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HANDLY & FREQUENTLY USED FORMULAS

FOR THERMAL ENGINEERS

GEOMETRY & MATH | GEOMETRI & MATEMATIK

Cylindrical (Tube) Volume

V = / 4 d2 L

Cylindrical (Tube) Surface

A = dL

Diameter

d = (4 A / )

[m]

[m2]

[m3]

Rectangular Triangle A = 90: Geometrical Vector Sum

a2 = b2 + c2

a = (b2 + c2)

[m]

cos B = c / a ; sin B = b / a ; tan B = b / c

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STRENGTH & STATICS | STYRKELRE & STATIK

F = m a [N]
Stress = F / A [N/m2]
Stress = E [N/m2]
Strain = L / L [-]
Force

Hooks Law

A = Cross section area [m2]

E = Elasticity Modulus [N/m2]
m = Mass [kg]
a = Acceleration / Gravity Acceleration [m/s2]
L = Deformation in Length [m] ; L= Length [m]
Bending Stress in beams = M T / W [N/m2]
MT = Torque [Nm]
W = Section Modulus [m3] profile depending

Simple Supported Beam Uniform spread load

Max. torque M T, MAX = P L / 8 [Nm]
at middle of the beam
2
Max. Reflection U = 5 M L / (48 E I) [m]
at middle
Cantilever Beam Uniform spread load
Max. torque M T, MAX = P L / 2 [Nm]
at the fixed support in the wall
2
Max. Reflection U = M T, MAX L / (4 E
at free end of the beam
P = Total uniform load of beam [N]
I = Moment of Inertia [m4]

I)

[m]

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HEAT & TEMPERATURES | VARME & TEMPERATUR

Absolute Temperature (Kelvin)
T = t + 273,15 [K]
t = Temperature [C]
Heat / Heat Content Q = m Cp (t2 t1) [W] | [J]
m = Mass Flow [kg/s] / Mass [kg]
Cp = Specific Heat [J/(kgK]
t1 and t2 = Temperatures Inlet and Outlet [K] | [C]
Linearly Heat Expansion of Materials
L = L L t [m]
Volumetric Heat Expansion of Materials
V = V V t [m3]
L = Length [m] ; V = Volume [m3] ;
L = Length Expansion Coefficient [1/C]
V = Volume Expansion Coefficient [1/C]
t = Temperature Change [C]

For Ideal Gasses :

p v = R T = p 0 v0 (1+ t / 273,15)
Specific Volume v = 1 / [m3/kg]
p = Pressure (bar abs.) ; = Density [kg/ m3]
T = Absolute Temperature [K]
p0 v0 : Pressure and Specific volume at 0C

R = Gas Coefficient [J/(kgK)] :

Air = 287,1 J/(kgK) Steam = 461,5 J/(kgK)
1 kmol equals a volume of 22,4138 m

m = n M [kg]
Vn = n Vmol [mn3] at 0C and 1,01325 bar
= m / Vn [kg/m3n]
M = Mol mass [kg/mol] ; = Density [kg/m n3]
Vn = Normal Volume [mn3] ; n = Number of mol
Vmol = Molar Volume [mn3/mol] ; m = mass [kg]

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HEAT TRANSFER | VARMEOVERFRING

BY CONVECTION | VED KONVEKTION
Heat Transfer by Convection Q = k
F = Heat Surface Total wall area [m2]

[W]

Heat Transmission Coefficient

k = 1 / (1/ 1 + 1/
2 + e/
+ f1 + f2)

[W/(m 2K)]
1 = Heat Transfer Coefficient Fluid 1 [W/(m2K)]
2 = Heat Transfer Coefficient Fluid 2 [W/(m2K)]
= Heat Conductivity Wall Material [W/( mK)]
e = Wall Thickness [m]
f 1 = Fouling Coefficient for the wall of fluid 1 [m2K/W)]
f 2 = Fouling Coefficient for the wall of fluid 2 [m2K/W)]

= C12 F1 ((T1/100) (T2/100) )

C12 = 1 / (1/C1 + 1/C2 - 1/CS)
C = CS [W/(m 2K)]

Nu = LF /

[-]
= Nu / LF
= Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/(m2K)]
LF = Flow Length [m] e.g. diameter or plate length
= Heat Conductivity Fluid [W/(mK)]
General expression for forced circulation
General expression for natural circulation

Radiation Heat between two surfaces 1 and 2

Radiation Coefficient

Nusselts Number

Nu = K1 ReK2 PrK3

BY RADIATION | VED STRLING

4

Logarithmic Middle Temperature Difference

= (
t1 -
t2) / ln (
t1/
t2) ; all values in [K] | [C]
t1 = Difference in Temperatures of Fluid1 and Fluid 2 at 1
t2 = Difference in Temperatures of Fluid1 and Fluid 2 at 2
1 and 2 being the physical positions of the inlets and
outlets of heat exchanger in current or counter flow types

[W]

[W/(m 2K)]

= Emission ratio [-]

CS = Radiation Coefficient for the absolute black surface [-]
T = Absolute temperature [K]

Nu = K5 GrK4 PrK3
Prandtls Number Pr =
Grashoffs Number

Cp /

[-]

Gr = g V
t LF3 /

[-]

g= Gravity acceleration [m/s]

K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5 are different constants and equations
based on tests and depending on the type of heat transfer.

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MECHANICS OF FLUIDS | STRMNING & VSKEFYSIK

pT = pS + pD [N/m2]
2
Dynamic pressure pD = c [N/m2]
Pressure Height pH = g H [N/m2]
Total pressure

Dynamic Viscosity

Reynolds Number
= Kinematic Viscosity [m2/s] ; = Density [kg/m3]
c = Velocity [m/s]; LF = Flow Length [m]

pS = Static pressure [N/m2]

g = Gravity acceleration [m/s2]
H = Height / Altitude [m]

pTB = pD LT / d
= c LT / d [N/m2]
Pressure Drop in tube
2

Bernoullis Law about constancy in pressure. All in [N/m ]

pS,1 + pD,1 + pH,1 = pS,2 + pD,2 + pH,2

pS,1+ c12
+ g
H1 = pS,2+ c22
+ g
H2
For Ideal Gasses:
Dynamic Viscosity
t = Temperature [C]

0 (273 + t) / 273

= [Pas] | [kg/(ms)]
Re = c L F / [-]

[Ns/m2]

= Friction Coefficient [-]; L T = Tube Length [m]

d = Internal Tube Diameter [m]; = Density [kg/m3]
c = Velocity [m/s]

P = T qV p [W]
Total Efficiency T = (
PUMP MOTOR)
Efficiency = P PERFORMED / PABSORB
Pump Capacity

qV = Volume flow [m3/s]

p = Sum of all pressure drops in the circuit [Pa]

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ELECTRICITY | ELECTRICITET
Power / Capacity of a 1-Phase System :
P = UPH IPH [W]

Power, Voltage and Current in Conventional Resistances

Power / Capacity of a 3-Phase System :

P = 3 UN IN cos [W]

U = RI

Ohms Law

[V]

UN = Net Voltage [V] ; IN = Net Current [A]

UPH = Phase Voltage [V] ; IPH = Phase Current [A]
cos = Phase Angel [-]

Power expressed by the resistance

cos = 1 for Heating elements and other simple resist.

cos < 1 for Electrical Motors (inductive resistance).

U = Voltage [V] ; I = Current [A]

R = Resistance [ ] | [Ohm]

P = U I = U2 / R = I2 R

[W]