Grey Systems: Theory and Application

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Novel models of grey relational analysis based on visual angle of similarity and nearness
Si#feng Liu Nai#ming Xie Jeffrey Forrest

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Si#feng Liu Nai#ming Xie Jeffrey Forrest, (2011),"Novel models of grey relational analysis based on visual
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GS
1,1

Novel models of grey relational

analysis based on visual angle
of similarity and nearness

Si-feng Liu and Nai-ming Xie

College of Economics and Management,
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing,
Peoples Republic of China, and

Jeffrey Forrest
Department of Mathematics, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania,
Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to solve the problems existing in traditional grey incidence
models and advance several new grey incidence models based on visual angle of similarity and nearness.
Design/methodology/approach Based on the definition of traditional grey incidence models, two
novel grey incidence models, grey similar incidence model and grey close incidence model, are studied
in this paper. The interrelations and influence can be measured by the new models with different
visual angle of similarity and/or nearness, respectively. The grey similar incidence model is used
mainly to measure the similitude degree of the geometric patterns of sequence curves. The grey close
incidence model is used mainly to measure the nearness of the sequence curves in space. The
properties of the new models are discussed. It is proved that the proposed models are simplified
methods to calculate the similitude degree and the close degree of grey incidence models.
Findings The results show that the two novel grey incidence models satisfy the grey incidence
axiom properly. It is useful to calculate the similitude degree and the close degree of two different
sequences, and the process of calculating is easier than with traditional grey incidence models.
Practical implications The method exposed in the paper can be used to calculate every two
sequences. The similitude degree and the close degree of two different sequences can be given out. The
method can also be used to rank sequences of more than two.
Originality/value The paper succeeds in constructing two novel grey incidence models. The
properties of novel model are studied and it is undoubtedly a new development in grey systems theory.
Keywords Systems theory, Systems analysis, Modelling
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction
Grey incidence analysis is a very important method in grey system theory. The
fundamental idea of grey incidence analysis is that the closeness of a relationship is
based on the similarity level of the geometric patterns of sequence curves. Based on

Grey Systems: Theory and

Application
Vol. 1 No. 1, 2011
pp. 8-18
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
2043-9377
DOI 10.1108/20439371111106696

The research described in this paper was substantially supported by Grants (No. 90924022,
70901041, 70901040) from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Grants from
the PhD Programs Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (No. 20093218120032,
200802870020, 20093218120033). The authors would like to thank anonymous referees for their
helpful comments and valuable suggestions which improved the content and composition
substantially.

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the grey incidence model Professor Deng (1985, 1989) has proposed, many scholars have
made new explorations into the grey incidence model. Xiao (1997) and Xie and Liu (2007)
evaluate several existing grey incidence models. Wang (1989) proposed grey
B-correlation analysis model. Tang (1995) advanced T-mode grey incidence model.
Dang (1994) and Xiong (2000) also proposed several extension to the grey incidence
model. In 1992, combined with the basic idea of the traditional grey incidence model,
Liu and Guo (1992) put forward the grey absolute incidence model and analyze the new
models property. In the last ten years, this new model has been applied to a large number
of practical problems such as scientific research, production, etc. Zhang et al. (1993) has
applied it to rock blasting qualitative analysis. Zhao et al. (1996) has applied it to stock
market analysis. Liu and Mei (2007) has used it to study the causes of coal mine accidents
and the factors of spontaneous combustion. Shi and Shen (2007) has applied it to air
missiles and other weapons used in analysis. Tan et al. (2004) has analyzed airports and
other targets for combating sequences. Miao and Amoi (2006) and others have applied it
to tapered roller bearings for vibration control, and they all have achieved satisfaction.
This paper which has consulted the recent research of Wei (2006) and Xie and Liu (2007)
proposes improvements to the 1992 grey absolute incidence model and has constructed a
new grey incidence model. The similarity and proximity between two sequences can be
measured with the new model. It can overcome the existing problems of the original
model and it is easy to apply.
2. The definition of grey similar incidence degree and grey closeness
incidence degree
Definition 2.1. Let X i xi 1; xi 2; . . . ; xi n and D a sequence operator:
X i D xi 1d; xi 2d; . . . ; xi nd

Where xi kd xi k 2 xi 1, k 1; 2; . . . ; n. Then D is called a zero starting point

operator with XiD as the image of zero starting point of Xi, denoted:



X i D X 0i x0i 1; x0i 2; . . . ; x0i n
2
Proposition 2.1.
sequences:

Assume that the images of the zero starting point of two behavioral
X i xi 1; xi 2; . . . ; xi n

X j xj 1; xj 2; . . . ; xj n

are:



X 0i x0i 1; x0i 2; . . . ; x0i n


X 0j x0j 1; x0j 2; . . . ; x0j n

5
6

respectively. Let:
si 2 sj

Z n
1


X 0i 2 X 0j dt

Models of grey
relational
analysis
9

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10

Si 2 Sj

X i 2 X j dt

Then the following hold true:

.
if X 0i is always above X 0j , then si 2 sj $ 0.
.
if X 0i is always underneath X 0j , then si 2 sj # 0.
.
if X 0i and X 0j alternate their positions, the sign of si 2 sj is not fixed.
Definition 2.2. The sum of time intervals between consecutive observations of a
sequence X i is called the length of X i . It should be noted that two sequences of the same
length may not have the same number of observations. For example:
X 1 x1 1; x1 3; x1 6
X 2 x2 1; x2 3; x2 5; x2 6
X 3 x3 1; x3 2; x3 3; x3 4; x3 5; x3 6
Even though these sequences all have 5 as their length, they have different numbers of
observation values.
Definition 2.3. Assume that two sequences X i and X j are of the same length, si 2 sj
are defined as in Proposition 2.1, then:
1ij

1
1 jsi 2 sj j

is called the similarity degree of grey incidence of X i and X j , or the similarity degree of
incidence for short.
Similarity degree of incidence is used to measure the degree of similarity in the
geometry with the sequence X i and X j . The more similar in geometry, 1ij is greater.
On the contrary, 1ij is smaller.
Definition 2.4. Assume that two sequences X i and X j are of the same length, si 2 sj
are defined as in Proposition 2.1, then:

rij

1
1 jS i 2 S j j

10

is called the closeness degree of grey incidence of X i and X j , or the closeness degree of
incidence for short.
Closeness degree of incidence is used to measure the degree of closeness in the space
with the sequence X i and X j . The closeness in space rij is greater. On the contrary, rij is
smaller. Closeness degree of incidence can be applied only to the same meanings and
dimensions of sequence X i and X j . When they are different, calculation of its closeness
association is of no practical significance.
Given here is only the definition of grey similar incidence degree and grey closeness
incidence degree of the same length sequence. Different lengths of sequence can be taken
by deleting long sequences of surplus data or predicting by grey system GM (1, 1) model.
Shorter sequences of measures such as inadequate data make it into the same length
of the sequence, but it will affect the general similarity of similar incidence degree and
of the value of closeness incidence degree.

3. The calculation of grey similar incidence degree and grey closeness

incidence degree
Proposition 3.1. Assume that two sequences X i and X j are of the same length, if:
0

Xi Xi 2 b

11

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Xj Xj 2 a

12
0

a; b is constant, 1ij is grey similar incidence degree of X i and X j , so 1ij 1ij . In fact,
moving in parallel of X i , X j could not change the value of si 2 sj , so as to 1ij:
Definition 3.1. If the time intervals of any two consecutive observation values of a
sequence X have the same length, it is said that X is an equal-time-interval sequence.
Lemma 3.1. Assuming X is an equal-time-interval sequence, if time-distance l 1,
the Timeline is shown as:
t :T !T
13
t 7!

t
l

14

X can be turned into one-time-interval sequences.

Proof. Assuming X i xi l ; xi 2l ; . . . ; xi nl , under the above changes, t turns
into t=l, kl turns into kl=l k, so X i can be expressed xi 1; xi 2; . . . ; xi n, it is a
one-time-interval sequence.
A
Lemma 3.2. Assume that X i and X j are one-time-interval sequences of the same
length, and:
X 0i x0i 1; x0i 2; . . . ; x0i n


X 0j x0j 1; x0j 2; . . . ; x0j n
are the zero images of X i and X j ,then:


X
n21 
 1



0
0
0
0
x n 2 xj n 
jsi 2 sj j 
x k 2 xj k

 k2 i
2 i



X
n21
1


jS i 2 S j j 
xi k 2 xj k xi n 2 xj n

 k2
2

15

16

Proof. We complete our argument with three situations.

(1) X i , X j are either both increasing or both decreasing sequences, and the zigzagged
lines X i0 and X j0 do not intersect. In this case, jsi 2 sj j is determined by areas of the
following triangles with curvilinear sides:
X X 0i ; X X 0j ; t n
They are sums of little areas of n 2 1 small trapezoids of height 1. And the little
trapezoids for jsi 2 sj jj have their base lengths as follows:


 



 



0; x0i 2 2 x0j 2; x0i 3 2 x0j 3; . . . ; x0i n 2 x0j n

Models of grey
relational
analysis
11

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GS
1,1

12

so:

 1 
 

1  0

 0
 

xi 2 2 x0j 2
xi 2 2 x0j 2 x0i 3 2 x0j 3
2
2
 

1   0
 


xi n 2 1 2 x0j n x0i n 2 x0j n
2
 1

n21 
X
 0




xi k 2 x0j k x0i n 2 x0j n

2
k2

jsi 2 sj j

From the assumption that X i and X j are either both increasing or both decreasing and
that the zigzagged lines X 0i and X 0j do not intersect, it follows that for k 2; 3; . . . ; n
all x0i k have the same sign, all x0j k have the same sign and x0i k2x0j k have the
same sign. Therefore, we have:
n21  


 
X
 x0 k 2 x0 k 1 x0 n 2 x0 n 
jsi 2 sj j
j
j
 i

2 i
k2


X
n21 
 1




x0 n 2 x0j n 
x0 k 2 x0j k

 k2 i
2 i
(2) Both X i and X j are vibrating sequences and the zigzagged lines X 0i and X 0j do not
intersect. Because X 0i and X 0j do not intersect, from the discussion in 1 it follows that:


X
n21 
 1



0
0
0
0
x n 2 xj n 
jsi 2 sj j 
x k 2 xj k

 k2 i
2 i
(3) X i ,X j are vibrating sequences with intersecting X 0i and X 0j . Now, si 2 sj equals the
algebraic sum of various parts bounded by X X 0i ,X X 0j , t n taking the parts with
X 0i ,on the top of X 0j positive and the other parts negative. Similar to (2), it can be proven
that:


X
n21 
 1



0
0
0
0
x n 2 xj n 
x k 2 xj k
jsi 2 sj j 
 k2 i

2 i
A
Theorem 3.1. Assume that X i and X j are two sequences of the same length, same
time distances, and equal time interval. Then:
1ij

1
P 



 n21 0

1  k2 xi k 2 x0j k 1=2 x0i n 2 x0j n 

17

1
P

 n21

1  k2 xi k 2 xj k 1=2xi n 2 xj n

18

rij

Proof. From Lemma 3.1, it can be assumed that X i and X j are all one-time-interval
sequences. So, from Lemma 3.2 and Definition 2.3, the result is as follows.

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Theorem 3.2. Assume that two sequences X i and X j have the same length, and
that they have different lengths of time intervals or at least one of them is a
non-equal-time-interval sequence. If the method of mean generation is used to fill in
relevant blanks so that the sequences become sequences with the same relevant time
steps and equal-time-intervals, then grey similar incidence degree 1ij and grey closeness
A
incidence degree rij is unchanged.
Proof. We give the proof of grey similar incidence degree, and closeness incidence
degree as almost the same. This argument is completed with discussions of several
cases.
(1) X i and X j are sequences with the same corresponding time steps and non-equal
time intervals. Without loss of generality, we can assume that there is only one pair of
points with 2 as their (time) distance and that all other intervals of consecutive entries
have length 1. Assume that the zero starting point images of X i and X j are:



X 0i x0i 1; x0i 2; . . . ; x0i m; x0i m 2; . . . ; x0i n


X 0j x0j 1; x0j 2; . . . ; x0j m; x0j m 2; . . . ; x0j n
Now, we only need to fill in the gaps x0i m 1; x0j m 1. Define:


1
0
1 0
xi m x0i m 2 ; x0j m 1
xj m x0j m 2
x0i m 1
2
2
and X i ,X j are all equal-time-interval sequences. Let:
Z m2 

sim 2 sjm
X 0i 2 X 0j dt
m

x0i m

1; x0j m

1 are placed in the sequences, we have:


 

sim 2 sjm x0i m 2 x0j m x0i m 2 2 x0j m 2

x0i m 1; x0j m 1 are placed in the sequences, we only need to fill in the gaps
x0i m 1; x0j m 1 which are mean generation. It is easy to know that sim 2 sjm is
unchanged, so jsi 2 sj j is unchanged and 1ij is also unchanged.
Similar to Lemma 3.2, it is not difficult to reason that no matter whether the pairs of
points:

 

x0i m 2 x0j m ; x0i m 2 2 x0j m 2
represent sign changes, the conclusion above holds true.
(2) X i and X j are equal-time-interval sequences of different lengths or have different
time intervals and at least one of them is a non-equal-time-interval sequence, a similar
proof process.
A
As for the situation of multiple blanks between two neighboring entries in the
sequences, we can fill in the blanks one after another applying mean generations.
All details are omitted here. It is easy to prove that these measures should never change
grey similar incidence degree 1ij and grey closeness incidence degree rij .

Models of grey
relational
analysis
13

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14

4. Characteristics of grey similar incidence degree and grey closeness

incidence degree
Theorem 4.1. Grey similar incidence degree:
1ij

1
1 jsi 2 sj j

19

rij

1
1 jS i 2 S j j

20

grey closeness incidence degree:

They could both meet the norms of normality, pair symmetry and closeness.
Proof. There only gives the proof of grey similar incidence degree 1ij , grey
closeness incidence degree rij is almost the same:
.
The property of normality. It is obvious that 1ij . 0 and jsi 2 sj j $ 0, so 1ij # 1.
.
The property of pair symmetry. From the fact that jsi 2 sj j jsj 2 si j, it is
obvious 1ij 1ji .
.
The property of closeness: it is obvious.
A
Theorem 4.2. Grey similar incidence degree 1ij has the following characteristics:
.
0 , 1ij # 1.
.
1ij is only related to the rate of change of the initial entries of X i and X j and has
nothing to do with the magnitudes of other entries. Or, scalar multiplication does
not change the relative degree of incidence.
.
The closeness the individual rates of change of X i and X j with respect to their
initial points, the greater 1ij is, or smaller.
.
When the rates of change of X i and X j with respect to their initial points are the
same, or when the images of zero initial points of the initial images of X 0i and X 0j
satisfy X i waves around X j and the area of the parts with X 0j above X 0i equals
that of the parts with X 0j j underneath X 0i ,1ij 1.
.
1ii 1.
.
1ij 1ji .
Theorem 4.3. Grey closeness incidence degree rij has the following characteristics:
.
0 , rij # 1.
.
rij is related to the rate of change of the initial entries of X i and X j and has
something to do with the magnitudes of other entries. Or, scalar multiplication
can change the relative degree of incidence.
.
The closeness the individual rates of change of X i and X j with respect to their
initial points, the greater rij is, or smaller.
.
When the rates of change of X i and X j with respect to their initial points are the
same, or when the images of zero initial points of the initial images of X 0i and X 0j
satisfy X i waves around X j and the area of the parts with X 0j above X 0i equals
that of the parts with X 0j j underneath X 0i ,rij 1.

.
.

rii 1.
rij rji .

Models of grey
relational
analysis

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5. Cases study
Examples 5.1.
X 1 x1 1; x1 2; x1 3; x1 4; x1 5; x1 7 0:91; 0:97; 0:90; 0:93; 0:91; 0:95
X 2 x2 1; x2 2; x2 3; x2 5; x2 7 0:60; 0:68; 0:61; 0:63; 0:65
X 3 x3 1; x3 3; x3 7 0:82; 0:90; 0:86
Compute X2, X3, and X1 for grey similar incidence degree 112, 113 grey closeness
incidence degree r12, r13.
The process of calculation is as follows:
(1) Transformation X 2 and X 3 into the same corresponding time intervals
e-intervals as X 1 , assuming:
1
1
x2 4 x2 3 x2 5 0:61 0:63 0:62
2
2
1
1
x3 2 x3 1 x3 3 0:82 0:90 0:86
2
2
1
1
x3 5 x3 3 x3 7 0:90 0:86 0:88
2
2
1
1
x3 4 x3 3 x3 5 0:90 0:88 0:89
2
2
We will get:
X 2 x2 1; x2 2; x2 3; x2 4; x2 5; x2 7 0:60; 0:68; 0:61; 0:62; 0:63; 0:65
X 3 x3 1; x3 2; x3 3; x3 4; x3 5; x3 7 0:82; 0:86; 0:90; 0:89; 0:88; 0:86
(2) Transformation into equal-time-intervals. Let:
1
1
x1 6 x1 5 x1 7 0:91 0:95 0:93
2
2
1
1
x2 6 x2 5 x2 7 0:63 0:65 0:64
2
2
1
1
x3 6 x3 5 x3 7 0:88 0:86 0:87
2
2
X 1 x1 1; x1 2; x1 3; x1 4; x1 5; x1 7 0:91; 0:97; 0:90; 0:93; 0:91; 0:93; 0:95
X 2 x2 1; x2 2; x2 3; x2 4; x2 5; x2 7 0:60; 0:68; 0:61; 0:62; 0:63; 0:64; 0:65
X 3 x3 1; x3 2; x3 3; x3 4; x3 5; x3 7 0:82; 0:86; 0:90; 0:89; 0:88; 0:87; 0:86
are all one-time-interval sequences.

15

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16

(3) Compute the initial images, we could get:


X 01 x01 1; x01 2; x01 3; x01 4; x01 5; x01 6; x01 7
0; 0:06; 20:01; 0:02; 0; 0:02; 0:04



X 02 x02 1; x02 2; x02 3; x02 4; x02 5; x02 6; x02 7
0; 0:08; 0:01; 0:02; 0:03; 0:04; 0:05



X 03 x03 1; x03 2; x03 3; x03 4; x03 5; x03 6; x03 7
0; 0:04; 0:08; 0:07; 0:06; 0:05; 0:04
(4) Computer js1 2 s2 j, js1 2 s3 j and jS 1 2 S 2 j, jS 1 2 S 3 j



X
6





1


js1 2 s2 j 
x01 k 2 x02 k x01 7 2 x02 7  0:095

 k2
2


X
6

 1
0
 

0
0
0
js1 2 s3 j 
x k 2 x3 k x1 7 2 x3 7  0:21

 k2 1
2



X
6
1


jS 1 2 S 2 j 
x1 k 2 x2 k x1 7 2 x2 7 1:91

 k2
2



X
6
1


jS 1 2 S 3 j 
x1 k 2 x3 k x1 7 2 x3 7 0:375

 k2
2
(5) Compute grey similar incidence degree 112 ; 113 grey closeness incidence degree r12 ; r13 :
112

1
0:91
1 js1 2 s2 j

113

1
0:83
1 js1 2 s3 j

r12

1
0:34
1 jS 1 2 S 2 j

r13

1
0:73
1 jS 1 2 S 3 j

We could get the conclusion that 112 . 113 , that is, compared with X 3 , X 2 and X 1 are more
similar; and from the r12 , r13 , we can induce that X 3 is closer to X 1 than X 2:
6. Conclusions
Based on the 1992 grey absolute incidence model, Prof. Liu has constructed a new grey
incidence model. The new model has measured the relationship and impact between
sequences from the two different perspectives of similarity and proximity. It can
overcome the existing problems of the original model and it is easy to apply. It can be

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demonstrated that the grey incidence analysis has made an emphasis on sequence
relations but not on values of incidence degree.
According to the analysis, if absolute value of sequence data is relatively greater it
may lead to the great value of jsi 2 sj j or jS i 2 S j j which may cause the small value of
grey similar incidence degree or grey closeness incidence degree. When this happens,
it has no significant influence on sequence analysis. If you consider big values of
incidence to convenience, you could choose a constant which is related to jsi 2 sj j or
jS i 2 S j j of numerator and denominator in the equation (9) or (10) or you can use the
absolute grey incidence model which Prof. Liu proposed in 1992 or other models.
In addition, the closeness incidence model could only apply to the same situation of
significance of the sequence and dimensionless identical circumstances. When they
appear to differ, the study of the closeness incidence degree has no significance.
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Models of grey
relational
analysis
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GS
1,1

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Further reading
Li, C.H. (1997), Well mine flooding accident causes the grey correlation analysis method and
its application, Industrial Safety and Environmental Protection, Vol. 13 No. 7, pp. 20-1.
About the authors
Si-feng Liu is a Professor at the College of Economics and Management at Nanjing University of
Aeronautics and Astronautics. He received his PhD in Grey Systems Theory at Hua Zhong
University of Science and Technology. He is Dean of the College of Economics and Management
at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He is the Chairman of IEEE Grey
System Society and Vice Chairman of IEEE SMC China (Beijing) Branch. His research interests
include grey systems theory, management science and project management.
Nai-ming Xie is a Lecturer at the College of Economics and Management at Nanjing
University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He received his BS, MS and PhD degrees in Grey
Systems Theory at Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. His research interests
include grey systems theory, management science and project management.
Jeffrey Forrest is presently a Tenured Professor in the Department of Mathematics at
Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, USA. He has served as the President and Director of
the institute since its official inception in 1995, overseeing all aspects of operation of this
non-profit scholastic organization. Dr Jeffrey Forrest earned his PhD in Mathematics (specialized
in general topology) at Auburn University, Alabama, USA, in 1988. His research interests
include grey systems theory, management science and general systems theory.

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