT:
1. AS/AC=0.209/0.292 =0.715
Ab1/Ac=0.042/o.292 =0.143
Qb1/Qc=0.334/2.34 =0.14
Cb=1.2 (ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTAL 2001,P.N.839)
Page 50
2. As/Ac=Aj/Ai=0.125/0.209=0.59
Ab1/Ac =As/Ai=0.042/0.209=0.2
Qb1/Qc=0.334/1.672=0.19
Cb=1.56
(ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTAL
2001,P.N.839)
3. As/Ac=Ak/Aj=0.042/0.125=0.336
Ab1/Ac =As/Aj=0.042/0.125=0.336
Qb1/Qc=0.334/1.004=0.332
Cb=2.44
(ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTAL
2001,P.N.839)
ROUND FITTING:
D=230 mm
r/D=1.5
Co=0.11 (ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTAL
2001,P.N.816)
Calculation of Pressure Drop:

1) Dynamic loss due to fire damper
Co=Dynamic loss coefficient=0.12
(ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTAL 2001,P.N.819)
Dynamic loss (PUFD) =Co .(v2/2)
Page 51
=0.12(1.2 82/2)
=4.608
2) Dynamic loss due to Screen
A0/A1=1
(Same duct dia.)
Consider, n=0.9
Where,
n= free area ratio of screen
A0= Cross sectional Area of duct
A1= Cross sectional Area of duct where screen is located.
(ASHRAE HANDBOOK FUNDAMENTAL 2001,P.N.819)
Dynamic loss coefficient Co=0.14
Dynamic loss = Co (v2/2)
=0.14(1.2 82/2)
= 5.376 Pa
Frictional loss:
1. Section A-B
PA-B=PA1F+PB1F
PA1F= (0.022243Q 1.852 L)/D4.973
= (0.022243 2.3411.8523.55)/(0.61)4.973
PA1F=4.45 Pa
PB1F= (0.022243 0.3341.852 2.26)/(0.231)4.973
=9.63 Pa
Page 52
Dynamic pressure drop from upstream to branch is given by:

Pu-b=Cu-b (2/2)
=1.2(1.2 82/2)
Pu-b=46.08 Pa
Dynamic pressure drop at Branch to Diffuser:
P=C (v2/2)
=0.11[(1.282)/2
=4.22 Pa
Dynamic pressure drop at Diffuser:
P=15 Pa (from IIT Notes)
Total pressure drop at section (A-B)
PAB=4.608+5.376+4.45+9.63+46.08+4.22+15
= 89.36 Pa
2. SECTION A-C
Same as section A-B
PA-B=PA-C
=79.38 Pa
Page 53
3. Section A-I-D
PA-I-D=PAF+PIF+PDF+PU-B+PU-C+PU-D+PU E+PUd
PAF=4.45 Pa
PIF= (0.022243QAIR1.852L)/(D)4.973
= (0.0222431.6721.8523.55)/(0.51)4.973
= 5.82 Pa
PDF= (0.022243QAIR1.8522.26)/(0.231)4.973
=9.64Pa
PUB=46.08Pa
PUC=46.08Pa
PUD=CU-D[(v2)/2]
=1.56[(1.282)/2]
=59.9Pa
PUe=4.22 Pa (Elbow loss)
Diffuser loss=15 pa
Total loss at A-I-D:
PA-I-D=4.608+4.45+5.82+9.64+46.08+46.08+59.9+4.22+15
=201.168 Pa
Page 54
4. Section A-I-E=A-I-D
PA-I-E= 201.168 pa
5. Section A-I-J-F
PA-I-JF=PA1F+PI1F+PJ1F+PF1F+PU1B+PU1C+UE+PUD+PUF+FD+FSD
+Fel+Fd
FD=4.608 Pa
FSD=5.37 Pa
PA1F= 4.45 Pa
PI1F=5.82 Pa
PJ1F= (0.022243.QAIR1.852L)/(D)4.973
= (0.0222431.0041.8523.55)/(0.4)4.973
= 7.57 Pa
PF1F= (0.02243.QAIR1.852L)/D4.973
= (0.0222430.3341.852 2.26)/(0.231)4.973
PF1F=9.63 Pa
PUB=46.08 Pa
PUC=46.08 Pa
Page 55
PUD= 59.9 Pa
PUE=59.9 Pa
PU-F=Cu-F ( 2/2)
=2.44(1.2 82/2)
PUF=93.69 Pa
PEl= 4.22 Pa
PFD=15 Pa
Total loss in section A-I-J-F = 4.608+5.37+4.45+5.82+7.57+9.63
+46.08+46.08+59.9+59.9+93.69+4.22+15
=362.31 Pa
6. Section A-I-J-G:Section A-I-J-F = Section A-I-J-G

=362.31 Pa
7. Section A-I-J-K-H:Total pressure loss at A-I-J-K-H

= PFD+PSL+PA1F+P1F+PJF+PK1F+PH1F
Page 56
+PU C+PUB+PUD+PUE+PUF+PUG+PU H+ Pelbow +Pdiffuser
PFD=4.608 Pa
PSL=5.37 Pa
PA1F=4.45 Pa
P1F=5.82 Pa
PJF=7.57 Pa
PK1F= (0.022243.QAIR1,852L)/D4.973
= (0.022243 0.3341.852 3.55)/(0.231.973)
PK1F=15.1 pa
PH1F= (0.022243.QAIR1.852L)/D4.973
= (0.0222430.3341.8522.26)/(0.231)4.973
PH1F=9.64 pa
PU C=46.08 Pa
PUB=46.08 Pa
PUD=59.9 Pa
PUE=59.9 Pa
PUF=93.69 Pa
PUG=93.69 Pa
Page 57
PU H=C (.v2/2)
=0.11[(1.282]/2
=4.22 Pa
ELEBOW loss, Pelbow =4.22 Pa
DIFFUSER loss, Pdiffuser =15 Pa
Total pressure loss at A-I-J-K-H :
=4.608+5.37+4.45+5.82+7.57+15.1+9.64+46.08+59.9+59.9+93.69+93.69+4
.22+4.22+15
=475.33 Pa
Thus run with maximum pressure drop in A-I-J-K-H is index run , hence
FTP required is;
FTP=PA-I-J-K-H
= 475.33 Pa
=475.33 N/m2
Calculations of Amount of Dampering required:

AMOUNT OF DAMPERING REQUIRED AT B & C.
= 475.33-89.36
=385.97 Pa
Page 58
AMOUNT OF DAMPERING REQUIRED AT E & D.

=475.33-201.168
=274.164 Pa
AMOUNT OF DAMPERING REQUIRED AT G & F.
=475.33-362.31
=113.02 Pa
Fan Power:
WFAN=FTPaair/ fan
=475.33 2.34/0.9
=1235.85 watt
WFAN =1.235 kW
RETURN DUCT CALCULATION:
Amount of recirculated air =132.11 m3/min
Q =2.20 m3/sec
Area of duct = Q/V
=2.2/6
=0.36 m2
Area =(/4)D2
D= 0.36/( )
4
Page 59
D=0.68 m
FRICTIONAL LOSS:
PRF=(0.022243QAIR1.852L)/D4.973
=(0.0222432.21.85210)/0.684.973
=6.52 pa
DYNAMIC LOSS:
ELBOW C=0.11
P= C(.V2/2)
= 0.11(1.262/2)
P=2.376 pa
Dynamic pressure drop at diffuser, Pdiffuser =15 pa
Total loss in return duct:
= PRF+P+Pdiffuser
=6.52+2.376+15
=23.89 pa
Page 60
Chapter 8
Components Selection
1. VOLTAS Specifications:
Page 61
CARRIER Technical Specification:
Page 62
Page 63
DAIKIN INVERTER BASED SYSTEM Specification:

FDYQ100K
Overview
Features Specifications Controllers
Unit
Rated Capacity
Capacity Range
C.O.P
Rated Power Input
Air Flow Rate (Rated)
Indoor Sound Level (@ 1.5M)
ESP Settings
Indoor Fan Speeds
Dimensions (H x W x D)
Weight
Power Supply
Compressor Type
Refrigerant
Refrigerant Control
Refrigerant Pipe Size
Drain Pipe Size (ID/OD)
Supply Air Conn.
Return Air Conn.
Max Actual Pipe Length
Maximum Level Difference
Pre Charged Length
Operating Range (Outdoor
Temp)
EPA Sound Power Level
Outdoor Sound Level
FDYQ100KAV1A
RZQ100HY4A
10.0
12.1
5.0-11.2
5.1-12.5
3.24/3.50
Cool (kW)
3.09
Heat (kW)
3.46
l/s
815
dbA
46
STD/HI
HI/LO
Outdoor (mm)
1346 x 900 x 320
Indoor (mm)
360 x 1478 x 899
Outdoor (kg)
108
Indoor (kg)
59
3 phase, 415V, 50Hz
Hermetically sealed scroll
Type
type
Type
R410A
Electronic
Liquid (mm)
9.5 (Flared)
Gas (mm)
15.9 (Flared)
mm
ID 25mm, OD 32mm
mm
1152 x 243 (Flange)
mm
2 x 400 (Oval)
m
75
m
30
m
30
Cooling CDB
-5 to 46
Heating CWB
-15 to 15.5
Outdoor (dBA)
65
Pressure dbA (C/H) 49/51
Indoor Unit
Outdoor Unit
Cool (KW)
Heat (KW)
Cool (KW)
Heat (KW)
Page 64
As Calculated, for Mechanical CAD Laboratory 13 TR of

Refrigeration System is required and we have three options1. Voltas
2. Carrier
3. Daikin
Daikin is a inverter based system so the part load performance will be
better as the refrigerant load is calculated considering outdoor temperature
44oc. But this system will be very costly. It also uses zero ODP and low
GWP refrigerant R-410a.we can go for a hybrid system of 11 TR carrier
and10 kw daikin inverter based system
Voltas and Carrier are conventional systems. For Voltas we can go for
combination of 5.5TR and 8.75TR systems. For carrier we can for
combination of 5.5TR and 8.5TR systems.
Split Air conditioning systems:

To avoid the constraint of having all parts in one package, the evaporator set may
be split from the condenser, the compressor going with either. The unit will be designed
as a complete system but the two parts are located separately and connected on site. On
some small units, flexible refrigerant piping may be provided. If the system is of a range
up to about 5 kW, coils of precharged soft copper tube, with self-sealing couplings, may
be supplied for connection within a limited distance of 515 m. This facility enables full
factory processing to be carried out to the standards of a one-piece unit. It is limited to the
availability of suitable tubing, usually 58 inch outside diameter. In such systems, the total
charge is suitable for the final assembly, and pipes should not be extended beyond the
factory-supplied length without prior consultation with the supplier.
Larger split packages must be piped on site by normal methods, and then processed and
charged as an open plant. Split unit evaporators should not be located more than 5 m
higher than their condensers. Those light sleepers who need quite while sleeping, the
Page 65
ideal choice is a split air conditioning system as it hardly makes any noise. This is
because the compressor is kept outside the house.
1. Scroll compressors:
Scroll compressors are orbital motion, positive displacement type compressors, in
which suction and compression is obtained by using two mating, spiral shaped, scroll
members, one fixed and the other orbiting. Figure shows the working principle of scroll
compressors. Figures8.2 and 8.3 shows the constructional details of scroll compressors.
As shown in Fig.8.1, the compression process involves three orbits of the orbiting scroll.
In the first orbit, the scrolls ingest and trap two pockets of suction gas. During the second
orbit, the two pockets of gas are compressed to an intermediate pressure. In the final
orbit, the two pockets reach discharge pressure and are simultaneously opened to the
discharge port. This simultaneous process of suction, intermediate compression and
discharge leads to the smooth continuous compression process of the scroll compressor.
One part that is not shown in this diagram but is essential to the operation of the scroll is
the anti-rotation coupling. This device maintains a fixed angular relation of 180 degrees
between the fixed and orbiting scrolls. This fixed angular relation, coupled with the
movement of the orbiting scroll, is the basis for the formation of gas compression
pockets.
As shown in Figs.8.2 and 8.3 each scroll member is open at one end and bound by a base
plate at the other end. They are fitted to form pockets of refrigerant between their
respective base plates and various lines of contacts between the scroll walls. Compressor
Page 66
capacity
is
normally
controlled
by
variable
speed
inverter
drives.
Fig 8.1 Working principle of a scroll
Fig 8.2 Main parts of scroll compressor
Page 67
This graphic shows the two spiral shaped intermeshing scrolls
This graphic shown above show a side view of the interior

components of the compressor
Fig 8.3 Different views of scroll compressor
Page 68
Fig. 8.4 Cut view of Scroll Compressor
Currently, the scroll compressors are used in small capacity (3 to 50 kW)

refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump applications. They are normally of hermetic
type. Scroll compressors offer several advantages such as:
1. Large suction and discharge ports reduce pressure losses during suction and
discharge
2. Physical separation of suction and compression reduce heat transfer to suction gas,
leading to high volumetric efficiency
3. Volumetric efficiency is also high due to very low re-expansion losses and
continuous flow over a wide range of operating conditions
4. Flatter capacity versus outdoor temperature curves
Page 69
5. High compression efficiency, low noise and vibration compared to reciprocating

compressors
6. Compact with minimum number of moving parts
2. Air-cooled condensers:
As the name implies, in air-cooled condensers air is the external fluid, i.e., the
refrigerant rejects heat to air flowing over the condenser. Air-cooled condensers can be
further classified into natural convection type or forced convection type.
Forced convection type:
In forced convection type condensers, the circulation of air over the condenser
surface is maintained by using a fan or a blower. These condensers normally use fins on airside for good heat transfer. The fins can be either plate type or annular type. Forced
convection type condensers are commonly used in window air conditioners, water coolers
and packaged air conditioning plants. These are either chassis mounted or remote mounted.
In chassis mounted type, the compressor, induction motor, condenser with condenser fan,
accumulator, HP/LP cut- out switch and pressure gauges are mounted on a single chassis. It
is called condensing unit of rated capacity.
3. Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TEV)

Thermostatic expansion valve is the most versatile expansion valve and is most
commonly used in refrigeration systems. A thermostatic expansion valve maintains a
constant degree of superheat at the exit of evaporator; hence it is most effective for dry
evaporators in preventing the slugging of the compressors since it does not allow the
liquid refrigerant to enter the compressor. The schematic diagram of the valve is given in
Figure. This consists of a feeler bulb that is attached to the evaporator exit tube so that it
senses the temperature at the exit of evaporator. The feeler bulb is connected to the top of
the bellows by a capillary tube. The feeler bulb and the narrow tube contain some fluid
Page 70
that is called power fluid. The power fluid may be the same as the refrigerant in the
refrigeration system, or it may be different. In case it is different from the refrigerant,
then the TEV is called TEV with cross charge. The pressure of the power fluid P is the
p
saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature at the evaporator exit. If the

evaporator temperature is T and the corresponding saturation evaporator pressure is P ,
e
then the purpose of TEV is to maintain a temperature T +T at the evaporator exit,

e
where T is the degree of superheat required from the TEV. The power fluid senses this
s
temperature T +T by the feeler bulb and its pressure P is the saturation pressure at this
e
temperature. The force F exerted on top of bellows of area A due to this pressure is
p
given by:
F =A P
p
The evaporator pressure is exerted below the bellows. In case the evaporator is large and
has a significant pressure drop, the pressure from evaporator exit is fed directly to the
bottom of the bellows by a narrow tube. This is called pressure-equalizing connection.
Such a TEV is called TEV with external equalizer, otherwise it is known as TEV with
internal equalizer. The force F exerted due to this pressure P
e
on the bottom of the
bellows is given by
F=A P
e
The difference of the two forces F and F is exerted on top of the needle stand. There is
p
an adjustment spring below the needle stand that exerts an upward spring force F on the
s
needle stand. In steady state there will be a force balance on the needle stand, that is,
F =F -F
s
During off-cycle, the evaporator temperature is same as room temperature

throughout, that is, degree of superheat T is zero. If the power fluid is the same as the
s
refrigerant, then P = P and F = F . Therefore any arbitrarily small spring force F

p
acting upwards will push the needle stand against the orifice and keep the TEV closed. If
it is TEV with cross charge or if there is a little degree of superheat during off-cycle then
for TEV to remain closed during off-cycle, F should be slightly greater than (F - F).
s
Page 71
Fig.8.5 Schematic of Thermostatic expansion valve

As the compressor is started, the evaporator pressure decreases at a very fast rate
hence the force F decreases at a very fast rate. This happens since TEV is closed and no
e
refrigerant is fed to evaporator while a compressor draws out refrigerant at a very fast
rate and tries to evacuate the evaporator. The force F does not change during this period
p
since the evaporator temperature does not change. Hence, the difference F -F , increases
p
as the compressor runs for some time after starting. At one point this difference becomes
greater than the spring force F and pushes the needle stand downwards opening the
s
orifice. The valve is said to open up. Since a finite downward force is required to open
the valve, a minimum degree of superheat is required for a finite mass flow rate.
As the refrigerant enters the evaporator it arrests the fast rate of decrease of evaporator
pressure. The movement of needle stand also slows down. The spring however gets
Page 72
compressed as the needle stand moves downward to open the orifice. If F is the spring
s0
force in the rest position, that is, off-cycle, then during open valve position
F = F + F
s
s0
Eventually, the needle stand reaches a position such that,

F = F - F = A (Pp P )
s
That is, F is greater than F or P is greater than P . The pressure P and P are saturation
p
pressures at temperature (T + T ) and T respectively. Hence, for a given setting force

e
F of the spring, TEV maintains the difference between F and F or the degree of
s
superheat T constant.
s
T (F - F )
s
This is irrespective of the level of P , that is, evaporator pressure or temperature, although
e
degree of superheat may be slightly different at different evaporator temperatures for

same spring force, F . It will be an ideal case if the degree of superheat is same at all
s
evaporator temperatures for a given spring force.
Advantages, disadvantages and applications of TEV

The advantages of TEV compared to other types of expansion devices are:
1. It provides excellent control of refrigeration capacity as the supply of refrigerant to the
evaporator matches the demand
2. It ensures that the evaporator operates efficiently by preventing starving under high
load conditions
3. It protects the compressor from slugging by ensuring a minimum degree of superheat
under all conditions of load, if properly selected.
However, compared to capillary tubes and AEVs, a TEV is more expensive and
proper precautions should be taken at the installation. For example, the feeler bulb must
always be in good thermal contact with the refrigerant tube. The feeler bulb should
Page 73
preferably be insulated to reduce the influence of the ambient air. The bulb should be
mounted such that the liquid is always in contact with the refrigerant tubing for proper
control.
The use of TEV depends upon degree of superheat. Hence, in applications where a close
approach between the fluid to be cooled and evaporator temperature is desired, TEV
cannot be used since very small extent of superheating is available for operation. A
counter flow arrangement can be used to achieve the desired superheat in such a case.
Alternately, a sub cooling HEX may be used and the feeler bulb mounted on the vapour
exit line of the HEX. The valves with bellows have longer stroke of the needle, which
gives extra sensitivity compared to diaphragm type of valve. But valves with bellows are
more expensive.
Thermostatic Expansion Valves are normally selected from manufacturers
catalogs. The selection is based on the refrigeration capacity, type of the working fluid,
operating temperature range etc. In practice, the design is different to suit different
requirements such as single evaporators, multi-evaporators etc.
4. Direct expansion fin-and-tube type evaporator:

These evaporators are used for cooling and dehumidifying the air directly by the
refrigerant flowing in the tubes. Similar to fin-and-tube type condensers, these evaporator
consists of coils placed in a number of rows with fins mounted on it to increase the heat
transfer area. Various fin arrangements are used. Tubes with individual spiral straight fins or
crimpled fins welded to it are used in some applications like ammonia. Plate fins
accommodating a number of rows are used in air conditioning applications with ammonia as
well as synthetic refrigerants such as fluorocarbon based refrigerants.
The liquid refrigerant enters from top through a thermostatic expansion valve as
shown in Fig. This arrangement makes the oil return to compressor better rather than feeding
refrigerant from the bottom of the coil. When evaporator is close to the compressor, a direct
expansion coil is used since the refrigerant lines are short, refrigerant leakage will be less and
pressure drop is small. If the air-cooling is required away from the compressor, it is
preferable to chill water and pump it to air-cooling coil to reduce the possibility of refrigerant
leakage and excessive refrigerant pressure drop, which reduces the COP.
Page 74
Fig.8.6 Schematic of a direct expansion fin and tube type
The fin spacing is kept large for larger tubes and small for smaller tubes. 50 to
500 fins per meter length of the tube are used in heat exchangers. In evaporators, the
atmospheric water vapour condenses on the fins and tubes when the metal temperature is
lower than dew point temperature. On the other hand frost may form on the tubes if the
o
surface temperature is less than 0 C. Hence for low temperature coils a wide spacing with
about 80 to 200 fins per m is used to avoid restriction of flow passage due to frost
formation. In air-conditioning applications a typical fin spacing of 1.8 mm is used.
Addition of fins beyond a certain value will not increase the capacity of evaporator by
restricting the airflow. The frost layer has a poor thermal conductivity hence it decreases
the overall heat transfer coefficient apart from restricting the flow. Therefore, for
o
applications in freezers below 0 C, frequent defrosting of the evaporator is required.
Page 75
5. Types of air distribution devices:

Grilles and Registers: A grille is an outlet for supply air or an inlet for return air. A
register is a grille with a volume control damper. Figure shows the front view of a supply air
grille with horizontal and vertical vanes. The vanes, either fixed or adjustable are used for
deflecting airflow. Grilles have a comparatively lower entrainment ratio, greater drop, longer
throw and higher air velocities in the occupied zone compared to slot and ceiling diffusers.
Manufacturers specify the performance of the grill in terms of core size or core area,
volumetric flow rate of air, effective air velocity, total pressure drop, throw and noise levels.
They can be mounted either on the sidewalls or in the ceiling.
Fig8.7 Front view of a supply grill with vertical and horizontal vanes.
Page 76
Ceiling diffusers:
Fig.8.8 Schematic of a ceiling diffuser

A ceiling diffuser consists of concentric rings or inner cones made up of vanes
arranged in fixed directions. Ceiling diffusers can be round, square or rectangular in shape.
Figure shows square and rectangular ceiling diffuser. A square diffuser is widely used for
supply air. In the diffusers the supply air is discharged through the concentric air passages in
all directions. The air distribution pattern can be changed by adjusting the adjustable inner
cones or the deflecting vanes. Ceiling diffusers are normally mounted at the center of the
conditioned space. Ceiling diffusers provide large entrainment ratio and shorter throw, hence
are suitable for higher supply air temperatures and for conditioned spaces with low head
space. Ceiling diffusers can deliver more air compared to grilles and slot diffusers.
Page 77
Conclusion
From
this project we study the stepwise procedure for calculation of solar intensity
produced in Pusad, heat transmitted through walls, windows by using CLTD method.
Also by using same approach we can find the amount of internal loads in CAD
Laboratory. The value of total tonnage required by CLTD method is compare with the
value of total tonnage by practical approach method and we can find that about 2 TR of
diference is there. After the load calculations we calculate Duct Dimensions and Static
and Dynamic pressure losses in duct. We downloaded the Ductable Split Air
Conditioning System catlouges for VOLTAS, CARRIER and DIAKIN Companies which
can be installed for Mechanical CAD Laboratory.future scope of the project is cross
checking the calculated with the use of software.
Page 78
References
American Society of Heating Refrigerating Air Conditioning Engineers

(ASHRAE) HVAC Handbook, 2001 Fundamentals, Page No. 796, 816, 818, 819
chapter 26,table34.
Carrier Air Conditioning Company, Handbook of Air Conditioning System

Design, McGraw-HILL Book Company, Year of publication 1965, Page No.1.11.41 and 2.1 -2.65.
American Society of Heating Refrigerating Air Conditioning Engineers

(ASHRAE) HVAC Handbook, Published on 1989, Page no. 22.5 22-13, 26.726.47, 27.9- 27.29.
C.P.Arora, Refrigeration and air conditioning, 2nd edition, TATA McGraw Hill
Publishing company limited, New Delhi, 2000, Page no. 675- 690, 756-805.
Shan K. Wang, Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, 2nd Edition.

McGraw Hill Companies, Page No. 150-166, 704-710.
Prof. M.Ramgopal (Prof. in IIT Kharagput, India) Refrigeration and air

conditioning Notes and Videos ,2008 Page No. 153-165, 313-320, 402-415,
465-470, 626-708, 734-752.
Page 79
09. Appendix
Table1. Summary of Cooling Load Calculations by CLTD Method
Page 80
Table2. Rate of Heat Gain From Occupants of Conditioned space
Page 81
Table3. Cooling Load Factor
Page 82
Table4. CLTD values for Roof

Page 83
Table5. Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factor for People
Page 84
Table6. Cooling Load Factor for Appliances
Page 85
Table7. Cooling Load Factor for Glass with internal Shading
Page 86
Table8.1 Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor at different Latitudes
Page 87
Table8.2 Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factor for different Altitudes
Page 88
Table9.1 Wall Construction Group Discussion and CLTD value for A type wall.
Page 89
Table9.2 CLTD values for Group B,C,D,E,F AND G

Page 90

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DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

2.2 Vapour Cycles:

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

Fig. 2.1 Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

Fig4.1 ASHRAE Comfort Zone

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

Sources of Heat generation

These can be grouped in three categories

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

1. EXTERNAL LOADS- Originate from heat sources outside or external to

2. INTERNAL LOADS- These include

b. Heat gain from fan motor in the air handler

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

1. Estimation of external loads:

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

is the area exposed to solar radiation,

SC is the Shading Coefficient,

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

c) Ventilation for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ):

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

The latent heat transfer rate due to ventilation and infiltration, Q

In the above equations:

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

Estimation of Internal Load

b) Qlatent =N.(Latent heat gain).CLF

(for CLF refer table 27, 1989 ASHRAE HANDBOOK.)

= (40 26) 0.82

Qsensible= Heat gainCLF

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

The chief requirements of an air conditioning duct system are:

1. It should convey specified rates of air flow to prescribed locations

General rules for duct design:

Classification of duct systems:

B.N.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUSAD

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB

Medium pressure systems: Velocity 10 m/s, static pressure 15 cm H O (g)

High velocities in the ducts results in:

Commonly used duct design methods

The various steps involved in this method are:

DESIGN OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM FOR CAD LAB