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CHAPTER 4
SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
4.1
INTRODUCTION
The main objectives of space vector pulse width modulation
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view to measure total harmonic distortion which will indicate the probable
losses in the output.
4.2
(4.2)
(4.3)
e (t) =
(4.4)
(or)
n 1
(4.5)
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( n 0,1,2,3,....)
(4.6)
( n 1,2,3,.....)
(4.7)
Em
-Em
e(t ) ,
then
Equations
(4.6)
and
(4.7)
become
(4.8)
50
(n=0, 1, 2)
(4.9)
The voltage function for the square wave of Figure 4.1 is given by
Equations (4.10) and (4.11).
e (t) = Em,
for 0 e (t)
(4.10)
e (t) = -Em,
for e(t) 2
(4.11)
, (n=1,3,5..)
(4.12)
(4.13)
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2
0
t
Second Harmonics: Area is of the
Fundamental half Cycle. Net Integral of
fundamental half cycle is zero.
1
+1
0
-1
1
-2/3
0
+2/3
+2/3
Fourth Harmonics: Net integral product over
fundamental half cycle is zero
52
where
Mf
(fm / fc)
Mf
Modulation ratio,
fc
Carrier frequency,
fm
Fundamental frequency
(4.14)
( Vc/Vt)
M =
Modulation index
Vc =
Vt =
(4.15)
where
4.3
53
It is more
conveniently expressed in terms of the input voltages and the target output
voltages assuming unity displacement factor. The formal statement of the
algorithm, including displacement factor control (Alesina and Venturini 1988)
is rather complex and appears unsuited for real time implementation. Figure
4.3 illustrates maximum voltage transformation ratio is limited to 50%. It
shows relationship between input voltage envelope and output target voltage.
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m kj
t kj
Tseq
2v j v k
1
[1
]
3
v 2 im
(4.16)
vj
vk
vim
tkj
Tseq =
4.3.2
2v k v j
4q
1
sin( j t k ) sin(3 j t )]
m kj [1 2
v im
3
3 3
(4.17)
55
where
4.3.3
Vim
Voltage ratio
2v k v j 2
1
m kj [1 2 sin( j t k ) sin(3 j t )]
3
v im
3
where
4.3.4
(4.18)
86.6% limit of other methods. The voltage output is greater than the previous
method. For the values q>0.866, as shown in the Equation (4.19) the mean
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output voltage, V0 no longer equals the target output voltage in each switching
interval. This inevitably leads to low frequency distortion in the output
voltage and /or the input current compared to other methods with q<0.866.
For q<0.866, the indirect method yields results similar to the direct method.
cos(i t)
3K A K B Vim
cos(i t 2/3]
Vo (Avi )B
2
cos(i t 455/
(4.19)
are output
modulation steps.
KA =
2 3 Vim/ and
Then,
4.3.5
KB =2/
57
58
Step 2
Step 3
All sectors in SVPWM are shown in Figure 4.4. It uses a set of vectors
that are defined as instantaneous space vectors of the voltages and currents at
the input and output of the inverter. These vectors are created by various
switching states that the inverter is capable of generating.
q Axis
1
d Axis
4
59
P]o
d
A
Sine PWM
60
relationships are shown in Equation (4.20). That consists of the horizontal (d)
and vertical (q) axes as shown in Figure 4.6.
q Axis
Vref
A
d Axis
where
(4.20)
f is a voltage or current
In dq reference frame, there are six sectors. Each sector is divided
equally by sixty degrees. Basic Vectors are V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 and V6. These
vectors are shown in Figure 4.4.
4.3.5.1
phase angle difference with V1. This Vref can be calculated using vector
61
calculus by referring Figure 4.7. Tzis switching time interval at which output
voltage of inverter is constant. T1 and T2 are switching time duration of
voltage space vectors V1 and V2.
V2
Vref
(T2/TZ)V2
V1
(T1/TZ)V1
Figure 4.7 Reference Vector with respect to Sector I
=
(4.21)
]=
]=
(4.22)
(4.23)
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(4.24)
(4.25)
4.3.5.2
(4.26)
=
T2
T0
(4.27)
(4.28)
(4.29)
inverter system.
63
64
65
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Table 4.1 shows the 6 sectors and the time calculation of each
switch. This can be easily calculated using above switching states.
Table 4.1 Switching Time Calculation of Each Section switch (VSI)
Sector Upper switch
1
4.4
Lower switch
S1=T1+T2+T0/2
S4=T0/2
S3= T2+T0/2
S6= T1+T0/2
S5= T0/2
S2= T1+T2+T0/2
S1= T1+T0/2
S3= T1+T2+T0/2
S4= T2+T0/2
S6= T0/2
S5= T0/2
S2= T1+T2+T0/2
S1= T0/2
S4= T1+T2+T0/2
S3=T1+T2+T0/2
S5= T2+T0/2
S6= T0/2
S2= T1+T0/2
S1= T0/2
S4= T1+T2+T0/2
S3= T1+T0/2
S5= T1+T2+T0/2
S6= T2+T0/2
S2=T0/2
S1= T2+T0/2
S4= T1+T0/2
S3= T0/2
S5=T1+T2+T0/2
S6= T1+T2+T0/2
S2=T0/2
S1=T1+T2+T0/2
S3= T0/2
S4=T0/2
S6= T1+T2+T0/2
S1= T1+T0/2
S2= T2+T0/2
illustrated here. For speed control applications rectifier fed inverter system is
employed. This system converts fixed AC to variable AC voltage using two
conversion stages. The matrix converter is a direct conversion system. To get
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and
i1*
(t2/tz) i2
c
i1
(t1 /tz) i1
Figure 4.14 Reference Vector with Respect to Current
Let
vectors i1 and i2. Rectifier for the inverter switching time interval during
constant output current is
68
where
where
[ ]
]) [
[
[
(4.30)
(4.31)
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CONCLUSION
In this chapter space vector pulse width modulation is discussed.