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the years, managers improved on this by introducing crossdepartmental teams and empowerment of workers.
C. Behavioral management theory deals with of how
managers should behave in order to motivate employees
and encourage them to perform at high levels and be
committed to the achievement of organizational goals (p. 47).
Behavioral management theory includes concepts such as
Theory X, Y, and Z; Hawthorne effect wherein a managers
behavior or leadership approach can affect workers level of
performance; human relations movement advocating the idea
that supervisors should be behaviorally trained to manage
subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and therefore
increase their productivity.
D. Management science theory uses rigorous
quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of
organizational resources.
This includes concepts such as
operations management, operations research, Total
Quality management, and Management Information
Systems.
D. Organizational Environment theory focused on
how managers acquire scarce and valuable resources from
outside the organization which includes support of customers
who buy their goods and services and therefore provide the
organization with financial resources.
Open-system, closedsystem, mechanistic and organic structures, and the contingency
theory are the major concepts included in this management
theory.
The first four theories dealt with the internal
environment of the company alone, from efficiency to
motivation. There were no mention of looking into the external
environment as of those times. It is only during the 1960s, at the
onset of organizational environment theory when organizations
gave attention to its external environment and how it impacts
the organization. The contingency concept theory in particular is
unique in that the choice of organizational structure considers
the external environment to be able to respond to changes in the
environment as quickly as possible.
Year
Events /
Publications
189
0
SCIENTIFI
C
MANAGE
MENT
Theory
190
0
191
0
192
0
ADMINI
STRATIV
E
MANAG
EMENT
THEORY
BEHAVI
ORAL
MGT
Theory
193
0
194
0
193
8
Chester
Barnards 1938
publication,
The Functions
of the
Executive,
MANAG
EMENT
SCIENC
E
Theory
Theodore
Kreps,
Measurement
of the Social
Performance
of Business
195
0
196
0
195
0s
195
3
Howard
Bowen
published his
book, Social
Responsibilities
of the
Businessman
195
6
Eells work,
Corporate
Giving in a Free
Society
195
7
Morrell Healds
publication,
Managements
Responsibility
to Society: The
Growth of an
Idea
196
0s
Keith Davis
definition of
CSR as referring
ORGANI
ZATIONENVIRO
NMENT
THEORY
to
..businessmen
s decisions and
actions taken
for reasons at
least partially
beyond the
firms direct
economic or
technical
interest
196
3
Joseph W
McGuire book:
Business and
Society
196
7
Clarence C
Waltons book,
Corporate
Social
Responsibilities
197
0
197
0
198
0
198
0
Saw attention
being focused
on
articulating
with more
clarity exactly
what were the
responsibilitie
s of a
corporation in
the society.
198
4
Peter Drucker
gave his first
opinion on CSR
198
Ice-cream
manufacturer
s, Ben &
Jerrys, were
the first
company to
publish a
social report.
198
0s
and
199
0s
199
5
Shell was
accused of
complicity in
the execution of
Ken SaroWiwa
and eight other
activists in
Nigeria
200
1
Collapse of
Enron
Events / Publications
194
0
193
8
195
0
195
0s
195
3
Other Remarks
195
196
0
a Free Society
CSR
195
7
196
0s
196
3
196
7
197
0
197
0
a corporation in the
society.
198
0
198
4
Peter Drucker
198
9
Ice-cream manufacturers,
Ben & Jerrys, were the first
company to publish a social
report.
198
0s
and
199
0s
200
1
on CSR.
It is not just mere CSR now but emphasis on corporate
accountability (to society) has now become the trend2.
CORPORATE
RESPONSIBILITY
&
SUSTAINABILITY.
(http://dolecrs.com/approach/history/ accessed in July 2012).
From a former insiders view, the complex impact of the
external environment might have an impact on Dole but CSR activities
of the company are more voluntary rather than as a mere result of any
pressure from the civil society.
II.
References:
1.