@

MOLECUTES'

1. Give reason

(i) The melting points and solubility in water of amino acids are generally higher than that of the
corresponding halo acids.

Ans : Due to the presence of dipolar(Zwitter ion) in Amino acid ,the inter molecular electrostatic
force is strong between them, their melting points and solubility in water is higher .But in halo
acids there is only one hydrogen bonding between their molecules.
(ii) Vitamin B&C can't be stored in our body?
Ans :Vitamin B & C cannot be stored in our body because it is water soluble. As a result, it is

readily excreted in the urine.

(iii) The two strands in DNA are not identical but are complementary.
(iv) sucrose is not a reducing

sugar?

(2010)

Ans : Because it does not reduce Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent

2. List the reactions of glucose which cannot be explained by its open-chain structure.

(2008, Del-2OL2)
Ans : (i) open chain structure of glucose does not give 2,4-DNP test, Schiff's test, and also does

not react with NaHSOg

(ii) The pentaacetate of glucose does not react with hydroxylamine, This indicates that a free
-CHO group is absent from glucose.
(iiiJ The crystallisation of o<-form (m.p. = 419 K) and p-form (m.p = 423k) cannot be explained
by the open chain structure ofglucose.

3. Explain the following terms

(i) A peptide

linkage

(2008,2009,2011, Del - zOtZ)

-C00H group of one molecule of an amino acid and

-NH2 group of another molecule of the amino acid by the elimination of a water molecule is
called a peptide linkage.

Ans : The amide formed between

HzN

-COOH
1+1-1L
cH(cH3)z

-CH

Valine
(iiJ A glycosidic linkage

HzN

-CH -COOH (_Hzo)

cHs
Alanine

HzN

-CO -HN -CH -COOH

cHs
cH(crys)z

-CH

Valylalanine I val - ala)

(200e)

Ans

A linkage formed between two monosaccharide units through

an oxygen atom by the loss

of a water molecule is called glycosidic linkage

!ryry,

GlWn*idie
iir*k4ge

l1

* t}* Sui:tor*

-gluenxt

$$w$

(iii)

Invert sugar

Ans

(?OtO,?OtZ)

The mixture of equimolar solution

of of

glucose and fructose is called invert sugar '

(zoog-F ,zoto,zotz)

(ivJ Polypeptides
Ans

: The polymer of amino acids which have large number

of peptide bonds is called polypeptides.

(2011)

[v) pyranose structure of glucose

(2008)

[vi) (a)Denaturation

Ans : A process that changes the physical and biological activity of proteins without changing the
chemical composition of protein is called Denaturation. It is caused by changes in PH,

temperature, presence of salt e't,c'

(b) Effect of denaturation
Effect ofdenaturation on the structure ofproteins:
As a result of denaturation , Secondary and tertiary structures of protein are destroyed, but the
primary structures remain unaltered and so the enzyme loses its activity.
Due to denaturation, the globular proteins(soluble in H2O) get unfolded and helixes get
uncoiled and so changed into fibrous proteins(insoluble in H2O) and their biological activity is

lost. For example,boiled egg which contain coagulated proteins can not be hatched'

(2ot2)

(viiJ Enzyme

Ans : Enzymes are proteins that catalyse biological reactions. Globular proteins acts as a

catalyst.

Example:

ceH22oy

mattase

c6Hpo6
(Del

[viii) Biocatalyst
Ans : A catalyst

- 2012)

which catalyses biological reactions is called Biocatalyst ' Generally enzymes

are considered as biocatalYst.

(ix) Amphoteric behaviour of amino acids?

2_

Ans : In aqueous solution, the carboxyl group of an amino acid can lose a proton and the amino
group can accept a proton to give a dipolar ion known as zwitter ion. It is an ion formed by
neutralisation of acidic and basic centres present within the molecule .

ft"

*tn-- tlllt
-"-".3

""". 14

'L

x *" {:tr - - { *"

{t'

'\ll1

:\H-

Ir*,itter icm

Therefore, in zwitter ionic form, the amino acid can act both as an acid and as a base.
0rnA

[xJ Nucleic acids Atheir two important functions.

Nucleic acid is a bio molecule which are found in the nuclei of all living cells in the form of
nucleo proteins or chromosomes.

It is of two rypes.(i) deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA) (ii) ribonucleic acid [RNA)

Two main functions of nucleic acids are:
(D DNA is responsible for the transmission of hereditary effects from one generation to another.

(ii) Nucleic acids (both DNA and RNA) are responsible for synthesis of all proteins essential for
the growth and maintenance of our body.
(xi) Essential amino acids
Ans : That amino acids which cannot be synthesised in our body and must be taken through
food is called essential amino acids. For example: valine and leucine

(xii JNon-essential amino

acids

(2010)

Ans : That amino acids which can be synthesised in our body are called Non-essential amino
acids , For example: glycine, and alanine

4. How are vitamins classified? Name the type of vitamin, their chemical name, deficiency
disease and source.
On the basis of

their solubility in water or fat, vitamins are classified into two groups.

(i) Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins that are soluble in fat and oils, but not in water, Example:
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
(iiJ Water-soluble vitamins: Vitamins that are soluble in water. B group vitamins (81,82,86'
(2009)
812, etc,) and vitamin C. Vitamin 812 is insoluble in water and store in

liver.

However, biotin or vitamin H is neither soluble in water nor in fat.

Vitamin
A

Chemical name

Retinol(bright
eye

vitamin)

Deficiencv disease
Xerophthalmia i.e.hardening of
cornea or night blindness

'I

Source of vitamin
Cod

liver oil, shark liveroil,

carrot, rice polishing,liver,

kidnev

Thiamine

B1

B2

Riboflavin

B5

Pyridoxine

Milk, rice,yeast,nuts,eggs,

Beri-Beri: disease of nervous

svstem.

sreen vesetables,

Glossitis[dark red
tongue),dermatitis and
cheilosis[fissuring at corners
of mouth and lipsl
Dermatitis and convulsions

Turnip, milk, eggs,yeast,

vegetables,liver,kidney

Meat, fish,egg yolk,whole

cereal.srams

Bo

Cyanocobalamine

Ascorbic acid

Ergocalciferol

Mea! eggs, Iiver of ox,fish,

Pernicious anaemia
(RBCdeficient in haemoslobin')
Scurvy(bleeding of gum),
Pyorrhea

sheep

Rickets[bone deformities in
children) & Osteomalacia [soft
bones and joint pains in

Citrous fruits like orange,

lemon,tomato,green
veeetable
Exposure to sun light,fish,
egg yolk,cod liver oil

adults)
Tocopherols

Phvlloouinone

Biotin

Sterility,increase fragility of
RBCs and muscular weaken-ss
Increased blood clottins time
Dermatitis, Ioss of hair and
paralvsis.

5. [a) Name the products of hydrolysis of

(iJ

Oils like cotton seed oil,

sovabean oil, sun flower oil

Cereals,leafv veeetables
Yeast, liver,kidney and milk.

sucrose.

(2010)

Ans : Sucrose on hydrolysis gives equal amount of Glucose & Fructose:

cpH22oy+

Inlrertase>

H2o

c6Hpo6 + CoHnoo

This reaction is also called enzyme catalysed reaction'

(ii) Maltose
Ans : Maltose on hydrolysis gives two molecules of glucose

[iii)

Lactose

Ans : Lactose on hydrolysis yields equal amounts of D(+)glucose and D(+) galactose,

(b) What are reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars

Ans : Those carbohydrates which reduces Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent are called

reducing sugars. AII monosaccharides and disaccharides, excluding sucrose, are reducing
sugars.

Those carbohydrates which do not reduce Fehling's solution and Tollen's reagent are called

non-reducing sugar.
(c) State clearly what are known

as nucleosides and

nucleotides'

(2010)

Ans : Nucleotide : - The repeating units of nucleic acid is called nucleotide. It consists of Nitrogen
containing base, 4 carbon sugar and a phosphate group'

Complete hydrolysis of a nucleotide from DNA containing thymine will yield;

(i) phosphoric acid (ii) p

(iv) adenine and guanine.

- D- 2-

Deoxy ribose

sugar [iii) Thymine,cystosine (pyrimidine)

Nucleoside ;- It is a nitrogen containing base like purines and pyrimidines and has 4 carbon
sugar. Nucleoside on hydrolysis gives a sugar,two purines and two pyrimidines'
(dJ Name the

four bases present in DNA . Which one of these is not present in RNA . (2009)

present in RNA
Ans : DNA contains, Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine ' Thymine is not
(e) Name the bases present in RNA. Which one of these is not present in DNA '

(20tL)

present in DNA'
Ans : Uracil , Cytocine, Guanine, Adenine are present in RNA. Uracil is not
(f) Mention the names of the bases produced on hydrolysis of DNA

(2010)

Ans: Thymine, Guanine and CYtosine

(g)Write two main functions of carbohydrates in

plants'

(2008- F)

Ans : Two main functions of carbohydrates in plants are:

(i)

In making cell wall of bacteria and plants

(ii) It acts as a biofuel and provide energy for the functioning of living system'
(h) Write the reaction of D-glucose with the following

reagents?

(2008 - F)

ti) HI (iil Bromine water [iii) HN03

When D-glucose is heated with HI for a long time, n-hexane is formed.

rifi)
I

Iilt

tt

rI0,th -t--}

Cffg{}tt
t)*

CbE-z

* t3\* Ct{2-*ffH; *(}t1* fftl

n

bex*ne

gilaar*e

(ii) When D-glucose is treated with Br2 water, D- gluconic acid is produced'

(sfit{

{1{{}
Br: wfil*r

((rlt)Hu

(?H*lLl,,

CH2CIH

c14,a$ra

D*

I}-.g{Leirx

(iii)

**irX

with HNO3, D-glucose get oxidised to give saccharic acid.

On being treated

CIfi}

CSCII{

ffr$*1

t+t$lq{ -*-*-*--},

ll

((}li$t}4

fll{*flfl{

{o{}H

- glur:rse

1)

gtam*it

li*cd**xe a*iri

(i) What are the different types of RNA found in the cell?

Ans: (i) Messenger RNA [m-RNA) (ii) Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA) (iii) Transfer RNA [t-RNA)
When RNA is hydrolysed , there is no relationship among the quantities of different bases
(2008 O.D. Comp)
formed . What does this fact suggest about the structure of RNA ?

[)

Ans : It suggest that A pairs with U and

single brand .
6. Distinguish between the following

pairs with

is not followed . Thus unlike RNA has

[i) Globular and Fibrous proteins.

S.N.

Fibrous proteins

ti)

It has thread like structure.

It is usually insoluble in water.
It forms B - pleated structure'
It has H-bonds in some cases
between polypeptide chains.

riil
riiil
(iv)

Globular proteins
It has soherical shape.
It is usuallv soluble in water.

It formsa - helix.
It has intramolecular H-bonds, disulphide
linkages,ionic or salt bridges and hydrophobic
interaction.

(ii) Amylase and AmYIoPectin

amvlopectin
It is insoluble in water
It is lons branched chain
It does not give blue colour with iodine

amylase

S.N.

It is soluble in water
It is a Ions straight chain
It sives blue colour with iodine

2
3

(iii)

a- helix and p

pleated sheet structure.

a- helix

S.N.

ti)

The peptide chain coils and acquire a

coil shape

tiD

Intra molecular H-bonding takes

place.

B oleated sheet structure

The peptide chain coils and acquire a
B nleated sheet structure
lntermolecular H-bonding takes place.

[ivJ a- glucose and P -glucose

B -slucose

a- slucose

S.N.

Its specific rotation is +19.20

Its polvmer is not digested.

Its specific rotation is +1110

Its polvmer is readily disested.

ril
riil

[v] Glycogen and Starch.

Clvcosen
Glycogen is a branched chain polymer of a

- glucose similar to amylopectin

Starch
Starch is a mixture of amylopectin(branched chain polymer of amylase
and linear polymer of a-glucose).

(2008 -o.D.)

(viiJ Elastomers and Fibres

1.

Fibres
They are thread like solid with high tensile

Elastomers
They are rubber like solid with elastic properties

strenqth.
They are held together by strong intermolecular

2. They are held together by weakest

intermolecular forces .

3.Example

forces like H - bondine..

Nvlon 6.6 and polvesters

: Buna-S &Buna- N.

(vii) Structural and Functional differences between DNA

The structural differences between DNA and RNA are as follows:
S.N,

(i)
II

riiil

DNA
Its molecular mass varies from six to

sixteen million.
DNA contains thvmine [T) .
DNA contains double helix structure

RNA

Its molecular mass varies from twenty

to forw thousands.
RNA contains uracil [u).
RNA contains sinsle helix structure.

The functional differences between DNA and RNA are as follows:

S.N,

riil

DNA
DNA undereoes replication .
It is responsible for hereditary effects.

RNA
RNA does not undergo replication

It controls the synthesis of proteins.

7. [aJ Write the main structural difference between DNA and RNA.0f the four bases, name those which
(?OL].,Del - ZOLZ)
are common to both DNA and

RNA.

(b) Of the two bases named below, which one is present in RNA and which one is present in DNA

(20l2,Del-2OLZ)

[i) Thymin (ii) Uracil

Ans

: (i) Thymine is present in DNA (ii) Uracil

is present in RNA

[c) Mention the type of Iinkages responsible for the formation of the following

(2008 O.D')

[i) Primary structure of proteins

(ii)

(iii) a - helix formation

(ivl f-sheetstructure

Ans: [i) peptide linkage

(iiiJ H - bond

(ii)

Cross

- linking

of polypeptide chains

polypeptide linkage

[iv) IntermolecularH - bond