Dr.

Pauls Engineering College

Department of Mechanical Engineering

YEAR / SEMESTER - II / IV

CE6315 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

LAB MANUAL FOR STUDENTS

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LABORATORY CLASSES - INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

1. Students must attend the lab classes with ID cards and in the prescribed uniform.
2. Boys-shirts tucked in and wearing closed leather shoes.
3. Students must check if the components, instruments and machinery are in working
condition before setting up the experiment.
4. Power supply to the experimental set up/ equipment/ machine must be switched on
only after the faculty checks and gives approval for doing the experiment. Students must
start to the experiment. Students must start doing the experiments only after getting
permissions from the faculty.
5. Any damage to any of the equipment/instrument/machine caused due to
carelessness, the cost will be fully recovered from the individual (or) group of
students.
6. Students may contact the lab in charge immediately for any unexpected incidents
and emergency.
7. The apparatus used for the experiments must be cleaned and returned to the
technicians, safely without any damage.
8. Make sure, while leaving the lab after the stipulated time, that all the power
connections are switched off.
9. EVALUATIONS:
All students should go through the lab manual for the experiment to be carried out
for that day and come fully prepared to complete the experiment within the prescribed
periods. Student should complete the lab record work within the
prescribed periods.
Students must be fully aware of the core competencies to be gained by doing
experiment/exercise/programs. Students should complete the lab record work within the
prescribed periods.
The following aspects will be assessed during every exercise, in every lab class
and marks will be awarded accordingly:
Preparedness, conducting experiment, observation, calculation, results,
record presentation, basic understanding and answering for viva
questions.
In case of repetition/redo, 25% of marks to be reduced for the respective
component.
NOTE 1
Preparation means coming to the lab classes with neatly drawn circuit diagram
/experimental setup ,tabular columns, formula, model graphs etc in the observation notebook
and must know the step by step procedure to conduct the experiment.
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Conducting experiment preparing the experimental setup without any mistakes at the time of
reporting to the faculty.
Observation means taking correct readings in the proper order and tabulating the readings in
the tabular columns.
Calculation means calculating the required parameters using the approximate formula and
readings.
Result means correct value of the required parameters and getting the correct shape of the
characteristics at the time of reporting of the faculty.
Viva voice means answering all the questions given in the manual pertaining to the
experiments.
Full marks will be awarded if the students performs well in each case of the
above component
NOTE 2
Incompletion or repeat of experiments means not getting the correct value of the required
parameters and not getting the correct shape of the characteristics of the first attempt. In such
cases, it will be marked as "IC" in the red ink in the status column of the mark allocation
table given at the end of every experiment. The students are expected to repeat the
incomplete the experiment before coming to the next lab. Otherwise the marks for IC
component will be reduced to zero.
NOTE 3
Absenteeism due to genuine reasons will be considered for doing the missed
experiments.
In case of power failure, extra classes will be arranged for doing those experiments only and
assessment of all other components preparedness; viva voice etc. will be completed in the
regular class itself.
NOTE 4
The end semester practical internal assessment marks will be based on the average of all the
experiments.

PREPARED BY:
Mr.K.Ainnar M.Tech.
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Dr.Pauls Engineering college, .
Email: kmsainnar@gmail.com

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INDEX
S.No

DATE

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

MARK

SIGNATURE

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Completed date:
Average Mark:

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Staff - in - charge

EX. N0.

Date:

1. TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL

Aim:
1. To determine the yield stress, ultimate stress, breaking stress,
reduction in area, percentage elongation and modulus of elasticity
of steel.
Apparatus required:
1. Universal testing machine.
2. Extensometer.
3. Vernier caliper, etc.,

FORMULAE:
1. Youngs Modulus(E)

PL / A

2. Stress at Yield point

Yield Load / Original Area

3. Ultimate Stress

Ultimate Load / Original Area

4. Normal Breaking Stress

Breaking Load / Original Area

5. Actual breaking stress

Breaking Load / Neck Area

6. Percentage of Elongation

= Original length-Final length

------------------------------------x100
Original length

7. Percentage of reduction in area = Original area - Final Area

---------------------------Original area

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x100

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Procedure:
1. Accurately measure the diameter of the given rod.
2. Mark the gauge length and determine the elongation.
3. Assuming the ultimate stress of the material choose the load range
in UTM. For the given mild steel bar the ultimate stress may be
assumed as 500 N/mm2 and the required ultimate load can be
calculated as (area x assumed stress)
4. Fix the test specimen between the steel grips of the UTM taking
care to see that the load will be axially and fix extensometer.
5. Apply the load gradually and in uniform steps and note down the
corresponding extensometer reading.
6. Remove the extensometer after 70% of the yield load is applied.
Yield load may be calculating by the product of projected yield
stress (250 N/mm2 in case of mild steel) and the area of cross
Section.
7. Note down the load at yield point i.e. the short duration of time
when the pointer remains stationary.
8. Increase the load and note down the ultimate load. At the ultimate
load the red pointer that indicates the instantaneous applied load
will move in the reverse direction.
9. Note down the break point i.e. the load at which the specimen fails.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.
10.

Date:
Remove the specimen and note down the diameter of the neck
and the elongation of the rod.

Observation:
Specimen Used
Diameter of the Specimen
Area of the Specimen
Gauge length (5.6a)

=
=
=
=

Mild Steel

Tabulation
Sl.No

Speci
men

Length
Initial
mm

Final
mm

diameter
Initial
mm

Final
mm

Yield
Load
N

Stress
N/mm2

Ultimate
Load
N

Stress
N/mm2

Tabulation:2
Sl.No

Load
Pin
N

Extensometer
Reading
In mm

Strain

Stress
P/A in
N/mm2

Youngs
Modulus
(P/A)/Strain

Graph:
Plot load versus extension graph on with extension in x-axis and load
in y-axis.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

breaking
Load
N

Stress
N/mm2

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Date:

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Result:
1. Yield stress of material

2. Ultimate stress of material

3. Breaking stress of material

4. % of elongation of material

5. % of reduction in cross section area

6. Youngs modulus of mild steel

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:
2. TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL

Aim:
To Determine the Modulus of Rigidity of the Material
Apparatus required:
1. Torsion testing machine
2. Test specimen
3. Steel scale
4. Caliper
Formula used:
Torsion equation = (T/J) = (C/L) = (fs/R)
Modulus of rigidity (C) = (TL)/(J)
Where, T= torsional moment in N-mm
L= length of test piece
J= polar moment of inertia = d4/32 mm4
= angle of twist in radians
Procedure:
1. Using the micrometer, the diameterd of the specimen is measured
in four places.
2. The length l of the specimen is measured accurately after securing
the specimen in to the machine.
3. After selecting the suitable scale on the machine the initial torque
and angle of twist are adjusted to zero.
4. Upto 100 angle of twist the torque is applied by hand and torque
and angle of twist are measured.
5. From 100 to 200 angle of twist, the torque is applied by hand. The
torque for every 20 increment of twist is noted.
6. There on, the machine is operated electrically and readings at 10 0
intervals are noted.
7. The readings are noted until the specimen failed.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

Observation:
Specimen
Least count of micrometer
Length of specimen, l
Diameter of the specimen, d
Tabulation:

=
=
=
=

Steel
mm
mm
mm

Angle of twist
Modulus
of Rigidity
(C)
N/mm2

Applied Load
Sl.No

Degrees
Kg.m

N.m

Radians

r1

r2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

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Graph:
The angle of twist in degrees versus torque in N-mm graph is drawn.
Twist in x-axis and torque in y-axis.

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Result:
Modulus of rigidity of the sample (from tabulation) =
Modulus of rigidity of the sample (from graph)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:
3. DEFLECTION TEST ON SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

Aim:
To determine the youngs modulus of the given beam material.
Apparatus required:
Beam to be tested, roller supports, weights with hanger, deflectometer,
calipers, measuring scale, etc.
Theory:
The amount of deflection at any point of a simply supported beam with
a concentrated load within the span depends on (1) the youngs modules of
the beam materials, (2) the span, width and depth of the beam and (3) the
distance at which the deflection is measured and the position of load
placement. By measuring the other parameters the youngs modulus of the
material can be assessed.
Formula:
The general expression for deflection at any point `X is given by
E= (Wax(l2-a2-x2))/6yI
I = moment of inertia = bd3/12 (mm4)
Y = deflection (mm)
l = length of simply supported beam (mm)
a=Distance of load system from the left support
b = breath of simply supported beam (mm)
d = depth of simply supported beam (mm)
X=Distance of the deflection from the left support
W = load
Procedure:
1. The breath b and depth d are measure accurately
2. The supports are arranged to the required span and the beam is
[placed over the supports.
3. The loading points was marked and the distance a is measured from
left support.
4. The deflectometer is placed at distance x from left support.
5. The deflectometer reading is noted down at no loading condition.
6. The beam is loaded at uniform rate and corresponding deflectometer
reading is noted.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

7. The load is decremented in uniform rate and corresponding

deflectometer readings are noted.
8. Deflection versus load graph is drawn and youngs modulus of beam
material was found out.

Observation:
Span of Simply supported beam (l)

mm

Distance of load system from the left support (a)

mm

Breadth of the beam (b)

mm

Depth of the beam (d

mm

Distance of the deflection from the left support (x) =

mm

Least count of the deflectometer

mm

Tabulation:
Deflectometer reading
Sl.No

Material

Load in

in mm

Average least

N
Loading Unloading

Deflection =

AVg

count in mm

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

Youngs
modulus
in
N/mm2

EX. N0.

Date:

Graph:
A graph is drawn connecting load in the y-axis and defection in the xaxis.
Result:
The youngs modulus of beam material is found to be
Youngs modulus of steel

N/mm 2

N/mm2

5. COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING OPEN COILED

Aim:
1. To determine the rigidity modulus of the spring.
2. To find the stiffness of the spring.
Apparatus required:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

1. Open coiled helical spring,

2. Spring testing machines,
3. Calipers etc.,
Formula used:
1. The mean radius `R of the spring is found using the inner and outer
diameter of spring as
R = (Do + Di )/4
Where,
Do - outer diameter of spring
Di inner diameter of spring
2. The angle of helix
= tan-1 pitch/2R
Pitch = (total height of spring/ Number of turns)
3. The rigidity modulus `c of the material is found from the mean
deflection using the following formula
= 64WR3/d4 N sec [ cos2 /c+2sin2 /E]
C = [(64 Wr3Nsec / d4) (2sin2 /E)]cos2
4. The stuffiness of the spring is given by
S = W/ N/mm
Procedure:
1. The inner and outer diameter of the spring is measured.
2. The diameter of the coil is measured.
3. The number of turns and the angle of helix are counted.
4. The spring is placed between the plates of the loading unit.
7

5. The spring is loaded at uniform rate and the corresponding scale

reading is noted at every step.
6. The load is released at the same step and the scale readings are
noted.
Observations:
Outer diameter of spring Do

mm

Inner diameter of spring Di

mm

Youngs modulus of material, E =

2.10x105 N/mm2

Diameter of coil wire, d

Number of turns, N

Angle of Helix,

Total height of spring

tan-1 Pitch/2r

Tabulation:
Sl.No

Load

Scale reading in loading in

Deflection Stiffness

Rigidity

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:
cm
in N

Initial

Final

Difference

in mm

in
N/mm

Modulus
in
N/mm2

MODEL CALCULATIONS:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

Result:
The stiffness of the given spring is found to be =
The rigidity modulus of the spring
=

N/mm
N/mm2

6. COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING CLOSED COILED

Aim:
1. To determine the rigidity modulus of the spring material.
2. To find the stiffness of the spring.
Apparatus required:
1. Closely coiled helical spring,
2. Spring testing machines,
3. Calipers etc.,
Formula used:
Rigidity modulus C = (64WR3n)/d4
W Load (N)
- deflection (mm)
n Number of turns (nos.)
d Diameter of coil wire (mm)
R = (Do + Di)/ 2
Where,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:
Do - outer diameter of spring (mm)
Di inner diameter of spring (mm)
Stiffness of spring = (W/) N/mm
Strain energy stored (u) = W (N-mm)

Procedure:
1. The
2. The
3. The
4. The
5. The
6. The

inner and outer diameter of the spring is measured.

diameter of the coil is measured.
number of turns is counted.
spring is placed between the plates of the loading unit.
initial scale reading is noted down.
load is applied at a uniform rate.

7. The scale readings are noted down for regular interval of increase
in load.
8. The load is released at the same step and the scale readings are
noted.
Observations:
Outer diameter of spring (Do)

Outer diameter of spring (Di)

Number of turns (N)

Tabulation:
Vertical scale in cm
Sl.No

Load
in N

Deflection
Initial

Final

Difference

in mm

Stiffness
in
N/mm2

Rigidity
Modulus
in
N/mm2

MODEL CALCULATIONS:
R=

(Do+Di)/2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.
Rigidity modulus C =

Date:
(64WR3n) / ( d4)

Graph:
The mean values of deflection in X-axis versus load in Y-axis a graph
are drawn.
Result:
The stiffness of the given spring is found to be =
The rigidity modulus of the spring
=

N/mm
N/mm2

7. BRINELLS HARDNESS TEST

Aim:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

To determine the hardness number of various materials viz steel,

copper, aluminum and brass specimen.
Apparatus required:
1. Brinell hardness testing machine,
2. Ball indenters,
3. Travelling microscope etc.
Formula used:
(1)The surface area of indentation
A= D/2(D- (D2 d2))
Where
D is the diameter of the ball
d is the mean diameter of indentation
(2)The Brinell hardness number
BHM = test load/surface area of indentation = P/A
Where
P is the test load
A is the area of the specimen
Procedure:
1. Based on the following table, the proper load and ball is selected
to suit the material under test.
S.No

metal

Test

Hardness Thickness Ball

materials

range

Load

Time load

of

diameter in

application

material

in mm

Kg

in sec

Ferrous

Hardened

67-500

in mm
15

10

30D2

15

Non

steel
copper

22-315

75

10

10D2

15

ferrous
Non

Aluminium 11-158

75

10

5D2

15

ferrous
Alloy

brass

75

10

10D2

15

22-315

2. The surface of the specimen is smoothed with energy sheet and

it is well cleaned
3. The selected ball is inserted in the machine and the specimen is
loaded to the predetermined.
4. Now the load is released.
5. The diameter of indentation is measured using travelling
microscope.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

Tabulation:

Sl.No

Material

Load P
in Kg

Diameter
Indentation
in mm

Surface area
of
Indentation

BHN

in mm2

Calculations:
Specimen

Applied Load (P)

Diameter of the Indendator (D) =

Diameter of Indentation (d)

Surface area of the Indentation A =

BHN

D/2(d- (D2 - d2)

Test Load / Area

P/A

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

Result:
BHN for mild steel sample =
BHN for copper sample
=
BHN for aluminum sample =

8. ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST

Aim:
To determine the Rockwell hardness number for aluminum, copper and
brass.
Apparatus required:
Rockwell hardness tester, 1200 diamond cone penetrator, 1/16
(1.6mm) diameter steel Ballpoint penetrator, specimen etc,.
Procedure:
1. The test pieces is cleaned and placed on the special anvil of the
machine.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

2. The capston wheel is turned to elevate the test specimen to contact

the indicator point.
3. The wheel is further turned to force the test specimen to contact
the indicator point. This will ensure that the minor load of 10kg has
been applied on the specimen.
4. The pointer is set on the appropriate scale. The dial gauge is set in
appropriate positions based on the scale used.
5. The level is pushed forward and major load is applied.
6. As soon as the pointer in the dial comes to rest, the lever is
reversed which will release the major load. The pointer will rotate
in the reverse direction.
7. The Rockwell hardness is read on the appropriate scale dial.

Observation:
Material of the Test Piece
Type of Penetrator
Hardness scale
Tabulation:
Specimen
Sl.No
Load N
Material

=
=
=
Penetrator

Scale

RHN

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Mean
RHN

EX. N0.

Date:

Result:
The Rockwell hardness number for the following specimen
1. Aluminum sample
=
2. Copper sample

3. Steel sample

4. Brass sample

9. DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

AIM: To find the maximum shear stress on metal
Apparatus Required:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

Shear Shackle, Vernier caliper

Formula:
Shear area = 2 x A
Where, A= area of cross section of the specimen
Shear stress = Ultimate shear load / Shear area
Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter of the specimen accurately.
2. Insert the specimen in the shear shackle. Then place the shear
shackle on the bending bench of the machine.
3. The movable cross head is lowered by operating the slow motion
lever till the top of shear shackle touches the top cross load of the
machine.
4. Load is applied on the specimen by operating the load application
till it fails by double shear.
5. The maximum shear stress of the specimen is calculated.

Observations:
Material

Diameter of mild steel rod

Maximum shear load on mild steel road

Steel

Tabulation:
Sl.No

Specimen
Material

Diameter
of the

Ultimate
shear load N

Shear Stress

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:
rod mm

N/mm2

Model calculations:
Ultimate shear load

Shear Stress

Result:
Ultimate shear stress of metal

Load/Shear Area

10. IMPACT TEST-CHARPYS

Aim:
To determine the Impact of the material using charpys groove.
Apparatus required:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Impact testing machine

Test specimen
Scale
Calipers etc.

Formula used:

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

Impact strength of material.

Impact strength = energy required to fracture/Area of cross-section at
notch point.
Procedure:
1. The striker is secured firmly to the center of percussion of the hammer.
2. The hammer is swung freely to note down the energy loss due to
friction.
3. The test specimen is fixed on support, with the notch facing the
4.
5.
6.
7.

striking direction and the clamp screws are tightened.

The pointer scale is read.
The striker is released by operating a lever and the sample is broken.
The pendulum is bought to rest by applying brakes.
The pointer and the scale value are read. This is the energy required to

break the specimen.

8. The broken specimen and the striker are removed.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

OBSERVATION:
Material of test specimen

Size of the Specimen

Type of Notch

Total depth of Notch

mm

Width of Notch

mm

Distance of Notch from one end

mm

TABULATION:
Sl.No

Effective area of
cross section

Energy required
to break the
specimen Nm

Impact strength
J/mm2

2
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

Model calculations:

Result:
The impact strength of the given material is found to be J/mm 2
11. IMPACT TEST IZODS
Aim:
To determine the impact strength of the specimen material using
Izods.
Apparatus required:
1. Impact testing machine
2. Izods accessories
3. Test specimen
4. Caliper
Formula used:
Impact strength = energy required to fracture / area of cross-section
at Notch point.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

Procedure:
1. The striker is secured firmly to the centre of percussion of the
hammer with srews.
2. The hammer is swing freely to note down the energy observed to
break the specimen.
3. The test specimen is fixed in the specimen support, with the notch
facing the striking direction and the clamp screws are tightened.
4. The strike is released by operating a lever and the sample broken.
5. The pendulum is brought to rest by applying brake.
6. The pointer and scale values are read. This is the energy required
to break the specimen.

Observation:
Dimension of Test piece

Type of Notch

Angle of Notch

Depth of Notch

Distance of Notch from one end =

Sl.No

Effective area of
cross section mm2

Energy required
to break the
specimen Nm

Impact strength
J/mm2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College

EX. N0.

Date:

Model Calculation:

Result:
The impact strength of the given material was found to be

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.Pauls Engineering College