Assignment

Child Psychology (Psy403)

Problem Faced By Children Of

Third World Countries With Special

Reference To Pakistan. (Identification,
Assessment & Intervention)

Mam Aliyha
Ghumman
Muzamil Kousar

Roll No 06010611-011
BS (Hons) Psychology 7th Sem
Date: 28th October 2009
Content Table
Introduction
In Third World Countries

Physical Problems in Children

1. Acute Respiratory Infections in Children
➢ Assessment
➢ Intervention
1. Chronic Diseases in Children
Common Chronic Childhood Diseases
•
• Asthma
• Cystic fibrosis
• Diabetes
• Obesity and overweight
• Malnutrition
• Developmental disabilities
• Cerebral palsy
• Mental illnesses

➢ Assessment
➢ Intervention
Psychological Problems in Children
• Anxiety Disorders • Dyslexia
• Disruptive Behavior Disorders • Affective (mood) disorders
• Pervasive Development Disorder • Schizophrenia
• Eating disorders • Tic disorders
• Elimination disorders ➢
• Learning and communication
disorders ➢ Assessment
 ➢ Intervention
Social Problems in Children
Nature Of The Problem
➢ Assessment
➢ Intervention

•
• Parental Role
• Role of the School
• Role of the Teachers
• The School Counselors
• The Police
Summery
References

Introduction
Humanity for Children offers the opportunity for each of us to improve the health, the education,
and the future of every child in the developing world.
Humanity for Children was created out of the growing
need for medical care, especially for children in the
developing world. Many rural areas are not aware of basic
healthcare needs such as vaccinations, well child care
checkups, and basic medicines when they are sick. Most
families can only afford to send their children to the free
primary schools, regardless of grades as they cannot
afford the cost of upper education. This has created a
growing problem in this area, as children are often ill with
preventable, treatable, or curable illnesses and do not live
up to their potential both developmentally and
intellectually. This disrupts not only their growth and well
being, but also that of the family and town as a whole. We
realize that if children are healthy and educated, then as they mature, they are able to get better
jobs, and, thus provide for their family and village. This support, by the now adult children,
causes the village and the entire community to prosper. This prosperity will spread throughout
the region and country.

In Third World Countries

The economically underdeveloped countries of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America,
considered as an entity with common characteristics, such as poverty, high birthrates, and
economic dependence on the advanced countries.

The underdevelopment of the third world is marked by a number of common traits; distorted and
highly dependent economies devoted to producing primary products for the developed world and
to provide markets for their finished goods; traditional, rural social structures; high population
growth; and widespread poverty. Nevertheless, the third world is sharply differentiated, for it
includes countries on various levels of economic development. And despite the poverty of the
countryside and the urban shantytowns, the ruling elites of most third world countries are
wealthy.

Basically when we try to describe the different problems related to the children, these
evolve in four different areas. These areas are as follows:

1. Biology
2. Psychology
3. Sociology
4. Economics
These are the basic areas which create balance or imbalance in any one’s life.

1. First one area is related to the person's physique, his physical health, biological structure,
also related to physical diseases etc. if he/she find problem in that area his/her functioning
will be disturbed.
2. The second area is ones psyche; it evolves our cognition, emotiontional, and behavioral
functioning. Person's biology and psychology are overlapping it is in that sense it may be
problem in the physiology of person and this thing create problem in the person's psyche and
vice versa.

3. The third one is sociology, it is related to our society, as we know our society has very great
impact on the functioning of the person. It involves our family, peers, neighbor, school, and at
the broad level our whole society around us. Its our external environment which we learn.

4. And the fourth one area is economics. It is related to our financial and economical conditions
which have very great impact on our lives. If there will be imbalance in these areas it will create
disturbances in our lives.

Now we will discuss physical, psychological and social problems related to children in
Pakistan.

Physical Problems in Children

1. Acute Diseases in Children
Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are among the three biggest
killers of children below five years of age, other two being acute
diarrhea and EPI related diseases. Although in most of the cases
viruses are responsible for causing AR! But 2/3 of the pneumonias
are bacterial in origin; since infections caused by bacterial agents
can be effectively treated with antimicrobial agents.

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are classified as upper

respiratory tract infections (URIs) or lower respiratory tract
infections (LRIs). The upper respiratory tract consists of the
airways from the nostrils to the vocal cords in the larynx,
including the paranasal sinuses and the middle ear.

The lower respiratory tract covers the continuation of the airways from the trachea and bronchi
to the bronchioles and the alveoli. ARIs are not confined to the respiratory tract and have
systemic effects because of possible extension of infection or microbial toxins, inflammation,
and reduced lung function. Diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and measles are vaccine-
preventable diseases that may have a respiratory tract component but also affect other systems
However, the proportion of mild to severe disease varies
between high- and low-income countries, and because of
differences in specific etiologies and risk factors, the
severity of LRIs in children fewer than five is worse in
developing countries, resulting in a higher case-fatality
rate. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates
that 2 million children under five die of pneumonia each year

Assessment
Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the leading cause of mortality in children under five years
of age worldwide. It is estimated that 500 to 900 million ARI episodes occur per year in
developing countries. About 2 million under five children die of ARI annually, of which 90%
deaths occur in developing countries. Out of these pneumonia is primarily the main cause of
mortality. Children with acute respiratory infections account for 20% to 40% of the children
attending outpatient clinics and 12% to 35% of admissions into hospitals. Acute viral infections
predispose children to bacterial infections of the sinuses and middle ear, and aspiration of
infected secretions and cells can result in LRIs.

Besides WHO’s case management strategy for ARI, ‘Modified Respiratory Distress Assessment
Instrument (RDAI) score’ has been used to determine its severity.

Modified Respiratory Assessment Instrument (RADI) Score.

Clinical Parameter Score 0 Score 1 Score 2 Score3

Respiratory Rate <40 40 –60 60 – 70 >70

(per minute)

Use of Accessory None 1 accessory 2 accessory >3 accessory

Muscles muscle used muscles used muscles used

Color/Cyanosis Pink in room Cyanosed Pink with oxygen Cyanosed with

air/no when crying or cyanosed in oxygen or cardio-
cyanosis room air respiratory arrest

Auscultatory Normal Decreased air Decreased air Silent chest

findings entry, no entry, Rhonchi
Rhonchi heard heard

Assessment of Respiratory Disease

Clinical Data Obtained at the Patient's Bedside

➢ The Patient Interview
 ➢ The Physical Examination and Its Basis in Physiology
Clinical Data Obtained from Laboratory Tests and Special Procedures
➢ Pulmonary Function Study Assessments
➢ Arterial Blood Gas Assessments
➢ Oxygenation Assessments
➢ Cardiovascular System Assessments
➢ Other Important Laboratory Tests and Procedures
➢ Radiologic Examination of the Chest

Interventions
Pneumonia is responsible for about a fifth of the estimated 10.6 million deaths per year of
children under five. Where primary health care is weak, reducing mortality through public health
measures is a high priority. As noted earlier, the available interventions are primary prevention
by vaccination and secondary prevention by early case detection and management.

Interventions to control ARIs can be divided into four basic categories: immunization against
specific pathogens, early diagnosis and treatment of disease, improvements in nutrition, and safer
environments. The first two fall within the purview of the health system, whereas the last two fall
under public health and require multispectral involvement.

Vaccinations
Widespread use of vaccines against measles, diphtheria, pertussis, Hib, pneumococcus, and
influenza has the potential to substantially reduce the incidence of ARIs in children in
developing countries.

Hib Vaccine
Currently three Hib conjugate vaccines are available for use in infants and young children. The
efficacy of Hib vaccine in preventing persistent disease (mainly meningitis, but also pneumonia),
has been well documented in several studies in industrialized countries

1. Chronic Diseases in Children

Chronic diseases, often referred to as Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are illnesses that
have their origins at young age and can take decades to establish. They require long term
treatment and pose a significant burden in morbidity, mortality and cost. Examples of prevalent
NCDs are cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease. NCDs are the
leading cause of deaths, responsible for 60% of global deaths from all causes worldwide. They
account for double the number of deaths from infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis,
malaria), maternal/perinatal and nutritional deficiencies combined. WHO estimates that there
will be an overall increase in mortality due to NCDs in ten years but the greatest increase will be
seen in Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific regions. About 80% of the deaths
due to NCDs occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and their youth and middle
aged adults (ages 15-59) will be especially vulnerable. The explosive rise in NCDs is attributed
to an aging population, obesity and the spread of undesirable lifestyle behaviors that include
unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and exposure to tobacco, promoted by globalization and
urbanization.

Common Chronic Childhood Diseases

• Asthma—the number of children with asthma increases each year. Better treatment for
asthma reduces the chance of hospitalization, need for emergency treatment, and death
due to asthma.
• Cystic fibrosis—an inherited lung disease for which there is no cure. Early (even
prenatal) diagnosis can lead to better treatment for children with cystic fibrosis.
• Diabetes—Having diabetes (either type 1 or type 2) causes increased risk of heart and
blood vessel disease, stroke, and diabetes-related complications at an early age.
• Obesity and overweight in children is a major public health problem. More children are
overweight, obese, or morbidly obese than ever before. Many children who are
overweight maintain their obesity as adults, leading to obesity-related complications such
as diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, stroke, some cancers,
arthritis, and sleep-disordered breathing.
• Malnutrition—poor nutrition leads to anemia (low blood count), inadequate immune
system function, and susceptibility to illness and intellectual development problems.
• Developmental disabilities, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
and the autism spectrum disorders
• Cerebral palsy
• Consequences of low birth weight and prematurity, including chronic lung disease,
retinopathy of prematurity (an eye disorder causing low vision or blindness), and
developmental delays
• Mental illnesses—early diagnosis and treatment is important to decrease effects on
development.
Assessment
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the leading cause of death after heart attack,
stroke, and pneumonia; more than 340 million people are suffering from this disease worldwide
and the incongruity is that most people do not know that they are suffering from COPD. In
Pakistan, many people go undiagnosed and untreated even though they have recognizable
symptoms such as chronic cough (often called a smoker’s cough) or become short of breath after
the slightest exertion,”

Chronic diseases’ can be assessed through different campaign like; World Asthma Day is being
observed in Pakistan like other parts of the world with the theme. The Ministry of Environment
is collaborating with the Ministry of Health and The Allergy and Asthma Institute of Pakistan to
organize an awareness raising event regarding the World Asthma Day 2009 in Islamabad.

Which affect more than 300 people worldwide, and causes more than 250, 000 premature deaths
every year. In Pakistan more than 20 % of children below the age of 15 and around 10% of
adults are estimated to be suffering from this disease. Chronic diseases can be assessed to apply
different test like blood test, urine test, different machines like X-Ray”s, MRI’s Ultrasounds etc.

Interventions
• Ensure early and comprehensive prenatal nutrition and health care.
• Encourage healthy eating habits beginning at an early age.
• Incorporate physical activity into daily life when children are young to prevent the
sedentary lifestyle associated with obesity.
• Enable early diagnosis of developmental delays or mental illness to improve access to
programs designed to help children with these conditions.
Regular medical care is important for all children to increase the chance that a chronic disease is
diagnosed and treated early, lessening the overall impact on the child and family.
Psychological Problems in Children
In Pakistan children are facing lot of psychological problems. A little help at young age can
prevent big Psychological Problems later. Most Psychological problems faced by adults have
their roots in the childhood. Young children are highly susceptible to fears and complexes,
which, if gone unnoticed, take a deep root in the child’s subconscious and keep growing. About
20% of children in third world countries suffer from a diagnosable psychological problems
during a given year (one that significantly interferes with their day-to-day life). Children can
suffer from the following mental illnesses:
• Anxiety Disorders: Children with anxiety disorders respond to certain things or
situations with fear and dread, as well as with physical signs of anxiety (nervousness),
such as a rapid heartbeat and sweating.
• Disruptive Behavior Disorders: Children with these disorders tend to defy rules and
often are disruptive in structured environments, such as school.
• Pervasive Development Disorder: Children with these disorders are confused in their
thinking and generally have problems understanding the world around them.
• Eating disorders: Eating disorders involve intense emotions and attitudes, as well as
unusual behaviors, associated with weight and/or food.
• Elimination disorders: These disorders affect behavior related to the elimination of
body wastes (feces and urine).
• Learning and communication disorders: Children with these disorders have problems
storing and processing information, as well as relating their thoughts and ideas.
• Dyslexia: A discrepancy between the pupils’ ability and their actual achievement If you
notice that a child who appears to be average or bright when they are talking to you is
struggling to read, spell or cope with math/s, quite able, especially in the areas of
creativity (art, drama, drawing, etc) and physical co-ordination (physical education,
swimming, sports, model-making, etc.), but different in dealing with text (and often with
numbers).
• Affective (mood) disorders: These disorders involve persistent feelings of sadness
and/or rapidly changing moods.
• Schizophrenia: This is a serious disorder that involves distorted perceptions and
 thoughts.
• Tic disorders: These disorders cause a person to perform repeated, sudden, involuntary
and often meaningless movements and sounds, called tics.
Some of these illnesses, such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders and
schizophrenia, can occur in adults as well as children. Others, such as behavior and development
disorders, elimination disorders, and learning and communication disorders, begin in childhood
only, although they can continue into adulthood. In rare cases, tic disorders can develop in
adults. It is not unusual for a child to have more than one disorder.
Heredity (genetics): Mental illness tends to run in families, which means the likelihood to
develop a mental disorder may be passed on from parents to their children.
Biology: Some mental disorders have been linked to special chemicals in the brain called
neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters help nerve cells in the brain communicate with each other.
If these chemicals are out of balance or not working properly, messages may not make it through
the brain correctly, leading to symptoms. In addition, defects in or injury to certain areas of the
brain also have been linked to some mental illnesses.
Psychological trauma: Some mental illnesses may be triggered by psychological trauma, such
as severe emotional, physical or sexual abuse; an important early loss, such as the loss of a
parent; and neglect.
Environmental stress: Stressful or traumatic events can trigger a mental illness in a person with
a vulnerability to a mental disorder.
Many behaviors that are seen as symptoms of mental disorders, such as shyness, anxiety
(nervousness), strange eating habits and outbursts of temper, can occur as a normal part of a
child's development. Behaviors become symptoms when they occur very often, last a long time,
occur at an unusual age or cause significant disruption to the child's and/or family's ability to
function.
Assessment
Learning disorders are diagnosed when the individual's achievement on individually
administered, standardized tests in reading mathematics or written expression is substantially
below that expected for age, schooling and level of intelligence. Most mental disorders are
caused by a combination of factors and cannot be prevented. However, if symptoms are
recognized and treatment is started early, many of the distressing and disabling effects of a
mental illness may be prevented or at least minimized.
Researchers are looking at childhood development in terms of what is normal and abnormal,
trying to understand how factors affecting development can have an impact on mental health.
The goal is to try to predict, and ultimately, prevent, developmental problems that could lead to
mental illness.
If symptoms are present, the doctor will begin an evaluation by performing a complete medical
history and physical examination. Although there are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose
mental disorders.
If no physical illness is found, the child may be referred to a child and adolescent psychiatrist or
psychologist, mental health professionals who are specially trained to diagnose and treat mental
illness in children and teens. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and
assessment tools to evaluate a child for a mental disorder.
Intervention
Mental disorders are like many medical illnesses that require ongoing treatment. Experts are still
exploring which treatments work best for which conditions in children. For now, many of the
treatment options used for children, including many medications, are the same as what is used to
treat adults. The most common treatment options used include:
Medication: Many mental illnesses can be effectively treated with medications. The medications
often used to treat mental disorders in children include antipsychotics, antidepressants and
antianxiety drugs, stimulants and mood stabilizing drugs.
Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) addresses the emotional response to
mental illness. It is a process in which trained mental health professionals help people deal with
their illness, often by talking through strategies for understanding and dealing with their
symptoms, thoughts and behaviors. Types of psychotherapy often used with children are
supportive, cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, group and family therapy.
Creative therapies: Certain therapies, such as art therapy or play therapy, may be helpful,
especially with young children who may have trouble communicating their thoughts and
feelings.

Social Problems in Children

There are lots of social problems which create imbalance in the lives of children. Following are
some dimensions which belong to our society and their impacts on the lives of the children.

The parents have started that their children had acquired the bad habits at the school in the
company of their friends.

The place of
originating
these habits
is not the
school but
the home
and social
surrounding
in which the child lives and move and spends about 80% of his total time It can be noted form
that 100 % cases of stealing. 80 % of gambling, 75 % of smoking and 20% of drug addiction
originated from society and percentages in case of home for the above cases are zero, 20, 25 and
80 respectively, whereas none from the school campus.

It is, therefore, established that home and society are equally responsible in generating these bad
habits and are the breeding grounds of anti-social behavior. The cases investigated under the
study ranged that these social problems are started in childhood. The living and eating patterns of
these children create a variety of health problems, most of which are related to the unhygienic,
overcrowded, surrounding and exposure to extreme weather and even, in some cases, to STDs,
Skin ailments, bacterial and parasitic infections and malnourishment is common among them.
They neglect their health due to financial constraints and avoid using the facilities of the
government hospitals because they know through experience that they will not be cared for there.
The long procedures to procure of first-aid are difficult. Lack of health information and
education further aggravates these children's problems.

Nature Of The Problem

The problem identified under anti-social behavior was mainly four in the nature. They are
smoking, drug, addiction, gambling and stealing. Smoking leads to drugs addiction followed by
other antisocial activities like gambling and stealing.

When the smokers fall into the trap of drug addicts, they first start with a very small quantity of
the substance placed inside the cigarettes etc. After sometime they start enjoying the 'kick' and
need more. Since the drugs are very costly and beyond their reach, they start stealing money and
materials from home to satisfy appetite for drugs. Very soon they learnt the art of stealing and
start laying their hands over other people’s property and pockets. Money earned through this way
is misused for gambling in the greed of earning more money and the circle is complete. Once
they become addicts or slaves of the drugs, they cannot live without it. Then in the absence of
drugs they feel severe pain in the stomach and the whole body, and the eyes start lacrimating and
nose starts flowing. The adverse effect of the drugs surface very soon and the child looses all
interest in studies, games or any other work.

The problem of anti-social behavior of the children has been the cause of concern of not only the
parents but also many other professional groups. The educators, administrators, clinical
psychologists, guidance counselors, social workers, sociologists, psychiatrists, the
criminologists, the police and judges ant at one time or other it has "captured the attention of
many different types of citizens"

Assessment
As we have identify different anti-social problems like drug addiction gambling stealing and
smoking etc existing in the different areas of Pakistani society. First of all, the children who are
indulging in these problems can be interviewed by different ways like if they are in any institute
or the children living in their homes. We can obtain related information about their problems and
we would be able to assess the particular problems which children have. The NGOs working on
child sexual abuse in Pakistan believe that whereas all children are vulnerable to abuse,
regardless of sex, class, socio-economic position or educational level, certain groups of children
are more vulnerable than others. These include children living on the street, refugee children,
children working in hotels, restaurants or employed in the transport industry.

Intervention
There are a number of child welfare institutions functioning in Pakistan curing and reforming the
problem of children and putting them on the right path. Like Edi Center and Especially in
Lahore, there is a private institution “Protection Welfare Bureau” The Child Protection Welfare
Bureau, Lahore figures appear to support this viewpoint. The bureau has rescued more than
4,400 such children since its inception in 2005. According to the bureau official, a few lucky
ones are not abused ---- a revelation that must be noted by our policymakers for coming up with
steps to deal with the menace. This institution is situated near "Data Darbar" (Lahore). Children
who are indulge in these types of anti-social problems, or there might be such children who run
away from their homes and continue to act malfunctioning. These institutions help those children
in this regard. “The government should at least provide shelter after rescuing all destitute boys
and girls from the roads because there they are an easy prey for perpetrators.”It gives these types
of facility.

There are some preventive programme starts at home, goes to the neighborhood, extends to the
school and covers all other community institutional structures. Like

➢ Parental Role
➢ Role of the School
➢ Role of the Teachers
➢ The School Counselors
➢ The Police
• Parents should show discipline by their by their own conduct. Mother and father should
always present a united picture. They are expected to act as models not only in regard to
ideals but also in terms of responses and reaction patterns of various life situations.
• Reward and punishment given to the child should be justified and the purpose properly
understood by the child to avoid any kind of malice from the parent child relationship.
• School has not been found directly contributing to the problem yet it can play a very
constructive role in the prevention of anti-social behavior of the children. The school may
succeed in their efforts in this direction only when they become good schools within the
framework of total community endeavor. The schools should create favorable condition
for attracting and creating interest among the children and for the balanced growth and
development of their personality observing the following suggestion.
• Teacher role is also very important in the concerning of the child vocational, educational,
and personal problems. Besides teacher should help the problem children from time to
time, to appraise his own growth and achievement, providing thereby a sense of security
through success. They should present an acceptable attitude towards the problem child
and also show an effective example for imitation through is behavior habits and
emotional maturity.
• The role of school counselors is being progressively recognized in the achievement of
individual educational excellence. The counselors should keep a close track on the
activities of such children, on daily basis, in all classes when the child move from one
class to another through daily progress report (DPR) and case study.
• The police can play a very important role in prevention, identification, treatment and
rehabilitation of problem children. It can help in improving the social environment and
removing/reforming bad characters whish are major factors causing the problem of anti-
social behavior. The police should, therefore, be given suitable training in order in order
to bring a change in their attitude and to enable them to do this social defense work with
full cooperation from the society and others engaged in this work.
Summery
Humanity for Children was created out of the growing need for medical care, especially for
children in the developing world. The underdevelopment of the third world is marked by a
number of common traits; distorted and highly dependent economies. Now we will discuss
physical, psychological and social problems related to children in Pakistan.
In physical problems; Acute respiratory infections the upper respiratory tract consists of the
airways from the nostrils to the vocal cords in the larynx, including the paranasal sinuses and the
middle ear. The lower respiratory tract covers the continuation of the airways from the trachea
and bronchi to the bronchioles and the alveoli. Diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), and
measles are vaccine-preventable diseases that may have a respiratory tract component but also
affect other systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2 million children
under five die of pneumonia each year. The vast majority of URIs has a viral etiology.
Rhinoviruses account for 25 to 30 percent of URIs; respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs),
parainfluenza and influenza viruses, human metapneumovirus, and adenoviruses for 25 to 35
percent; corona viruses for 10 percent; and unidentified viruses for the remainder. Interventions
to control ARIs can be divided into four basic categories: immunization against specific
pathogens, early diagnosis and treatment of disease, improvements in nutrition, and safer
environments.
Chronic diseases, often referred to as Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are illnesses that
have their origins at young age and can take decades to establish. They require long term
treatment and pose a significant burden in morbidity, mortality and cost. Examples of prevalent
NCDs are cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease. The
explosive rise in NCDs is attributed to an aging population, obesity and the spread of undesirable
lifestyle behaviors that include unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and exposure to tobacco,
promoted by globalization and urbanization. Regular medical care is important for all children to
increase the chance that a chronic disease is diagnosed and treated early, lessening the overall
impact on the child and family.
In Pakistan children are facing lot of psychological problems. A little help at young age can
prevent big Psychological Problems later. About 20% of children in third world countries suffer
from diagnosable psychological problems during a given year (one that significantly interferes
with their day-to-day life). Most mental disorders are caused by a combination of factors and
cannot be prevented. However, if symptoms are recognized and treatment is started early, many
of the distressing and disabling effects of a mental illness may be prevented or at least
minimized. The goal is to try to predict, and ultimately, prevent, developmental problems that
could lead to mental illness. If symptoms are present, the doctor will begin an evaluation by
performing a complete medical history and physical examination. Although there are no
laboratory tests to specifically diagnose mental disorders.
There are lots of social problems which create imbalance in the lives of children. Following are
some dimensions which belong to our society and their impacts on the lives of the children. They
are smoking, drug, addiction, gambling and stealing. Smoking leads to drugs addiction followed
by other antisocial activities like gambling and stealing. In assessing the children who are
indulging in these problems can be interviewed by different ways like if they are in any institute
or the children living in their homes. We can obtain related information about their problems. In
intervention there are a number of child welfare institutions functioning in Pakistan curing and
reforming the problem of children and putting them on the right path. There are some preventive
programme starts at home, goes to the neighborhood, extends to the school and covers all other
community institutional structures.
References
Books;
➢ Moorthi, K.S. (2008). Child Psychology Anti-Social Behavior. (1st ed.). New Delhi:
Cyber Tech.
➢ Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (4th ed.). Text Revision.

• Acute Respiratory Infections in Children.(n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2009

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=dcp2&part=A3415

• Use of Modified Respiratory Distress Assessment Instrument (RDAI) Score. (n.d.).

Retrieved October 15, 2009
http://www.pjmhs.com/use_of_modified_respiratory_dist.htm

• Chronic Diseases of Children.(n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2009 http://jama.ama-

assn.org/cgi/content/full/297/24/2836
• World Asthma Day on Tuesday. (n.d.). Retrieved October 15, 2009
http://202.83.164.26/wps/portal/Moe/!
ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os_hQN68AZ3dnIwN_Qz8DAyPXQGczU
08jA29nM_2CbEdFAHXcy38!/?
PC_7_OFLO9FH20GDF902LMR00O500P2_WCM_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/Mo
eCL/ministry/news/world+asthma+day+on+tuesday