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processes that involve the removal or separation of a solid from a fluid, or fluid from a
fluid
fluid liquids or gases
reasons: 1) to remove unwanted solid particles
2) to collect the solid as the product itself
Filtration
Types of Filtration
1) Solid/fluid filtration
separation of an insoluble solid from a fluid
means of a porous medium that retains the solid but allows fluids to pass
most common type
1.1) Solid/liquid filtration
improvement
of
appearance
of
recovery of desired solid form a
solutions
suspension or slurry
give a sparkle or brightness
extraction of vegetable products
clarifying a product
sterilization processes involving heat
removal of potential irritants
are not appropriate
eye drop preparations
detection of microorganisms present in
solutions applied to mucous
liquids
membranes
assess
the
efficiency
of
production of water of appropriate
preservatives
quality
1.2) Solid/gas filtration
removal of suspended solid material from air to supply air of the required standard
processing equipment: fluidized-bed processors, film-coating machinery, bottlecleaning equipment
manufacturing areas: area for sterile products
to prevent material being vented to the atmosphere
filtering exhaust air
2)
Fluid/fluid filtration
filter turbidity from spirits + aqueous-based formulations
filter compressed air for pharmaceutical processes to ensure removal of oil or water
droplets
Mechanism of filtration
Straining/sieving
pores in the filter medium: smaller than material to be removed
membrane filters filtration occurs at the surface of thin filter (100m)
straining mechanism for small volumes to be filtered or low contaminant level
formulations
bacteria & fibre removal from parenteral preparations
Impingement
Centrifugation
Centrifugal force provide the driving force for filtration process
replace gravitational force in sedimentation process
or centrifugal filters
stainless steel basket lined with a filter cloth; rotates at a speed of <25s -1