FRP

Strengthening of Concrete Structures
Using
Reinforced Concrete Enlargement Systems
Tarek Alkhrdaji, PhD, PE
Vice President Engineering Services
Presentation Outline
Introduction to Structural Strengthening
Strengthening Process
FRP Strengthening
Concrete Enlargement
Micro-Reinforced Concrete
Design Approach
Experimental Verification
Applications
Case Studies
PG Punching Shear Failure
The Strengthening Process
New Demand
Existing Capacity
What is actual As-built

Condition?
Damage level?
Existing stress condition
Complex analysis
Construction means
methods and materials
Composite behavior
requirements & detailing
Design strategies
Specifications
Submittal & review
processes
Quality Assurance
Strengthening Process- Conventional Options
New Reinforcement
Section enlargement
External Post-Tensioning
Span shortening
Steel Plate Bonding
% Use of Strengthening Systems

~50% FRP Composites
External
Post Tensioning
- External in enlarged section

- External
~50%
- Internal in drilled/cored holes
Enlargement
of Section
Supplemental Steel
(Plate bonding or support)
Steel Plate Installation Dry-Fitting Components
ANCHORS?
Strengthening with FRP Composite
Flexural Strengthening
Bottom Reinforcement
Column Strengthening
Underground Pipelines
FRP Design Guidelines

440.2R-08
ACI 440.2R-08
FRP General Design Concepts

Effectiveness of FRP
Strain compatibility design approach
cu
FRP design strength can be 50% of published

ultimate strength (0.5 ffu)
cu
Strength vs. Ductility
ACI 318:
A section with lower
ductility should
compensate with a
higher reserve of
strength
0.90
0.70
0.65
sy
0.90
0.20 s sy
0.65
0.005 sy
0.65
for
0.005
s 0.005
for sy s 0.005
for
s sy
Steel Strain at
Ultimate
Effect of Adding FRP Plies

1000
M (kN-M)
800
6 plies FRP
600
3 plies FRP
1 ply FRP
400
Original RC Beam
200
0
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

(10e-06 1/mm)
FRP Effective Design Strain

(FRP Bond Limit)
Externally bonded fiber and
laminates (SI units)
5000
fd varies
from 0.5fu to 0.9fu
Tensile Stress (MPa)
fd
fc '
0.41
0.9 fu
nE f t f
Carbon
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
fd fu
CASE STUDIES
- FLEXURE -
New Hospital
Parking to
Office Space
New Hospital
Parking to Office Space
New Hospital
Parking to Office Space
FRP Sheets
Case Study - Chimney
Existing Capacity vs. Demand

150
Flexural Demand
Existing Moment Capacity
Elevation [m]
125
Areas requiring
strengthening
100
75
Areas requiring
strengthening
50
25
Areas requiring strengthening
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Moment [kN-m x 103]
2500
Nominal Capacity
ACI 307-08
Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete
Chimneys
Concrete and Steel

Contribution
M n Pu R cos C ' S1' S 2' S3' S 4'
s
s
FRP
wf
nst 1
2
f nt f w f E f f 0 d f 0 c 2nt f w f E f fi d fi c
i 1
= 0.85
FRP Contribution
Strengthening Layout
NO FRP REQUIRED
140.0 m
117.0 m
111.0 m
108.0 m
105.0 m
2 PLIES 600 mm WIDE OF

FRP AT 900 mm O.C.
(FRP ON INTERIOR SIDE)
2 PLIES FULL
COVERAGE (FRP ON
INTERIOR SIDE)
3 PLIES FULL COVERAGE
(FRP ON INTERIOR SIDE)
NO FRP REQUIRED
99.0 m
2 PLIES FULL
COVERAGE (FRP ON
BOTH SIDES)
84.0 m
2 PLIES FULL
COVERAGE (FRP
ON BOTH SIDES)
63.0 m
3 PLIES FULL
COVERAGE (FRP
ON BOTH SIDES)
STRENGTHENING
AT OPENING WITH
STEEL PLATES
(f y = 420 MPa)
29.0 m
NO FRP REQUIRED
23.0 m
20.0 m
CONCRETE
ENLARGMENT AT
CHIMNEY BASE
1 PLY FULL
COVERAGE (FRP ON
EXTERIOR SIDE)
3 PLIES FULL
COVERAGE (FRP
ON BOTH SIDES)
0.0 m
LONGITUDINAL CHIMNEY SECTION
Parking Garage
Precast Double Tee and Corbel
Strengthening
Existing Conditions
Precast Tee FRP Strengthening
Precast Tee FRP Strengthening
Corbel FRP Strengthening
Strengthening with Concrete

Enlargement
Concrete Enlargement
Create
composite behavior via:

1. Horizontal shear transfer
a. Installation of steel dowels
b. Profiling of concrete surface (CSP-7)
2. Prepare surface to open pores

3. Placement techniques to force intimate
contact between exiting and new concrete
Enlargement
Specifying & Measuring Surface Preparation
ICRI Surface
Profile Chips
Enlargement
Specifying & Measuring Surface Preparation
CSP-7
EnlargementPlace new material

and force into pores of existing
concrete (Form&Pump)
Existing
New
Enlargement
Transfer Girder
Enlargement
Enlargement
10-15 psi
2-3 psi
Bond Line
Enlargement
Enlargement Materials- SCC
28 in
Confirming Bond- Quality Control

Sounding
Pull test
Ping
Sounding and Bond Tests
Quality Control-
fc of materials
Coring depth and diameter
Dollie size
Perpendicular dollie & core
Dollie adhesive
Core Through Enlargement
Bond
Line
1 MPa
Enlargement
Failure
Plane
Original
Transfer Girder- Structural Defect
Transfer Girder - Formwork
Enlargement of Columns for Higher Loads
BYU Pedestrian Bridge
New Pedestrian
Bridge Extension to
be Added
New Pedestrian
Bridge Extension to
be Added
Bridge: Existing Condition
Total Length = Approx. 410m

Width = 4m
Span (Work Area) = 19m
Existing
- 3D
ExistingCondition
Condition3D Modeling
Modeling
Span under
Modification
Modified
- 3D
ModifiedCondition
Condition3D Modeling
Modeling
Removed Portion
of Beam
Enlarged
Beam with
New PT
Construction joints where
Existing PT is anchored
Top FRP Bars at Supports

20'-0"
18'-0"
OVERLAP
5' MIN.
0"
12"
16
'-
4 #4 CFRP BARS
38'-0" LONG
AT 3" O.C. (MAX.)
ON BEAM
4"
15'-4 3/
5 #4 CFRP BARS
AT 3" O.C.
13'-4" LONG
4
INSIDE FACE
ELEVATION
(SEE DETAIL BELOW)
8" CONCRETE
ENLARGEMENT
4 #4 CFRP BARS
38'-0" LONG
AT 3" O.C. (MAX.)
ON BEAM
10
'-0
"
COLUMN 3
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
(CJ2)
4 #4 CFRP BARS
27'-9" LONG
AT 3" O.C. (MAX.)
ON BEAM
8 #4 CFRP BARS 38'-0" LONG

AT 12" O.C. (MIN.) ON TOP OF SLAB
26'-11"
18'-0"
-9"
5 #4 CFRP BARS
AT 3" O.C.
13'-4" LONG
27'
22'
-2"
20'-0
"
15'-4"
5' MIN. OVERLAP
COLUMN 2
INSIDE RADIUS = 33'-9"

OUTSIDE RADIUS = 44'-2"
4 #4 CFRP BARS
38'-0" LONG
AT 3" O.C. (MAX.)
ON BEAM
8'-0"
CONSTRUCTION JOINT
(CJ1)
CJ2
8 #4 CFRP BARS AT
12" O.C. (MIN.) ON TOP OF SLAB
3'-0" LAP (MIN.)

1'-0"
13'-4"
COLUMN 3
INSIDE FACE ELEVATION: CFRP BAR LAYOUT
PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS PLAN VIEW: TOP FRP LAYOUT
Bottom FRP Sheets

1 PLY 24" WIDE
25'-9" LONG AT
36" O.C. TYP.)
24"
9"
1 PLY 24" WIDE

22'-0" LONG AT
36" O.C. (TYP.)
24
"
1 2"
12
'-7
"
COLUMN 3
1 PLY 24" WIDE

10'-6" LONG AT 36" O.C.
(7 STRIPS TOTAL)
COLUMN 2
1 PLY 24" WIDE

11'-7" LONG AT
36" O.C. (TYP.)
PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS PLAN VIEW: BOTTOM FRP LAYOUT
Typical Section
12'-6"
1'-3"
10'-0"
1'-3"
3"
5'-6"
4 #4 CFRP BARS
38'-0" LONG
AT 3" O.C. (MAX.)
5 #4 CFRP BARS
13'-4" LONG
AT 3" O.C. (MAX.)
8 #4 CFRP BARS
38'-0" LONG AT 12" O.C.
5'-0"
SECTION
1 PLY 24" WIDE

25'-9" LONG (TYP.)
PT Enlargement Details
5'-0"
8'-0"
CJ 1
#5 LONGITUDINAL
SKIN BARS AT 11" O.C.
VERTICALLY
COLUMN 2
22'-2"
#5 L-DOWELS AT 12" O.C.

HORIZONTALLY WITH 6"
EMBEDMENT (MIN.) INTO PARAPET
9'-10"
2 #7 TOP BARS
#5 VERTICAL BARS AT 12" O.C.

WITH 8" EMBEDMENT
(MIN.)
2 #7 BOTTOM
BARS
1'-3"
3"
3"
BRIDGE ELEVATION: REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT

(NTS)
8"
7 0.6" STRAND
P-T TENDONS
6"
8"
EMBEDMENT
7 1/2"
APPROX. 27"
#5 SKIN BARS AT 11" O.C. VERTICALLY
5'-6"
5'-6"
#5 SKIN BARS AT 11" O.C.

VERTICALLY
2 #7 BOTTOM BARS
2 #7 TOP BARS
#5 L-DOWEL AT 12" O.C. WITH

8" EMBEDMENT
#5 L-DOWEL AT 12" O.C.

WITH 8" EMBEDMENT

VERTICALLY WITH 6" EMBEDMENT
(MIN.) INTO PARAPET
8"

VERTICALLY WITH 6" EMBEDMENT
(MIN.) INTO PARAPET
2 #7 TOP BARS
2" DEEP
TRENCH
1'-3"
7 0.6" STRAND
P-T TENDONS
24 1/4"
10 1/2"
8"
EMBEDMENT
2 #7 BOTTOM BARS
SECTION A-A: SECTION DETAIL
SECTION B-B: END SECTION
OPENING
BEAM
4'-6"
5'-6"
THICKENED WALL
TRANSITION
(SEE SHEET S11)
PT Concrete Enlargement
P-T Anchorages
All-thread Bars
Strand Stressing Lower P-T Tendon
Grout Tubes Installed
P-T Tendons Grouted Finished Product
PART 2
Micro-Reinforced Concrete
Micro-Reinforced Concrete System
Cementitious Slurry Infiltration
Infiltrated Cage
Standard Components
Cement
Premix
Welded
Wire Mesh
Plasticizer
Self Compacting
Slurry
Slurry infiltrated
Micro-reinforced Concrete
Sand
Water
High Ductility
Benefits
Thin & Light
High Ductility
High
Durability
Energy Absorbing
No Fragments
Technical Data
Compressive Strength
= 16,000 psi 23,000 psi
Tensile Strength
= 1,300 2,900 psi
Shear Strength
= 1,000 2,300 psi
Youngs-Modulus
= 4.200 ksi 5.800 ksi
Ductility factor
> 10 (ultimate strain/ yieldstrain )
Strain Compatibility
Slab Details
11'-0"
2
6"
Ducon (thickness varies)

10'-0"
10'-6"
Slab SF1-D & SF5-D
24"
24"
6" 7"
Ducon
(Thickness 1")
Slab SF1-D
6" 8"
Ducon
(Thickness 2")
Slab SF5-D
Slabs: Surface Preparation
Substrate Surface Scarifier
CSP-7 Surface Profile

Slab SF1-D: 1 Ducon
10 or 20 Layers of Ducon Mesh

Secured Using Tie Wire and
Duplex Nails
Slabs Fabrication: Placing DUCON Slurry into Forms
Slab: Finished Product
Cracking Pattern
Test Results
1 Thickness
14000
12000
SF1-D
Experimental
SD1-D
ACI Predictions
Load (lb)
10000
SD1
ACI Predictions
8000
6000
SF1
Experimental
4000
2000
0
0
Deflection (in)
Test Matrix
2 Thickness
25000
SD5-D
ACI
Predictions
Load (lb)
20000
SF5-D
Experimental
15000
SD5
ACI
Predictions
10000
SF5
Experimental
5000
0
0
0.5
1.5
Deflection (in)
2.5
T-Beam Details
11'-0"
1
4"
16"
U-Shape Ducon
(thickness varies)
10'-0"
10'-6"
Beam BS2-D & BS5-D
36"
36"
4"
12"
U-Shape Ducon
(Thickness 1")
12"
14"
Beam BS2-D
4"
16 3/4"
12"
U-Shape Ducon
(Thickness 1.75")
12"
15 1/2"
BS5-D
17 1/2"
Surface Preparation
Roughened Surface to
Amplitude
Beams: HUS-H Screw Anchor Layout
Formwork Installation
Finished Product
Test Setup
Four-Points Bending Test
Test Results
250000
1.75 Jacket
Experimental
200000
1 Jacket
Experimental
Load (lb)
150000
100000
Benchmark
Experimental
50000
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Deflection (in)
0.5
0.6
0.7
Applications
Repair & Strengthening
Applications
Seismic
Security
Structural
Strengthening
Waterproofing
Thin Overlay
Surface Repair / Slab Strengthening
Column Enlargement
2.4 thick
Column Forms
Precast encasement before infiltration of RC
DUCON Column Forms
Applications
Force Protection (Blast Mitigation)
Contact Detonation Test Results

Front/ Attack Side
RC
Breach, Spall and Projectiles

NO Breach, NO Spall
NO Projectiles
Contact Detonation Test Results

DUCON
RC
Rear Side
Mortar Round Detonation Testing

Fragmentation Protection
120 mm Mortar Impact

Column Blast Upgrade

Dynamic Finite Element Analysis

Column Jacket
CombinationofDUCONandReinforcedConcrete@FullHeightColumns

Columns Required Upgrades Exterior View

Mesh Installation - Full Height

Partially Formed Column with Injection Points

Completed Full Height Column Jacket
Thank You
Tarek Alkhrdaji, PhD, PE
Vice President Engineering Services
talkhrdaji@structural.net
M: (410) 340-3260

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Strengthening of Concrete Structures

Introduction to Structural Strengthening

PG Punching Shear Failure

The Strengthening Process

What is actual As-built

Strengthening Process- Conventional Options

Steel Plate Bonding

% Use of Strengthening Systems

- External in enlarged section

- Internal in drilled/cored holes

Steel Plate Installation Dry-Fitting Components

Strengthening with FRP Composite

FRP Design Guidelines

FRP General Design Concepts

FRP design strength can be 50% of published

Strength vs. Ductility

Effect of Adding FRP Plies

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

FRP Effective Design Strain

Tensile Stress (MPa)

Case Study - Chimney

Existing Capacity vs. Demand

Concrete and Steel

2 PLIES 600 mm WIDE OF

LONGITUDINAL CHIMNEY SECTION

Precast Tee FRP Strengthening

Precast Tee FRP Strengthening

Corbel FRP Strengthening

Strengthening with Concrete

composite behavior via:

2. Prepare surface to open pores

EnlargementPlace new material

Enlargement Materials- SCC

Confirming Bond- Quality Control

Sounding and Bond Tests

Core Through Enlargement

Transfer Girder- Structural Defect

Transfer Girder - Formwork

Enlargement of Columns for Higher Loads

BYU Pedestrian Bridge

Bridge: Existing Condition

Total Length = Approx. 410m

Top FRP Bars at Supports

8 #4 CFRP BARS 38'-0" LONG

INSIDE RADIUS = 33'-9"

3'-0" LAP (MIN.)

INSIDE FACE ELEVATION: CFRP BAR LAYOUT

PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS PLAN VIEW: TOP FRP LAYOUT

Bottom FRP Sheets

1 PLY 24" WIDE

1 PLY 24" WIDE

1 PLY 24" WIDE

PEDESTRIAN OVERPASS PLAN VIEW: BOTTOM FRP LAYOUT

1 PLY 24" WIDE

#5 L-DOWELS AT 12" O.C.

#5 VERTICAL BARS AT 12" O.C.

BRIDGE ELEVATION: REINFORCEMENT LAYOUT

#5 SKIN BARS AT 11" O.C. VERTICALLY

#5 SKIN BARS AT 11" O.C.

#5 L-DOWEL AT 12" O.C. WITH

#5 L-DOWEL AT 12" O.C.

#5 L-DOWELS AT 11" O.C.

#5 L-DOWELS AT 11" O.C.

SECTION A-A: SECTION DETAIL