If we have a machine is running at 6,000 rpm. It is vibrating at 1 mil Pk-Pk.

Calculate the velocity

& acceleration of the vibration in mm/s & mm/S2. Explain the calculation.
In short, assuming pure sinusoidal vibration at 6.000 cpm (pure unbalance, for example):
velocity: 5,642 mm/s rms
displacement: 3545 mm/s2 rms
Rms values are those commonly used in ISO standards, for pk or pk-pk values you would have to
multiply by sqrt(2) and 2*sqrt(2) respectively.
Formulas are derived from the fact that velocity is the integral of acceleration and displacement
the integral of velocity, and assuming sinusoidal vibration at one single frequency*, I've compiled
them, with an online calculator to do these conversions in:
http://onlinevib.synthasite.com/Vibr...calculator.php
* In fact, you are also assuming zero mean acceleration, velocity and displacement, i.e. the
machine vibrates around an equilibrium point and does not move around (if it moves from its
foundation you'd better turn it off :-)

You can use the online calculator at http://cbmapps.com/apps/34 to do this kind of conversions
(provided the vibration is sinusoidal, the theory is in http://www.cbmapps.com/docs/28).

That is maximum velocity. The maximum acceleration will be the derivative of the velocity, i.e. if:

v = Asin(Bt)
Then,

a = ABcos(Bt)

In other words, your maximum acceleration will be the maximum velocity times the frequency (by
way of chain rule).

Conversion Between Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration

Vibration is a form of movement; in consequence, the relations between acceleration,
velocity and displacement are governed by simple kinematics; acceleration is the derivative
of velocity, which in turn is the derivative of displacement:

Conversely, displacement is the integral of velocity, which in turn is the integral of

acceleration:

For an arbitrary vibration signal, the only way to convert one of these measures into another
would be to know the complete time waveform and differentiate or integrate it. Fortunately,
the integral and derivative of a sinusoidal function are also sinusoidal functions, so for
sinusoidal waveforms these relations simplify to (the intermediary math has been omitted):

From displacement to velocity and acceleration:

From acceleration to velocity and displacement:

With frequency in Hz and phase in radians.

It is important to observe that if one of the three variables acceleration, velocity or
displacement is sinusoidal, the other two are also sinusoidal at the same frequency; only
amplitude and phase change.

Phase Relations
Phase relations are fairly intuitive and independent of amplitude and frequency. The phase
difference between acceleration and displacement is always 180, which means that when
the object reaches its maximum displacement from the equilibrium position, the acceleration

is maximum in the opposite direction (see points 1 and 2 in the figure below). Velocity
always lags acceleration by 90 and leads displacement by 90: it is maximum when both
acceleration and displacement are zero, that is, when passing through the equilibrium
position (points 3 and 4).

Phase difference between acceleration, velocity and displacement

Amplitude Relations
The amplitude of acceleration, velocity and displacement are related by factors that depend
on vibration frequency. For a given velocity amplitude, for example, the corresponding
displacement amplitude is higher at low frequencies by a factor proportional to 1/f and
acceleration is higher at high frequencies, by a factor proportional to f. This relations explain
why low frequency vibration is emphasized by displacement measures and high frequency
vibration by acceleration, as illustrated in the following figure:

Sinusoidal acceleration and displacement amplitude as a function of frequency for a fixed velocity
amplitude of 1 mm/s rms

Units in this figure were chosen because they are commonly used and to make the curves fit
in the plot. If different units are used, the scale of the curves will vary but their general form
remains the same.

Conversion Formulas
The conversion formulas for amplitude only are summarized in the following table:

Amplitude conversion between sinusoidal acceleration, velocity and displacement.

You have

You want
A, f[Hz]

V, f[Hz]

X, f[Hz]

2f V
6.28f V

(2f) 2 X
39.5f2 X

Velocity, V =

1/(2f) A
1/(6.28f) A

2f X
6.28f X

Displacement, X =

1/(2f) 2 A
1/(39.5f2) A

1/(2f) V
1/(6.28f) V

Acceleration, A =

To take into account the phase, the formulas are (using the notation aplitude@phase):

Amplitude and phase conversion between sinusoidal acceleration, velocity and

displacement.

You have

You want
A, f[Hz]

V, f[Hz]

X, f[Hz]

2f V@(v+90)
6.28f V@(v+90)

(2f) 2 X@(x+180)
39.5f2
X@(x+180)

1/(2f) A@(a90)
1/(6.28f)
A@(a90)

2f X@(x+90)
6.28f X@(x+90)

Acceleration,
A@a =
Velocity,
V@v =

Displacement, 1/(2f) 2 A@(a180) 1/(2f) V@(v90)

1/(39.5f2)
1/(6.28f)
X@x =
A@(a180)
V@(v90)

Units
The formulas presented do not modify the type of amplitude measurement (pk, pk-pk or
rms). They do not transform the units used, either. When applying these formulas, care has
to be taken to convert the result to the desired units.

Example
If we want to convert a sinusoidal acceleration of 0.1g rms into velocity in in/s pk, and we
don't care about the phase, we can proceed as follows:
A = 0.1g = 0.1 x 32.17ft/s2 = 3.217ft/s2 38.6in/s2
f = 4500 cpm = (4500/min)x(1min/60s) = 75/s
V = A/(2f) (38.6m/s2) / (6.28 x 75/s) = 0.082in/s
As the acceleration amplitude was rms, so is the obtained velocity. We use the formulas in
the Amplitude section to get:

V 0.11in/s pk
As you seem, calculations can be tricky... These are the formulas used by the sinusoidal
vibration calculator to convert between sinusoidal displacement, velocity and acceleration.