Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
METAZOA or ANIMALIA
Eukaryotic
Multicellular (except
Myxozoa)
Heterotrophic
No cell wall
Collagen
Gastrulation
Character state terms you should be
familiar with:
1. Plesiomorphy- ancestral state
2. Apomorphy - derived state
3. Synapomorphy - shared derived state
Homology of forelimbs
Pasted from
<http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Homology_
of_forelimbs.htm>
Embryonic development
Sunday, June 10, 2007
11:59 PM
Do molecular data support the traditional or the current phylogeny? Recent analyses are now relying on
genomic data rather than single genes to reconstruct animal phylogeny. See the following articles supporting
either one of the hypothesis:
Coelomata: Rogozin et al. 2007. Ecdysozoan clade rejected by genome-wide analysis of rare amino acid
replacements. Mol Biol Evol 24:1080-1090. http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/4/1080
Ecdysozoa: Irimia et al. 2007. Rare coding sequence changes are consistent with Ecdysozoa, not Coelomata.
Mol Biol Evol. Epub May 27, 2007 . http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/msm105v1?ck=nck
Protista
1. Unicellular
2. Eukaryotic
3. Specialized organelles
Choanoflagellates:
sister group of animals
Pseudopodia
Mastigophora
Flagellum
Ciliophora
Cilia
Macro- and micronucleus
Apicomplexa
Apical complex
No obvious locomotory structures
Endoparasitic
Excavata
Rhizaria
Filopodia or axopodia
Forams & radiolarians
Chromalveolata
Amoebozoa
Lobopodium
Amoeba, Arcella
Opisthokonta
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6.
Classes of Porifera
Hexactinellida
Glass sponges
6-rayed siliceous spicules
Syncitial cells
Syconoid or leuconoid
Demospongiae
Calcarea
Calcareous spicules
Asconoid, syconoid, leuconoid
Why do freshwater
sponges have
gemmules as part of
their life cycle?
Calcarea: Leucosolenia eleanor
Pasted from
<http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?
query_src=photos_fauna_sci-Invertebrate&enlarge=
0000+0000+0605+1284>
Phylum Cnidaria
Thursday, June 07, 2007
8:53 PM
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Classes of Cnidaria
Anthozoa
Scyphozoa
True jellyfishes
Medusa dominant, polyp reduced or
absent
Cubozoa
Box jellyfishes
Medusa dominant w/ velarium
Hydrozoa
Cnidocytes
Pasted from <http://scyphozoans.tripod.com/id11.html>
Pasted from
<http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Animals/Animal
s_Radial_Asymmetry.htm>
BILATERIA
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www.bio.miami.edu
1.
Dugesia
Classes
1. Turbellaria
Free-living
Covered with ciliated epidermis
Well-developed sensory structures, e.g., eyespots
2. Monogenea
Ectoparasitic flukes
Attachment organs (prohaptor & opisthaptor)
Single host
3. Trematoda
Endoparasitic flukes
2 suckers: oral and ventral
Complex life history: intermediate & definitive hosts
4. Cestoda
Tapeworms, parasitic
Scolex, neck, strobila made of proglottids
2. Dactylogyrus
Pasted from
<http://images.search.yahoo.co
m/search/images?
p=Dactylogyrus&ei=UTF-8
&fr=slv8-msgr&b=1>
www.ndpteachers.org
www.bergen.edu
4.
www.cvm.okstate.edu
3. Schistosoma is an example of a dioecious flatworm
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Nemertea / Rhyncocoela
Rhyncocoel - cavity that operates the proboscis
"Acoelomate"
Complete gut
Blood system
Protonephridial excretory system
Serial gonads
Mostly marine
Anopla
Unarmed proboscis
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What is eutely?
1. Secernentea
With phasmids
e.g., Ascaris, Ancylostoma
(parasitic), C. elegans, T. aceti
(free-living)
2. "Adenophorea"
Without phasmids
e.g., Trichuris, Trichinella
(parasitic)
Caenorhabditis elegans
Ascaris
Ancylostoma
Trichuris
Trichinella
Pasted from
<http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/parasitology/AscariasisLifeCycle.gif>
http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Dec2000/pdf/Dec2000p41-47.pdf
Screen clipping taken: 12/27/2006, 6:25 PM
Classes
Seisonidea
Bdelloidea
Monogononta
1 gonad
Reduced corona
Alternate parthenogenesis (amictic)
and sexual (mictic) reproduction
Seison (Seisonidea)
Pasted from
<http://users.unimi.it/ricci/html/seison.htm>
Brachionus quadridentatus
(Monogononta)
Pasted from <http://images.google.com/images?
q=brachionus&ndsp=20&svnum=10
&hl=en&lr=&start=0&sa=N>
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6.
Trochophore larva
Pasted from
<http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/lacalli/tutorial/
images/spiralians_trochophore.gif>
Classes
1. Neomeniomorpha
2. Chaetodermomorpha
Vermiform bodies
Spiculate
3. Polyplacophora
8 dorsal plates
Spiculate
4. Monoplacophora
Calcareous shell
serial replication
5.
6.
7.
8.
Calcareous shell
Reduced serial
replication
Scaphopoda
Bivalvia
Gastropoda
Cephalopoda
Polyplacophora (chitons)
Chiton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyplacophora
Screen clipping taken: 12/28/2006, 6:24 PM
V. Horigue
Scaphopoda: Captacula, no
ctenidium
Pasted from
<http://www.naturamediterraneo.com/P
ublic/data1/istrice/200582901620
_dentalium%20rubescens3.jpg>
Pasted from
<http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/a
ccounts/information/Monoplacophora.html>
A. Spring
V. Horigue
A. Spring
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Oligochaeta
(earthworms)
Hirudinea (leeches)
Ophryotrocha (Polychaeta)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pasted from
<http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Indonesian/Themes/Ani
mals/small_animals/images/leech.jpg>
Metanephridia
Pasted from <http://www.biol.andrews.edu/fb/spring/Chap.44-Kidney/4416.jpg>
Phylum Arthropoda
Friday, December 29, 2006
3:58 PM
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Arthropod Subphyla
Chelicerata
Lack antennae
Tagmata: prosoma and opisthosoma
Chelicerae, pedipalps & 4 prs. of walking legs
"Myriapoda"
1 pair of antennae
Low level of tagmatization
Many segments
Crustacea
Hexapoda
Crustacea
Friday, February 16, 2007
4:48 PM
Nauplius larva
Daphnia: C. Branchiopoda, O.
Cladocera
Pasted from
<http://www.sacsplash.org/critters/dap
hnia.htm>
Fairy shrimp: C.
Branchiopoda, O.
Anostraca
Pasted from
<http://www.sacsplash.org/crit
ters/fairyshr.htm>
Argulus: Branchiura
Pasted from
<http://web.ukonline.co.uk/m.hoult/fw/
argalus.html>
Pasted from
<http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/glossary/gl
ossary_popup.php?word=crustacean>
Copepod: C. Maxillopoda
Pasted from
<http://www.microscopyuk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/art
hropod/frame3.html>
C. Ostracoda
Euphausia: C. Malacostraca
Balanus : Cirripedia
Photo by E Aurellado
Pasted from
<http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/
Green gland
~biolum/organism/pictures/euphau
siid.html>
crab: C. Malacostraca,
O. Decapoda
Biramous appendage of crustaceans
Pasted from
<http://www.ciesm.org/atlas/Portunu
spelagicus.html>
Chelicerate Classes
Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs
Limulus, Tachypleus, Carcinoscorpius
Marine
Book gills
Pycnogonida
Sea spiders
Marine
No respiratory or excretory structures
Arachnida
Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda
C. Merostomata, O. Xiphosura
Pasted from
<http://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/con_
mar/con_mar_hor/con_mar_hor_intro/con_mar_hor
_intro_how.html>
C. Pycnogonida
Pasted from
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_spider>
Pasted from
<http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/glossary/glossary_popup.php?
word=chelicerate>
Arachnid anatomy
Pasted from
<http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resour
ces/Grzimek_inverts/Arachnida/v02_id303
_con_araanat.jpg/view.html>
Myriapod Classes
Chilopoda
Centipedes
Poison claws
1 pair of legs/segment
Diplopoda
Millipedes
2 pairs of legs/segment
Symphyla
Resemble centipedes
Not all segments bears legs
Pauropods
Resemble millipedes
9 prs. of legs (> no. segments)
Hexapoda (insects)
Friday, February 16, 2007
3:49 PM
3 tagmata of insects
Pasted from
<http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/glossary/glossary_popu
p.php?word=insect>
Beetle: O. Coleoptera
Photo by E Aurellado
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Phylum Echinodermata
Thursday, December 28, 2006
7:46 PM
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Deuterostomes
Blastopore forms anus
Coelom formed by outpuching (enterocoelous)
Radial cleavage
Echinodermata (echinos = spiny, derma = skin)
Water vascular system
Calcitic endoskeleton of ossicles
Mutable connective tissue
Pentaradial symmetry (bilateral larvae)
Decentralized nervous system (nerve ring)
No blood or excretory system
Marine
Pasted from
<http://www.okc.cc.ok.us/biologylabs/Documents/Animals/Echinodermata
.htm>
Classes
Crinoidea
Asteroidea
Sea stars
Ophiuroidea
Echinoidea
Holothuroidea
Sea cucumbers
Pedicellariae
Pasted from
<http://tolweb.org/Echinodermata>
Brachiolaria (Asteroid)
Ashley Spring
Pasted from
<http://www.divegallery.com/crinoid_move.htm>
Echinoidea: globose;
long spines &
covered in test;
aristotle's lantern
Pasted from
<http://www.vifishandwildlife.com/Education/FactSheet/Ima
ges/Diadema1.jpg>
Holothuroidea:
Elongates; few
dermal ossicles;
respiratory tree
Ophiopluteus (Ophiuroid)
Xyloplax n. sp.
Biol.Bull. 208:
7780.(April2005)
http://www.biolbull.or
g/cgi/reprint/208/2/77
Echinopluteus (Echinoid)
Pasted from
<http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/lac
alli/tutorial/deuterostomes.php>
Phylum Hemichordata
Saturday, March 03, 2007
5:25 PM
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Hemichordata ("half-string")
Body divided into 3 parts: proboscis, collar and trunk
Gill slits
Stomochord
Dorsal tubular nerve cord
Hemichordate Classes
Enteropneusta
Acorn worms
Pterobranchia
Cephalodiscus (Pterobranchia)
Pasted from
<http://cephalodiscus.countofcalmont.com/Cep
halodiscus_currents.html>
Coelom
Hemichordate
Echinoderm
Protocoel
Proboscis
Axocoel
Mesocoel
Metacoel
Trunk
Somatocoel
This article in Nature reports that the enigmatic Xenoturbella, a worm-like animal
without a brain, gut or gonads discovered in 1949 belongs to a phylum of its own,
not to Mollusca as previously thought. P Xenoturbellida may be closely related to
Echinodermata and Hemichordata.
Xenoturbella
Pasted from
<http://www.admin.cam.ac.
uk/news/dp/2003082201>
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Urochordata
Tunicates
Cephalochordata
Lancelets
Vertebrata
Vertebrates Cranium
Vertebral column
Segmented muscles
Oikopleura (Larvacea)
Pelagic, solitary; forms mucus "house"
to trap food
Pasted from
<http://jellieszone.com/images/oikopleura.jpg>
Salp (Thaliacea )
Pelagic, solitary or colonial, barrelshaped
Pasted from
<http://www.amonline.net.au/exhibitions/beyon
d/holoplankton/holoplankton04.htm>
Inversion Hypothesis
Pasted from <http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/97/9/4445/F1>
Vertebrate Classes
Myxini &
Jawless fishes
Cephalaspidomorphi Hagfishes and lampreys
Chondricthyes
Osteichthyes
Bony fishes
Operculum & swim bladder
Amphibia
Reptilia
Aves
Birds
Feathers
Mammalia
Mammals
Milk-producing mammary glands
Hair/fur
Tetrapods
Jawed vertebrates
Amniotes
Subphylum Vertebrata
Agnatha
Pasted from
<http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week9/agnathans.gif>
Amniote egg
Pasted from <http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/
~simmons/16cm05/1116/chordate.htm>
Aves
Osteichthyes (Photo: E Aurellado)
Mammalia
Photos: E Aurellado