Harvard Referencing

Harvardisacommonlyusedmethodofreferencing,whichusestheAuthorDatesystem.
WhichHarvardstyle?
Harvardhasbeenadaptedtosuitmanydifferentpublicationstyles.Thestyleusedinthisguidefollowsthestandardprescribedbythefollowingmanual.
ThisistheofficialstylefollowedinmostAustralianGovernmentpublications.

Snooks&Co.2002,Stylemanualforauthors,editorsandprinters,6thedn,JohnWiley&Sons,Milton,Qld.
Whichstyledoesmyfacultyorschooluse?
SomeSchoolsrequireadifferentstylefromtheoneoutlinedhere.UsethecitationstylerequiredbyyourFacultyorSchool.
Whyreferenceyoursources?
Itisimportanttoreferencethesourcesyouuseforessaysandreports,sothatthereadercanfollowyourargumentsandcheckyoursources.Itisessential
tocorrectlyacknowledgetheauthorwhenquotingorusingotherpeoplesideasinyourwork.

HowdoIuseHarvard?
1.Intextcitationsaremadelikethis

Paraphrasingandintextcitations

Example:
Thepointmadebyananalyticphilosopher(O'Connor1969,p.32)isthatvaluescannotbejustifiedinthisway.HoweverKneller(1963b,p.102)insiststhat
thetheoristwillinevitablybeinvolvedinvalueclaims.

Note:Page,chapterorsectionnumbersmaybeincludedintheintextcitationifthecitedworkislongandinformationhelpsthereaderlocatethe
relevantinformation.

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Whentheauthorsnameismentionedintext(e.g.Knellerintheexampleabove)addyearandpagenumbersonlytotheintextreference.
Entriesthathavethesameauthorandyeararenotedbyaddinga,b,cetc.totheyear,bothintexte.g.Kneller(1963b,p.102)andintheReferenceList
(SeeentriesinReferenceListbelow).
Directquotesandintextcitations
Examples:
Havingasolidplanaspartofresearchdesignisessential(Hatch2002,p.46).

Or

Hatch(2002,p.46)believeshavingasolidplanaspartofresearchdesignisessential.

Note:Alwaysincludepagenumberswhencitingaquotationandenclosethequoteinsinglequotationmarks.

Blockquotesandintextcitations

Example:
Inductiveanalysisisdiscussed:
Inductivethinkingproceedsfromthespecifictothegeneral.Understandingsaregeneratedbystartingwithspecificelementsandfindingconnectionsamongthem.
Toargueinductivelyistobeginwithparticularpiecesofevidence,thenpullthemtogetherintoameaningfulwhole.Inductivedataanalysisisasearchforpatterns
ofmeaningfuldatasothegeneralstatementsaboutphenomenaunderinvestigationcanbemade(Hatch2002,p.161).

Note:Placeaquotationof30ormorewordsinyourworkasafreestandingblock.Thesequotesareusuallyindentede.g.5spacesandareinasmallerfont
e.g.1pointsizesmallerthanthesurroundingtext.Donotenclosethequoteinquotationmarks.

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2.Referencelists,attheendofyourpaper,aremadelikethis:

Arrangeyourlistalphabeticallybyauthor.

ReferenceList

Cameron,B(MinisterforCorrections,Victoria)2007,Constructionbeginsonhighsecurityunit,mediarelease,Victoria,28March,viewed16April2007,<
http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au>.

Douglas,N,Douglas,G&Derrett,R(eds)2001,Specialinterestgroups:contextandcases,JohnWiley&Sons,Brisbane,Qld.

Farley,J2008,Theroleofpricesinconservingcriticalnaturalcapital,ConservationBiology,vol.22,no.6,pp.13991408,viewed23February2009,
<http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/fulltext/121544162/PDFSTART>.

Fernandez,O2007,Railsway,AddisonWesley,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ,viewed25February2009,
<http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/9780321445612>.

GuidebooktoAustraliansocialsecuritylaw1983,CCHAustralia,NorthRyde,NSW.

Hatch,JA2002,Doingqualitativeresearchineducationsettings,StateUniversityofNewYork,Albany.
Kneller,JP1963a,Islogicalthinkinglogical?,Ponsonby&Partridge,Dubbo.

1963b,'Thinkingandlogicalinteraction',BrainLogic,vol.257,no.4,pp.5462.

MacFarlane,I2002,'AboriginalsocietyinNorthWestTasmania:dispossessionandgenocide',PhDthesis,UniversityofTasmania.

Manwiththemoviecamera1998,videorecording,Chatsworth,CA.DistributedbyImageEntertainment.DirectedbyDzigaVertov.

O'Connor,DJ1957,Anintroductiontothephilosophyofeducation,Routledge&KeganPaul,London.

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Peirson,G,Brown,R,Easton,S,Howard,P&Pinder,S2006,Businessfinance,9thedn,McGrawHill,NorthRyde,NSW.

Thesearchformeaning1998,radioprogram,ABCRadio,Sydney,24March.

Treloar,D1999,'Grainsofsense,AustralianGourmetTraveller,November,pp.2930,64.

Wallis,C1992,'Asymmetricdependenceandmentalrepresentation',Psychology,vol.3,no.70,viewed18November2003,
<http://psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00000294/>.

Whiteley,BC1979,'Emotionalresponse',BrainTalk,vol.2,no.12,pp.2345.

WorldHealthOrganisationMediaCentre2010,Obesityandoverweight,factsheetno.311,WorldHealthOrganisation,Geneva,viewed21December2010,
<http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html#>.

REMEMBER:YourFacultyorSchoolmayrequireadifferentstylesoyoushouldalwayschecktheirrequirements.Thisdocumentisforgeneralguidance
only.

Needmorehelp?AskALibrarian:http://www.utas.edu.au/library/askus.html

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Examples of in-text citations and references

Books
Elementsofanintextcitationforabook
1. (Author/sfamilynameororganisationname
2. Yearofpublication,
3. Volumeorsectionnumbersifapplicable,
4. Pagenumber/se.g.p.9ifusefultothereader)
Theintextcitationelementsareplacedwithinbrackets,or
iftheauthorismentionedintextonlytheyear,vol/section
numbersandpagenumbersareplacedwithinbrackets.

Note:ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,
pp.192199)

Elementsofa referenceforabook
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/sororganisationname
2. Yearofpublication,
3. Titleofbookinitalics,
st
nd
4. Editionstatementifotherthanthe1 editione.g.2 edn,orotherdescriptionifapplicablee.g.cat.no.2201.0,
5. Publisher,
6. Placeofpublication,
7. Pagenumberornumbersifapplicable,e.g.pp.817,
8. Dateviewedifitisanelectronictexte.g.viewed25March2010,
9. <URLorinternetaddresswithinpointedbracketsifitisanelectronictext>.

Note:Commasareusedtoseparateeachelementandafullstopisplacedattheendofthereference.Forfurtherinformationrefer
toSnooks(2002,p.200&230)

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Bookwith
oneauthor

(O'Connor 1957, p. 33)

or
OConnor (1957) states that

O'Connor, DJ 1957, An introduction to the philosophy of education, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London.

Note:Pagenumberscanbeaddedifusefultothereader

Bookwith
oneauthor
withsubtitle

(Worsley2008)

Bookwith
twoauthors

(Zikmund & D'Amico 1989)

or
Zikmund and D'Amico (1989) discussed....

Worsley,T2008,Nutritionpromotion:theoriesandmethods,systemsandsettings,Allen&Unwin,CrowsNest,NSW.

Note:Insertacolonandaspacebetweenthetitleandsubtitle.

Zikmund, WG & D'Amico, M 1989, Marketing, 3rd edn, Wiley, New York.

Note:Whenauthorsnamesareincorporatedinthetextof
yourassignmentuseandnotthe&.

Bookwith
threeauthors

(Silberschatz,Galvin&Gagne2007)
or
Silberschatz,GalvinandGagne(2007)provedthat

Bookwith
morethan
threeauthors

(Peirsonetal.2006)
or
Peirsonetal.(2006)arguedagainst

th
Siberschatz,A,Galvin,PB&Gagne,G2007,OperatingsystemconceptswithJava,7 edn,Wiley,Hoboken,NJ.

Peirson,G,Brown,R,Easton,S,Howard,P&Pinder,S2006,Businessfinance,9thedn,McGrawHill,NorthRyde,
NSW.

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Bookwithno
author

(GuidebooktoAustraliansocialsecuritylaw1983,
ch.3)

GuidebooktoAustraliansocialsecuritylaw1983,CCHAustralia,NorthRyde,NSW.

Note:Ifthereisnonamedauthor,citetheworkbytitlein
textandinthereferencelist.Forfurtherinformationrefer
toSnooks(2002,p.197)

Company,
Organisation,
Committee,
Government
Department
asauthor
Different
editions

(CommonwealthTertiaryEducationCommission
1986,p.89)

CommonwealthTertiaryEducationCommission1986,ReviewofTAFEfunding,AGPS,Canberra.

(Zikmund&D'Amico1989)

Zikmund,WG&D'Amico,M1989,Marketing,3rdedn,Wiley,NewYork.

Note:Aneditionstatementisplacedafterthetitleofthework.Aneditionstatementisnotnecessaryifthebookisafirstedition.
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,p.196)

Electronic
book

(Fernandez2007)

Fernandez,O2007,Railsway,AddisonWesley,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ,viewed25February2009,
<http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/9780321445612>.
Note:Thereferenceforanebookhasalltheelementsofaprintedbook.InadditionaddthedateviewedandtheURLorweb
address.ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,p.230)

Editedbook

Exhibition
catalogue

(edsDouglas,Douglas&Derrett2001)
or
editedbyDouglas,DouglasandDerrett(2001)

Douglas,N,Douglas,G&Derrett,R(eds)2001,Specialinterestgroups:contextandcases,JohnWiley&Sons,
Brisbane,Qld.

(Murray2003)

Murray,K2003,Haven:theartandcraftofrefugeinTasmania,exhibitioncatalogue,27March10May2003,
SalamancaArtsCentre,Hobart,Tas.

Note:Intextcitationandreferenceshouldbetreatedlike
abookoreditedbook. Forfurtherinformationreferto
Snooks(2002,p.201)

Encyclopaedia
orDictionary
noauthor
listedfor
entry

TheMacquariedictionary(2005)defines
or
(Macquariedictionary2005)

Usetheabbreviation(ed.)forasingleeditoror(eds)fortextswithmultipleeditors

Note:ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,p.195)

Note:Provideadescriptionofthedocumenttypeandifpossibletheexhibitiondatesinnormaltypefaceafterthetitlee.g.
exhibitioncatalogue,27March10May2003.ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,p.201)

Noentryisneededinthereferencelist
Note:ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,p.199)

Note:Ifthereisnoauthorevidentfortheentryinthe
dictionaryorencyclopediaprovidethenameofthe
dictionaryorencyclopediainitalicsandtheyearitwas
published.

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Encyclopaedia (Lazarus2001)
orDictionary
authorlisted
Note:Ifanauthorfortheentryisevident,treatthesame
forentry

Lazarus,AA2001,MultimodaltherapyinWECraighead&CBNemeroff(eds),TheCorsiniencyclopediaofpsychology
andbehaviouralscience,3rdedn,Wiley,NewYork,vol.3,pp.9934.

Encyclopaedia
orDictionary
electronic
formatno
authorlisted
forentry
Encyclopaedia
orDictionary
electronic
format
authorlisted
forentry

Noentryisneededinthereferencelist

Note:Ifanauthorfortheentryisevident,treatthesamewayasforachapterinaneditedbook.

wayasforachapterinaneditedbook.

TheMosbysdictionaryofmedicinenursingand
healthprofessionsonline(2009)defines.

Note:Toindicatethedictionaryorencyclopaediaisin
electronicformataddonlineafterthetitle.Snooks
(2002)doesnotprovideguidanceforthistypeofreference

(Weatherall2005)

Weatherall,D2005,ThalassemiainDNCooper(ed.),Encyclopediaofthehumangenome,Wiley,Hoboken,NJ,
viewed8February2011,<http://www.credoreference.com/entry/wileyhg/thalassemias>.

Chapterinaneditedbook
Usethisformofreferenceforachapterinaneditedbooktowhichanumberofauthorshavecontributed.
Elementsofanintextcitationforachapterinanedited
Elementsofareferenceforachapterinaneditedbook
book
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitialsforchapter
1. (Author/sfamilynameforchapter
2. Yearofpublication,
2. Yearofpublication,
3. Titleofthechapterinsinglequotes,
3. Volumeorsectionnumbersifapplicable,
4. Addthewordin
4. Pagenumber/se.g.p.9ifusefultothereader)
5. Initialsthensurnameoftheeditor/s,

6. Abbreviation(ed.)or(eds)formultipleeditors,
7. Titleofthebookinitalics,
st
8. Editionifotherthanthe1 edition,
9. Publisher,
10. Placeofpublication,
11. Pagenumbersforthechapter,
12. Dateviewedifitisanelectronictext,
13. <URLorinternetaddresswithinpointedbracketsifitisanelectronictext>.
Note:Usethisformofreferenceforachapterinaneditedbooktowhichanumberofauthorshavecontributed.

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Chapterinan
editedbook

(O'Regan2002)

O'Regan,T2002,'Anationalcinema',inGTurner(ed.),Thefilmculturesreader,Routledge,London,pp.13964.

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Chapterinan
editedbook
electronic
book

(Toebes2010)

ToebesB2010,HumanrightsandhealthsectorcorruptioninJHarrington&MStuttaford(eds),Globalhealthand
humanrights:legalandphilosophicalperspective,Routledge,London,pp.102134,viewed15February2011,
<http://www.utas.eblib.com.au.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=534205>.

Brochure,pamphletorleaflet
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,pp.1967,201)
Elementsofanintextcitationfor a brochure,pamphlet
orleaflet
1. (Author/sfamilynameororganisationname
2. Yearofpublication,
3. Volumeorsectionnumbersifapplicable,
4. Pagenumber/se.g.p.9ifusefultothereader)

Elementsofareferenceforabrochure,pamphletorleaflet
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/sororganisationname
2. Yearofpublication,
3. Titleofthepamphletinitalics,
4. Provideadescriptionofdocumenttypeinnormaltypefacee.g.pamphlet,
5. Publisher,
6. Placeofpublication,
7. Dateviewedifitisanelectroniccopye.g.viewed25March2010
8. <URLorinternetaddresswithinpointedbracketsifitisanelectronictext>.

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Brochure
pamphletor
leaflet

(AbbottDiabetesCare2009?)

AbbottDiabetesCare2009?,Whatisdiabetes?,pamphlet,AbbottDiabetesCare,Doncaster,Vic.

Brochure
pamphletor
leaflet
electronic
format

(DepartmentofHealth2004?)

Note:Ifdateisuncertainplacea?afterthedate.Ifthe
dateisunknownusetheabbreviationn.d.inplaceofa
date.

DepartmentofHealth2004?,Forgoodnesssakereadthis:foodsafetyfundamentals,pamphlet,Departmentof
Health,SouthAustralia,viewed16February2011,<http://www.health.sa.gov.au/pehs/Food/safetyfundamentals
sept04.pdf>.

Conferencepaper ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,pp.207)
Elementsofanintextcitationforaconference paper.
1. (Author/sfamilynameororganisationname
2. Yearofpublication,
3. Volumeorsectionnumbersifapplicable,
4. Pagenumber/se.g.p.9ifusefultothereader)

Elementsofareferenceforaconferencepaper
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/s
2. Yearofpublication,
3. Titleofthepaperinsinglequotes,
4. Titleoftheproceedingswhichmayincludeplaceheldanddate/sinitalics,
5. Publisher,
6. Placeofpublication,
7. Volume(ifapplicable)e.g.vol.2,
8. Page/se.g.pp.6814,
9. Dateviewedifitisanelectroniccopye.g.viewed25March2010,
10. <URLorinternetaddresswithinpointedbracketsifitiselectronic>.

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Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Conference
paper

(Akroyd&Nguyen2001)

Conference
paper
electronic
format

(KudernaIulian,Marcel&Valeriu2009)

Akroyd,TJ&Nguyen,QD2001,Continuousrheometryforindustrialslurries,Proceedingsofthefourteenth
AustralianFluidMechanicsConference,FlindersUniversity,Adelaide,SouthAustralia,vol.2,pp.6814.

KudernaIulian,B,Marcel,C&Valeriu,T2009,Towardsanaffectiveawarehome,Ambientassistivehealthand
wellnessmanagementintheheartofthecity:7thinternationalconferenceonsmarthomesandhealthtelematics,
ICOST2009,ToursFrance,July13,2009,proceedings,Springer,NewYork,pp.7481,viewed16February2011,
<http://www.springerlink.com.ezproxy.utas.edu.au/content/m22q41724mj1/#section=179460&page=1&locus=3>.

Thesisordissertation
Elementsofanintextcitationforathesisordissertation
1. (Author/sfamilyname
2. Yearofthethesiswascompleted,
3. Volumeorsectionnumbersifapplicable,
4. Pagenumber/se.g.p.9ifusefultothereader)

Elementsofareferenceforathesisordissertation
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/s
2. Yearthethesiswascompleted,
3. Titleofthethesisinsinglequotes,
4. Thetypeofthesise.g.MEdthesis,BAppScthesis,
5. Universitywherethestudywasundertaken,
6. Placewheretheuniversityislocated.Ifthelocationoftheuniversitycanbeinferredbythenameoftheuniversitythere
isnoneedtoaddtheplacee.g.UniversityofCanberra,
7. Dateviewedifitisanelectroniccopye.g.viewed25March2010,
8. <URLorinternetaddresswithinpointedbracketsifitiselectronic>.

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Thesis

(MacFarlane2002,p.70)

MacFarlane,I2002,'AboriginalsocietyinNorthWestTasmania:dispossessionandgenocide',PhDthesis,University
ofTasmania.

Thesis
electronic
format

(Ahuja2006)

Ahuja,KDK2006,Effectofspecificdietaryconstituentsoncoronaryheartdiseaseriskfactors,PhDthesis,University
ofTasmania,viewed11February2011,<http://eprints.utas.edu.au/1428/>.

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Studentpractical orlaboratorymanual
ForfurtherinformationreferSnooks(2002,pp.201,203)
Elementsofanintextcitationforastudentpracticalor
laboratorymanual
1. (Author/sfamilynameororganisationname
2. Yearthemanualwaswritten,
3. Volumeorsectionnumbersifapplicable,
4. Pagenumber/se.g.p.9ifusefultothereader)

Elementsofareferenceforastudentpracticalorlaboratorymanual
9. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/sororganisationname
1. Yearthemanualwaswritten,
2. Titleinitalics,
3. Descriptionofthedocumenttypeinnormaltypefaceafterthetitle,
4. University/College/Schoolresponsibleforthemanual,
5. Placewheretheuniversity/college/schoolislocatedunlessitisclearfromthenameoftheuniversity/college/school.
6. Dateviewedifelectronic,
7. <URLorinternetaddresswithinpointedbracketsifitisanelectronictext>.

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Practical
manual

(SchoolofHumanLifeSciences2009)

SchoolofHumanLifeSciences2009,CXA171Cellbiologyandfunction,practical&tutorialmanual,Universityof
Tasmania,Launceston.

Annualreportorcorporateplan
Elementsofanintextcitationforan annualreportor
corporateplan
1. (Author/sfamilynameororganisationname
2. Yearofpublication,
3. Volumeorsectionnumbersifapplicable,
4. Pagenumber/se.g.p.9ifusefultothereader)

Elementsofareferenceforanannualreportorcorporateplan
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/sororganisationname
2. Yearannualreportwaspublished,
3. Titleinitalics,
4. Publisherorbodyresponsibleforpublishingthereport,
5. Placeofpublication,
8. Dateviewedifelectronic,
9. <URLorinternetaddresswithinpointedbracketsifitisanelectronictext>.

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Annualreport

(EsperancePortAuthority2007,p.17)

Annualreport
electronic
format

(MenziesResearchInstitute2008)

EsperancePortAuthority2007,Annualreport,EsperancePortAuthority,Esperance,WA.

MenziesResearchInstitute2008,Annualreport,MenziesResearchInstitute,Hobart,Tas.,viewed15February2011,
<http://www.menzies.utas.edu.au/documents/Menzies_AR_2008.pdf>.

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Journalarticles
Elementsofintextcitationforajournalarticle
1. (Author/sfamilyname
2. Yeararticlewaspublished,
3. Page/squotedifusefultoreadere.g.p.7orpp.
8990)

ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,pp.192
199)

Elementsofareferenceforajournalarticle
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/s
2. Yeararticlewaspublished,
3. Titleofarticleusingminimalcapitalizationandenclosedinsinglequotes,
4. TitleofjournalInItaliccapitalizetheMainWordsintheTitle,
5. Titleofseriesifapplicable,
6. Volumee.g.vol.6ifapplicable,
7. Issueifapplicablee.g.no.3,
8. Pagese.g.p.7.Orpp.6883,
9. Dateviewedifelectronicarticle,e.g.viewed23February2010,
10. <AddURLifitisanelectronicarticle.Providejustthemainsitedetailsorfulllocationdetailsifthesearenecessarytofindthe
document>.
Note:ForfurtherinformationreferSnooks(2002,pp.204206)

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

JournalArticle
oneauthor
JournalArticle
twoauthors

(Meindl1987)

Meindl,D1987,Chipsforadvancedcomputing,ScientificAmerican,vol.257,no.4,pp.5462.

(Barletta&Witteveen2007)

Barletta,J&Witteveen,K2007,'Pastoralcareinhospitals:anoverviewofissues',AustralianJournalofPrimary
Health,vol.13,no.1,pp.97105.

Note:Use&betweenthetwoauthors

JournalArticle
three
authors
JournalArticle
morethan
threeauthors

(Coppell,Brown&Perry,2003)

(Dumoulinetal.2000)

Note:Whentherearemorethanthreeauthorslistthe
firstauthorfollowedbyetal.

Coppell,JA,Brown,SA&Perry,DJ2003,'Venoocclusivedisease:cytokines,geneticsandhaemostasis',Blood
Reviews,vol.17,no.2,pp.6370.

Dumoulin,SO,Bittar,RG,Kabani,NJ,Baker,CL,Jr,LeGoualher,G,Pike,GB&Evans,AC2000,'Anewanatomical
landmarkforreliableidentificationofhumanareaV5/MT:aquantitativeanalysisofsulcalpatterning',Cerebral
Cortex,vol.10,no.5,pp.45463.

Note:ListallauthorsintheReferenceListentry

Journal
Article
Electronic
format

(Farley2008)

JournalArticle
Electronic
format
Nopage
numbers

(Wallis1992,para.6.13)

Farley,J2008,Theroleofpricesinconservingcriticalnaturalcapital',ConservationBiology,vol.22,no.6,pp.1399
1408,viewed23February2009,
<http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgibin/fulltext/121544162/PDFSTART>.

Note:AddthedateviewedandtheURL(justthemainsitedetails)orfulllocationdetailsifthesearenecessarytofindthe
document.

Wallis,C1992,'Asymmetricdependenceandmentalrepresentation',Psychology,vol.3,no.70,
viewed18November2003,<http://psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00000294/>.

Note:provideanumberedsectioninsteadifavailable.

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Magazine
Articleno
volumeand
issuenumbers

(Treloar1999)

Treloar,D1999,Grainsofsense',AustralianGourmetTraveller,November,pp.2930,64.
Note:Usethemonthifthereisnovolumeorissuenumbersontheitem

Newspaperarticles
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,p.206)
Elementsofanintextcitationforanewspaperarticle

withanauthor
1. (Author/sfamilyname
2. Yeararticlewaspublished)

Elementsofanintextcitationforanewspaperarticle
withoutanauthor
1. Mentionthenameofthenewspaperwithinthe
textinitalicsifanelectronicarticleaddword
onlinee.g.TheAgeonline
2. (Daymonthyearofarticle
3. Ifavailablestatepagenumbere.g.(13
November2010,p.9)

Elementsofareferenceforanewspaperarticlewithanauthor
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/s
2. Yeararticlewaspublished,
3. Titleofthearticleusingminimalcapitalizationenclosedinsinglequotes,
4. TitleofnewspaperinitalicscapitalizetheMainWordsintheTitle,
5. Dayandmontharticlewaspublishede.g.13December,
6. Pagenumbersifavailablee.g.p.6orpp.7879,
7. Dateviewedifelectronicarticle,e.g.viewed23February2010,
8. <URL>.IfelectronicarticleprovidefulllocationdetailsifthesearenecessarytofindthedocumentORjustthemainsite
details.

Elementsofareferenceforanewspaperarticlewithoutanauthor
Noentryinthereferencelistisrequired

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Authored
Newspaper
article
Authored
Newspaper
articleweb
version
Anonymous
Newspaper
article

(Harmon2002)

Harmon,A2002,'Acallforpartnership,ahintofregulation',NewYorkTimes,30December,p.3.

(Ker&Shiell2003)

Ker,P&Shiell,A2003,'Portlacksrespect:Malthouse',TheAge,18September,viewed20September2003,
<http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/17/1063625091530.htm>.

ItwasstatedinTheMercury(11July1999,p.2)
that...

Noentryinthereferencelistisrequired

Mentionthenameofthenewspaperwithinthetextin
italics

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Anonymous
Newspaper
articleweb
version

ItwasstatedinTheAgeonline(13December2010)
that

Noentryinthereferencelistisrequired

Note:Toindicatethenewspaperisthewebversionadd
onlineafterthetitleofthenewspaper.Snooks(2002)
doesnotprovideguidanceforthistypeofreference

Legislation
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,pp.224228)

Websites
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,pp.230231)
Elementsofintextcitationforawebsite

1. (Author/sfamilynameornameoforganisation
responsibleforthesite
2. Yearsitewascreatedorlastupdated)

Elementsofareferenceforawebsite
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/sororganisationresponsibleforthesite
2. Yearsitewascreatedorlastupdated,
3. Nameandplaceofthesponsorofthesource,
4. Datewebpagewasviewed,
5. <URL>.
Note:notitleisgiveninthereference

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Website

(AustralianBureauofStatistics2010)

Website

Australianstatisticsareavailablefromthe
AustralianBureauofStatisticswebsite<
http://www.abs.gov.au/>.

AustralianBureauofStatistics2010,AustralianBureauofStatisticsBelconnen,ACT,viewed14December2010,<
http://www.abs.gov.au/>.
Noentryinthereferencelistisrequired

Note:Webaddressescanbegivendirectlyinthetext,
althoughitisnecessarytoisolatethemfromsentence
punctuationthiscanbedonebyusing<>aroundtheurl.

Documentorpagewithinawebsite
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,pp.230231)
Elementsofintextcitationfordocumentorpagewithin

awebsite
1. (Author/sfamilynameornameoforganisation
responsibleforthesite
2. Yearsitewascreatedorlastupdated)

Elementsofareferenceforadocumentorpagewithinawebsite
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/sororganisationresponsibleforthesite
2. Yearthesitewascreatedorlastupdated,
3. TitleofdocumentorpageinItalics,
4. Descriptionofdocumentifapplicable,
5. Nameofthesponsorofthesource,
10. Dateviewed,
11. <URLorinternetaddresswithinpointedbrackets>.

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Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Document
withinaweb
site

(WorldHealthOrganisationMediaCentre2010)

Document
withinaweb
site

(DepartmentofSustainability,Environment,Water
PopulationandCommunities2010)

WorldHealthOrganisationMediaCentre2010,Obesityandoverweight,factsheetno.311,WorldHealth
Organisation,Geneva,viewed21December2010,
<http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html#>.

DepartmentofSustainability,Environment,WaterPopulationandCommunities2010,Asustainablepopulation
strategy,issuespaper,DepartmentofSustainability,Environment,WaterPopulationandCommunities,Canberra,
viewed21December2010,<http://www.environment.gov.au/sustainability/population/publications/pubs/issues
paper.pdf>.

Personalcommunications
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,pp.199)
Personalcommunicationcanbeaconversation,interview,

telephonecall,facsimile,letteroralecture.Information
canbeprovidedwithinthetextorwithinparentheses.

Elementsofanintextreferenceforpersonal
communicationsinparentheses:
1. (Authorsname,initialfirst,followedbyfamily
name
2. Year,
3. pers.comm.,
4. Dayandmonth).

Elementsofreferenceforapersonalcommunication
Noentryinthereferencelistisrequired.

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Facsimile

MrRSmithconfirmedthisbyfacsimileon15
December2010

Inalectureon12March2010J.Brownstated

Itwasconfirmedthatachemicalspillenteredthe
TamarRiver(PKeating2006,pers.comm.,2May).

Noentryinthereferencelistisrequired

Lecture

Interview

Noentryinthereferencelistisrequired

Noentryinthereferencelistisrequired

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Feb2011

Emails
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,p.231)
Intextreferencesforemailsarethesameasforother
personalcommunications.

Ingeneralitisnotnecessarytoprovideareferencealthoughifitisthoughttobehelpfultoreaderstheemailaddresscanbe
provided.Permissionfromtheowneroftheemailaddressshouldbeobtainedbeforecitingtheemailaddress,examplebelow

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Email

MrABrownconfirmedthisbyemailon25February
2009.

Brown,A2009,email,25February,<abrown@bigpond.net.au>.

Mediareleases
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,p.207)
Elementsofanintextreferenceforamediarelease
1. (Author/sfamilynameororganisationname
2. Yearofpublication)

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Mediarelease
electronic
format

(Cameron2007)

Elementsofareferenceforamediarelease
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/sororganisation
2. (Explanationofpositionofauthorifrelevante.g.memberofparliament)
3. Yearofpublication,
4. Titleinitalics,
5. Descriptionofdocument,
6. Placeofreleaseofpublication,
7. Dayandmonthofrelease,
8. Ifelectronicthedateviewed,
9. <URLifelectronic>.
10.

Referencelistexamples
Cameron,B(MinisterforCorrections,Victoria)2007,Constructionbeginsinhighsecurityunit,mediarelease,
Melbourne,28March,viewed16April2007,<http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au>.

Films,videos,dvds,radio,tvprograms,podcastsandcdroms
ForfurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002,pp.229&231)
Elementsofanintextreferenceforfilms,videos,dvds,
radio,tvprogramspodcastsandcdromsinparentheses
1. (Titleofproductioninitalics
2. Dateofproduction)

Elementsofareferenceforfilms,videos,dvds,radio,tvprograms,podcastsandcdrroms
1. Titleofproductioninitalics
2. Dateofrecording/production,
3. Formate.g.televisionprogram,
4. Publisher,
5. Placeofrecording,
6. Dayandmonthprogramswereairedifaradio,tvprogram,orpodcast,
7. Anyspecialcreditsorotherusefulinformationcanbenotedafterthecitation,
8. Forpodcastsaddthedateaccessed,and<url>.e.g.accessed25February2009,
<http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio3/r3arts/rss.xml>.

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Feb2011


Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

DVD

(ShakespearesMacbeth2002)
or
asportrayedbyShakespearesMacbeth(2002)

(Criticalmass2010)

ShakespearesMacbeth2002,dvd,AustralianFilmCorporation,Canberra,starringMaxwellMorris.

Television
program
Radioprogram

(Thesearchformeaning1998)

Podcast

(Pinter'sHomecoming,CivilisationandJohnBrewer
2009)

CDROM

(ReaderRabbitthinkingadventuresages461999)

Criticalmass2010,televisionprogram,AustralianBroadcastingCorporation,Sydney,14November.

Thesearchformeaning1998,radioprogram,ABCRadio,Sydney,24March.

Pinter'sHomecoming,CivilisationandJohnBrewer2009,podcast,BBCRadio3,20
February,accessed25February2009,<http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio3/r3arts/rss.xml>.

ReaderRabbitthinkingadventuresages461999,CDROM,LearningCompany,Fremont,California.

Images,illustrations,photographs,figuresetc.
Snooks(2002)doesnotprovideguidanceforimages,photographs,figuresandtables
Elementsofanintextreferencefor a image
Elementsofareferencefor a image

1. (Person/sresponsiblefortheimage
1. Person/sresponsiblefortheimage
2. Date)
2. Date,
3. Titleinitalics,
4. Format,
Note:Ifthereisnonamedauthororpersonresponsible
5. Dateviewedifelectronic,
putthetitlethenthedateofproduction.
6. <URLifelectronic>.
Note:Ifthereisnonamedauthororpersonresponsibleputthetitlefirst

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Imageonthe
webwithan
author
Imageonthe
webwithno
author

(Klinger2009)

Klinger,P2009,Followthelines,photograph,viewed3August2009,
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/dcdead/3621389249>.

PanoramaofthePortArthurpenalcolony2008,photograph,viewed3August2009,
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania>.

(PanoramaofthePortArthurpenalcolony2008)

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Feb2011

Images,illustrations,photographs,figuresetcfromwithinapublication
Snooks(2002)doesnotprovideguidanceforimages,photographs,figuresandtables
Elementsofanintextreferencefor an imagefrom
Elementsofa referencefor an imagewithinapublication

withinapublication
Usetheelementsforthepublicationtheimagehascomefrome.g.book,journalarticle,pamphlet
1. (Person/sresponsiblefortheimage
2. Date)
Note:Ifthereisnonamedauthororpersonresponsible
putthetitlethenthedateofproduction.

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Imageor
illustration
withina
publication

forexampleJToorpsworkDesireandFulfilment
(Huxley1990,p.28).

Huxley,F1990,Theeye:theseerandtheseen,ThamesandHudson,n.p.

Graphwithina
publication
electronic
format

Note:Ensuretheauthor/artistandtitleoftheworkisin
thebodyofthetextandputanintextreferenceforthe
bookthattheimage/illustrationisin.

Note:Enterareferenceforthebookthattheimage/illustrationisin.Noplaceofpublicationwasdiscerniblefromthetitlepageor
versoson.p.islistedforplaceofpublication.

AustralianBureauofStatistics2010,Births2009,cat.no.3301.0,ABS,Sydney,viewed15February2011,
<http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/10BEDC49AFCACC1FCA2577CF000DF7AB/$File/33010_2
009.pdf.>.

Figure1.Birthsregistered19092009(Australian
BureauofStatistics2010,p.13)

Blogsorlistservs
Snooks(2002p.231)hasnotbeenfollowedinthisinstanceasitisinconsistent
Elementsofanintextreferencefor a blogsorlistserv

1. (Author/sfamilyname
2. Yearofposting)

Elementsofareferenceforablogorlistserv
1. Author/sfamilyname,followedbyinitial/s
2. Yearofposting,
3. Titleordescriptionofpostingwithinsinglequotes,
4. Formate.g.blog,
5. Dayandmonthofposting,
6. Titleofblog,
7. Dateviewed,
8. <URL>.

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Feb2011


Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Blog

(Richards2009)

Richards,R2009,Newforensicsciencereport',blog,23February,LawLibrarianBlog,viewed24February2009,
<http://lawprofessors.typepad.com/law_librarian_blog/>.

Secondarysources
FofurtherinformationrefertoSnooks(2002pp.198199)
Elementsofanintextreferenceforasecondarysources

1. (Authorwhoseworkisbeingcited,
2. Thephrasecitedin
3. Authorwhoiscitinganotherauthor
4. Dateoftheworkcitinganotherauthor,
Pagenumber/sifusefultothereader)

Elementsofareferenceforasecondarysource(sameasforabook)
1. Authorfamilyname,followedbyinitial/sororganisationname
2. Yearofpublication,
3. Titleofbookinitalics
st
nd
4. Editionstatementifotherthanthe1 editione.g.2 edn,orotherdescriptionifapplicablee.g.cat.no.2201.0
5. Publisher,
6. Placeofpublication,
7. Pagenumberornumbersifapplicable,e.g.pp.817,
8. Dateviewedifitisanelectronictexte.g.viewed25March2010,
9. <URLorinternetaddresswithinpointedbracketsifitisanelectronictext>.

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Citinga
secondary
source

(Whitely,citedinChambers1983,p.25)

Chambers,PK1983,Youremotionsrevealed,LacrimaandDuctule,NewYork.

Whiteley,BC1979,'Emotionalresponse',BrainTalk,vol.2,no.12,pp.2345.

or

Whitley(citedinChambers1983,p.25)stated.

Areferencelistentrymustbemadefortheauthorwhohasdonethecitinge.g.Chambers.Referencescanbemadeforbothworks
ifthatishelpfultothereader.

Wikis

Elementsofanintextreferencefor a wiki
1. (Titleornameofwiki
2. Year)

Elementsofareferencefor awiki
1. Titleornameofwiki
2. Year,
3. titleofarticleorsection,
4. Qualifiere.g.wikiarticle,
5. Dayandmontharticlewaslastmodified,
6. Dateviewed,
7. <URL>.

Reference
Type

InTextexamples

Referencelistexamples

Citingawiki

(Roboticswiki2010)

Roboticswiki2010,Currentresearchtopics,wikiarticle,19October,viewed27January2011,
<http://robotics.caltech.edu/wiki/index.php/Main_Page>.

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