Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
DOI 10.1007/s10098-015-0920-2
ORIGINAL PAPER
Introduction
Balancing supply and demand relative to energy consumption has become a global issue. Energy is essential for
economic and social development, as well as for improving
the quality of life of human beings. Concerns about the
increase in oil prices and the depletion of fossil fuel resources have recently arisen. Consequently, renewable
energy (RE) sources have gained attention as alternatives
to fossil fuels (Ashnani et al. 2014; Moosavian et al. 2013;
Yee et al. 2009). Most studies have emphasized the application of two renewable resources, namely, solar energy
and wind (Majeed et al. 2010). Among various sustainable
sources used for solar energy technologies, photovoltaic
(PV) technology appears to be relatively attractive for
123
K. H. Solangi et al.
electricity generation for its characteristics of noiselessness, non-carbon dioxide emission during operation, scale
flexibility, and simple operation and maintenance (Dincer
2011). The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates
that solar power could provide as much as 11 % of global
electricity production in 2050 (Katinas et al. 2013;
Moosavian et al. 2013).
In 2011, the total PV installed capacity in the world
increased to 68 GW and exceeded 100 GW in 2012 (Zhi
et al. 2014). Among the energy sources, solar energy is
being considered to satisfy energy demand in Malaysia and
the whole world (Gomesh et al. 2013). Malaysia is one of
the developing countries with a GDP of $15,400 per capita,
and its purchasing power parity (PPP basis) based on
steady GDP growth rate was 4.6 in 2009 (IMF 2011;
Fokaides et al. 2014). Parallel to the growth rate, energy
consumption has grown by approximately 5.6 % between
2000 and 2005 (Balo 2011). The energy consumption of
the industrial sector has grown at a rate of 4.3 %, and this
sector used 48 % of the total energy consumed in 2007
(BoroumandJazi et al. 2012; Shafie et al. 2011). Solar energy remains more than other RE sources mainly because
of its plug and play features, which differs from other
resources that require mechanical support, such as motors
or generators (hydro, wind, and wave), or chemical support
(bio fuels) that are mostly circumstance oriented (Shafie
et al. 2011). In addition, solar energy has huge potential in
Malaysia because of the strategic geographical location of
the country.
The public acceptance of solar energy and the level of
willingness to pay for green electricity among the respondents will be investigated to understand the preliminary
acceptance level of a new RE technology in Malaysia.
With considerations of the global critical energy situation
and the future energy scenario in Malaysia, this study reviews existing solar energy utilization systems in Malaysia
and investigates public perspectives on the understanding
and acceptance of solar energy among consumers. Survey
results showed that only 26 % respondents were familiar
with and 42 % were somewhat familiar with RE, whereas
almost 30 % are ignorant of RE. Public awareness of RE
remains weak even among potential users of solar energy
furthermore, survey results cover solar energy importance,
awareness, and correct information regarding solar energy
appliances used in Malaysia. The above coordination has
not been considered so the present work has attempted to
compile public awareness and policy making activities. In
sum, this study bridges the gap between policymakers,
investors, and the public regarding the understanding of the
solar energy market.
The issues of solar energy enhancement and RE use in
Malaysia have been comprehensively studied by many
scholars in the energy sector (Cucchiella et al. 2014;
123
No.
Month
Bayan Lepas
KLIA Sepang
Muadzam Shah
Senai
Ipoh
G0
G0
G0
G0
G0
January
19.28
32.51
14.91
33.53
13.33
33.40
16.37
33.95
18.93
32.80
February
20.23
34.43
13.44
35.11
14.91
35.03
16.19
35.39
19.85
34.63
March
19.14
37.35
16.65
37.58
15.41
37.55
18.45
37.65
19.61
37.42
April
17.85
36.59
17.83
36.28
18.43
36.32
17.75
36.12
17.72
36.51
May
20.23
37.65
19.63
36.89
18.03
36.99
20.38
36.55
19.89
37.45
June
18.90
35.51
16.48
34.59
16.25
34.71
17.52
34.18
18.14
35.25
July
20.36
37.96
19.94
37.08
19.33
37.19
19.74
36.68
18.98
37.72
August
18.83
38.00
16.98
37.49
18.36
37.55
17.78
37.25
17.94
37.86
September
11.65
36.38
14.88
36.39
16.60
36.39
14.27
36.38
11.98
36.39
10
October
13.53
36.31
13.06
36.87
13.42
36.80
14.51
37.09
14.76
36.48
11
12
November
December
18.73
17.07
34.63
33.40
15.69
18.70
35.61
34.56
12.18
15.40
35.49
34.42
17.61
18.55
36.01
35.04
18.04
16.80
34.92
33.74
No.
Month
Kuantan
Pulau Langkawi
Subang
G0
G0
Kota Bharu
Kuala Terengganu
G0
G0
G0
January
13.62
33.12
18.59
32.08
15.27
33.38
15.39
32.15
18.51
32.56
February
13.72
34.84
19.46
34.14
15.29
35.01
20.06
34.18
21.61
34.46
March
14.97
37.49
20.08
37.24
19.10
37.55
20.38
37.25
22.42
37.36
April
15.99
36.41
17.59
36.69
17.69
36.33
21.81
36.67
23.63
36.57
May
18.73
37.21
19.56
37.94
21.63
37.01
19.51
37.90
19.60
37.61
June
17.89
34.97
17.39
35.86
17.93
34.73
19.46
35.81
18.34
35.46
July
20.55
37.45
17.61
38.30
20.31
37.21
18.42
38.25
19.20
37.91
August
17.64
37.70
17.06
38.18
18.43
37.57
20.63
38.15
20.11
37.97
September
16.13
36.39
12.32
36.35
15.94
36.39
19.59
36.35
20.14
36.37
10
October
14.52
36.65
16.00
36.07
15.70
36.79
17.65
36.10
17.19
36.33
11
November
11.67
35.22
17.34
34.22
19.11
35.47
13.96
34.28
16.16
34.68
12
December
16.09
34.10
16.53
32.92
20.14
34.39
13.87
33.00
12.95
33.46
Table 3 Monthly and yearly average sunshine duration hours of stations for 2009
Stations
Lat
Long
3070 N
101390 E
Ht above
M.S.L (m)
Yearly
avg
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
104.0
5.6
5.1
6.3
5.5
6.8
7.2
6.2
5.9
6.2
5.2
5.2
3.4
4.2
249 N
101300 N
4.3
2.9
4.4
4.6
6.2
6.3
4.9
4.6
5.2
3.0
4.6
2.9
3.0
03500 N
102340 E
76.3
5.9
5.6
7.1
5.8
6.7
6.8
7.0
5.5
6.5
5.4
6.4
3.6
4.5
2390 N
101470 E
5.4
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.5
6.2
7.5
6.9
6.0
6.6
5.3
6.0
4.1
5.3
Kuala Terengganu
5200 N
103080 E
35.1
5.2
4.3
7.3
5.8
5.3
5.4
6.9
5.2
5.6
5.1
4.9
3.2
4.4
Universiti Malaya, KL
123
K. H. Solangi et al.
123
Methodology
This study is designed as an exploratory investigation because limited knowledge is available regarding the social
acceptance of solar energy in Malaysia. Additional knowledge regarding this issue may effectively boost solar energy
usage. This purpose of this study is three-fold. First, this
work explores public attitude toward the utilization of solar
energy. Second, this study investigates public responses
regarding the difficulties in consuming solar energy. Third,
this research analyzes public perspectives on enhancing
solar energy development in Malaysia. This study employs
both primary and secondary data in the investigation. By
implementing a survey method, the responses from the
ground were considered as the primary data. Information
was collected by distributing the survey questionnaires to
residents of Kuala Lumpur and in surrounding universities,
colleges, schools, offices, shopping malls, factories, and
commercial business. However, in this context it may kindly
be noted that about 37.5 % respondents were from rural
123
K. H. Solangi et al.
Fig. 2 Renewable energy
targets in the tenth Malaysia
Plan (Malaysia plan 2010)
Table 4 Proposed Malaysian FiT rates (starting from 2011) (Chua et al. 2011)
RE technologies/resources
FiT duration
(years)
Annual
degression (%)a
Displaced electricity
cost (RM/kWh)b
16
0.240.35
0.5
0.2214
16
0.280.35
0.5
0.2214
Mini-hydro
21
0.230.24
0.2214
Solar PV
21
1.251.75
0.3504
21
0.300.46
1.8
0.2214
Wind
Ocean, geothermal
21
21
0.230.35
0.280.46
1.5
1
0.2214
0.2214
areas but working in Kuala Lumpur. The survey was conducted between December 2011 and January 2012. Level of
understanding of solar energy was not considered in the
distribution of questionnaires to the respondents. The language used in the questionnaires was simple and understandable, with only a few technical terms because the
respondents might be from different backgrounds, with
varying levels of exposure to this field. However, respondents with a basic understanding of RE were preferred.
In the sample design of the survey, two criteria were
considered for participation in the exercise. The first requirement was that the respondents must be citizens of
123
Frequency
Percentage
Male
196
49.00
Female
204
51.00
Gender
Education level
Finished high school or less
110
27.50
160
40.00
130
32.50
Urban
250
62.50
Rural
150
37.50
Residential area
Occupation
Shopkeeper
160
40.00
Office staff
110
27.50
University students
75
18.75
Workers
55
13.75
Frequency
Agree
318
79.50
23
5.80
Disagree
No opinion
Total
Percentage
59
14.80
400
100.00
123
K. H. Solangi et al.
Table 7 Interest in buying solar panels and solar-generated electricity for the home (n = 400)
Level of public interest
Yes
No
Unsure
Freq
Freq
Freq
Possibility of buying
solar panels if 50 % of
the total cost is
subsidized by the
government
229
57.25
53
13.25
118
29.50
Possibility of using
solar-generated
electricity if the cost is
as much as fossil fuelgenerated electricity
328
82.00
13
3.25
59
14.75
250
Frequencies
200
150
Most Important
Important
100
Least important
No response
50
123
Good ROI
Tech
Obsolate
Frequencies
350
300
Support
Do not support
250
No opinion
No response
200
150
100
50
0
Increases taxes
Finding
trustworthy
contractor
65 MW target for solar-generated energy by 2015, as declared in the tenth Malaysia Plan.
Public expectations on enhancing solar energy
development in Malaysia
Considering public opinion is important to meet the objectives of the solar energy policies implemented by the
government. This study intends to determine public expectations relative to the enhancement of solar energy
usage in Malaysia by considering public opinions and
public attitudes toward the implementation of new solar
energy policies. In addition, this study analyzes the views
of the public on the level of organizational role in solar
energy development.
Figure 4 shows public opinions on the ways to increase
solar energy usage. The result shows that almost 80 % of the
respondents believe that government incentive to build solar
power plants is the best way to enhance solar energy usage
nationwide. Moreover, 69 % of the respondents believe
that increasing taxes on enterprises that release GHGs into
the atmosphere is another good idea, whereas 62 % support
the increase in solar panel installation to meet energy needs.
These results imply that the majority of respondents perceive
that the government is the main body responsible for promoting solar energy usage. Notably, almost 60 % of the respondents believe that increasing taxes on solar-related
products is not a viable idea to help boost solar energy usage.
The result on public attitude toward the implementation
of new solar energy policies is shown in Fig. 5. To enhance
solar energy development in Malaysia, approximately
62 % of the respondents expect more solar power plants to
be installed nationwide, 55 % believe that the public
should obtain full access to information, 51 % recommend
increased funding for independent research, and 48 %
claim the importance of increasing solar panel installation.
Survey-based policies
1.
123
K. H. Solangi et al.
Fig. 5 Public attitude toward
the implementation of new solar
energy projects
300
Most important
Important
Unimportan
No response
Frequencies
250
200
150
100
50
0
Support of solar
power plants
Full information
Funding of
Increase installation
independent research
of solar panels
Top Priority
350
Some Priority
300
No Priority
No response
Frequencies
250
200
150
100
50
0
Governmental
2.
water heater) despite the abundant solar energy potential of Peninsular Malaysia. The non-participation
of individuals and institutions can be attributed to the
lack of incentives. This obstacle is the most serious
relative to the expansion of the Malaysian RE market.
In addition, this challenge is considered as a major
hurdle for the government to overcome if public participation is to be encouraged.
The government should consider overcoming consumer barriers. The respondents revealed that other
consumer barriers include the need for more information; demand for additional/professional assistance;
lack of time, knowledge, and trust in the provider;
concern over product performance; poor brand image;
and lack of information on the environmental and
social performances of both products and manufacturers. Awareness programs on the benefits of solar
energy can be implemented through such media as
magazines, television, and regional campaigns.
123
Academic
3.
Research
Communicational
(Mass Media)
Commercial
4.
increase solar PV penetration and the Green Technology Financing Scheme is potentially a good source
of funds for companies while for home owners, a soft
loan facility with an interest rate of 5 % is a possible
source of funds for financing solar energy program.
Development of an R&D infrastructure could be
emphasized and encouraged through partnerships between the government and private businesses.
Conclusions
Balancing energy needs has become a crucial issue in the
Malaysian energy sector. RE has been announced as the fifth
fuel in the energy supply mix. Therefore, finding possible
ways to boost solar energy utilization among the general
public is important. This study examines the social acceptance
of solar energy in Malaysia. The country has a tropical climate
with abundant sunshine averaging 1643 kWh/m2 in annual
irradiance. These conditions favor solar energy development.
This study highlights the social acceptance of solar energy by
exploring public interest in solar energy, public responses on
the difficulties in consuming solar energy, and public expectations on enhancing solar energy usage in Malaysia.
Several crucial findings and key conclusions are stated
below:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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