Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
4th year
Rizvi college of architecture
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Index
Causes of fires In the mall.
Types of Fire Fighting in a mall.
New ways f Fire Fighting.
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FIRE ESCAPE
A fire escape is a
special kind
of emergency exit,
usually mounted to the
outside of a building or
occasionally inside but
separate from the main
areas of the building. It
provides a method of
escape in the event of
a fire or other emergency
that makes the
stairwells inside a
building inaccessible.
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STAIRCASES
SIZE 2M WIDE
MATERIAL GRANITE
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SIGNAGES/DIRECTIONS
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MISSUSE OF STAIRCASE
Improper storage of
flammable materials in fire
escape staircase.
Hose reel system
adjacent to the staircase.
Curved design makes its
inefficient for use as a fire
safety staircase.
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FIRE EXITS
Fire Exist doors are opened by a push bar.
Speaker were provided on fire exist for guidance in case of emergency.
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VENTILATION
Glass ventilators on either side of the staircase.
Smoke outlets/ventilation system from basement.
ENTRY / EXIT
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ENTRY / EXIT
ENTRY
HYDRANT
6M
6M
HYDRANT
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ENTRY
HYDRANT
SMOKE DETECTORS
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PHOTOELECTRIC DETECTOR
A pulsed light beam from a light-emitting diode (LED) with its associated optics is
projected across the interior of a blackened chamber that may contain smoke to be
detected. A photocell, with its optics, looks toward the projected beam along a line
perpendicular to the beam. When smoke enters the chamber, the smoke particles
reflect a small portion of the light beam toward the photocell, which provides a voltage
to be amplified and causes an alarm. The light source may be monitored ahead of the
smoke chamber and regulated to prevent variation of the light intensity from causing
erratic detector behavior.
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IONIZATION DETECTOR
A small amount of
radioactive material
ionizes the air inside a
chamber that is open to
the ambient air.
A measured, small
electrical current is
allowed to flow through
the ionized air.
The small, solid particle
products of combustion
that enter the chamber as
a result of fire interfere
with the normal
movement of ions
(current), and when the
current drops low enough,
an alarm results.
A two-position switch to
control sensitivity may be
provided.
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Ionization detector
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Photoelectric detector
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Types of vents
Automatic heat and
smoke vents are
available commercially
in two general
categories.
Mechanically
opened vent,
powered by
springs, pneumatic
actuator, or electric
motor.
Drop-out vent
constructed of
plastic which
shrinks in the
presence of heat
(i.e., drop-out
panel).
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Refuge Area
An area of refuge is a location in a building designed to hold occupants during a
fire or other emergency, when evacuation may not be safe or possible. Occupants
can wait there until firefighters come to rescue them.
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Technical requirements
An area of refuge is typically equipped with a steady supply of fresh
outside air.
The ducting that must supply such fresh air is referred to as
pressurisation ductwork.
Such ductwork are items of passive fire protection, ,
The idea is that the ductwork must remain operable even while
exposed to fire for a duration stipulated for each occupancy by the
local building code.
A two way communication system is required on each floor above
or below the main floor in a newly constructed building.
A call box is required in each area of refuge which will call into a
central location called a base station. If the station is not attended
24 hours a day, the call must automatically call to an outside
location and have two-way voice person to person communication
capabilities.
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HEAT DETECTORS
A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond
when the convected thermal energy of a fire increases the
temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and
conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the
element. All heat detectors have this thermal lag. Heat detectors
have two main classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed
temperature."
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Types of Hose:
AttackHose is a fabric-covered, bring water from the fire
pumper to the nozzle. This hose ranges in nominal inside
diameter from1.5 to 3 in (38 to 76 mm) and is designed to
operate at pressures up to about 400 psi (2,760 kPa). The
standard length is 50 ft. (15.24 m).
Supply and relay Hose is large-diameter, fabric-covered, bring
water from a distant hydrant to the fire pumper or to relay
water from one pumper to another over a long distance. These
hoses range in nominal inside diameter from 3.5 to 5.0 in (89
to 127 mm). They are designed to operate at pressures up to
about 300 psi (2,070 kPa) for the smaller diameters and up to
200 psi (1,380 kPa) for the larger diameters. The standard
length is 100 ft. (30.48 m)
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Standpipe
A standpipe is a type of rigid water piping which is built into multi-story buildings in a vertical
position, to which fire hoses can be connected. Standpipes classes are as follows:
Class I system. A system providing 2 1 2-inch (64mm) hose connections to supply water for
use by fire departments and in handling heavy fire steams.
Class II system. A system providing 11 2-inch (38mm) hose connection to supply water for
use by the fire department during initial response.
Class III system. A system providing both 11 2-inch (38mm) and 21 2-inch (64mm) hose
connections.
Types
There are two types of standpipes:
Automatic Dry
Automatic Wet
Manual Dry
Manual Wet
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Pumps Used
Fire pumps are used to boost the water pressure in sprinkler and standpipe systems
and to deliver the required amount of water. The pipes supplying water to the hoses
are pressurized all the time. Three pumps supply the water from the tank to the
hoses. The pumps are the duty pump, the stand-by pump, and the jockey pump.
Pressure switches along the pipe control the starting of each pump. The pressures are
monitored at the pump room to control the pumps. A typical system for a high-rise
building is described below.
Jockey Pump
The first pump to start will be the jockey
pump. The controlling pressure switch is set
to start the pump at a pressure of 150 psi
and stop it when the pressure reaches 230
psi.
If a small leak exist in the wet riser piping either on the wet riser or hose reel - the
pump will start in order to compensate for
the leak.
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Duty Pump
If the pressure drops below 125 psi, this means a
wet riser landing valve or a hose reel gate valve has
been opened. The pressure switch that senses this
set pressure activates and starts the duty pump.
Stand-by Pump
If for any reason the pressure continues to drop
below 125 psi, it means either the duty pump has
not started or is not available (under repair). The
stand-by pump then takes over the function, not
performed by the duty pump. The stand-by pump
is set to cut-in at 95 psi.
Once the water flow is not needed any more the
pressure builds up in the piping network. The duty
or stand-by pumps stops after the cut-out pressure
is reached at 220 psi.
The jockey pump continues to run until the system
pressure reaches its cut-out pressure of 230 psi.
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Emergency exit
An emergency exit in a structure is a special exit for emergencies such as a
fire: the combined use of regular and special exits allows for faster
evacuation, while it also provides an alternative if the route to the regular
exit is blocked by fire, etc.
It is usually a strategically located (e.g. in a stairwell, hallway, or other likely
place) outward opening door with a crash bar on it and with exit signs
leading to it.
A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, mounted to the outside of
a building.
Local building codes will often dictate the number of fire exits required
for a building of a given size. This may include specifying the number of
stairs
For any building bigger than a private house, modern codes invariably
specify at least two sets of stairs. Furthermore, such stairs must be
completely separate from each other
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Now-a-days emergency exits are given more important with proper design and
colors codes
Emergency exits are to highlighted because during the fire it should be visible
from a distance so that people can run in that direction to be safe
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Signage that are to be provided should be properly seen from far away.
Bright colors should be used for signage.
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Signages
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LOCATION
The distance between
Bandra fire station &
Globus is about 1 km.
The average time for a
fire brigade to reach
Gobus will be about
15 min.
The Fire-Fighting Access
is through the back
entrance.
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SERVICE STAIRCASE
Clothes are the major fire load of the building and there is inadequate
storage of it especially in small store areas and in the service staircase.
These areas can be a possible fire hazard.
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EXPOSED WIRING
Some of the detectors are defunct and there is a lack of periodic inspection.
The detectors should be maintained and taken care of.
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FUNCTIONALITY
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FIRE DRILLS
The employees should be
well informed about fire safety
They were lacking of such
People.
They should have a proper
Fire fighting unit dedicated to
fire fighting.
They should conduct fire drills.
They should properly maintain
storage, and exit area
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Thank you
Group members
Rafay
Esa
Noopur
Mubashshira
Ninad
Owesh
Faiz
Ishra
Huzefa
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