Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
TRANSLATION
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya
What is an Adequate
Translation?
Adequate translation is a
translation performed in the
need of content level of SL in
accordance with the rules and
norms in TL.
ADEQUATE
TRANSLATION
EQUIVALENCE
ANALOGUE
TECHNIQUES
TYPES OF
EQUIVALENCE
FORMAL
DYNAMIC
Analogue is a translation
which refers to an
analogy (similarities) that
is selected through a
sequence of several
probabilities. Analogue
differs from equivalent in
the way it represents a
context.
Note: Analogue is a person or thing
seen as comparable to another.
ill
tidak sehat,
busuk, kotor, and
jelek.
ill famed
reputasi
jelek.
Technique is a term
used instead of
method or
procedure.
GLOBAL
TRANSLATION
STRATEGY
Translation Procedure is
strategies you apply in the
translation of individual
expressions in the source
text, such as words,
grammatical
constructions,
idioms etc.)
LOCAL
TRANSLATION
STRATEGY
TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES
18 TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES
Molina and Albir (2002: 509)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Adaptation
Amplification
Borrowing
Calque
Compensation
Description
Discursive Creation
Establish Equivalent
Generalization
ADAPTATION
replacing the cultural element
in SL with one from the target
culture
An expression as white as
snow is translated into seputih
kapas not seputih salju since
snow is not known in
Indonesia.
AMPLIFICATION
introducing details that are not
formulated in the SL: information,
explicative paraphrasing. It is
further explain that footnotes are
a type of
amplification.
The example is in the translation
from Arabic to Spanish to add the
Muslim month of fasting to the
noun of Ramadan.
BORROWING
when the word or expression in other language
(SL) is taken straightly into another language (TL),
the technique is stated as borrowing.
Types of Borrowing:
(1) borrowing with no change in form and meaning
(pure loanwords).
For examples: email > email, internet >
internet
BORROWING
(2) borrowing with changes in form but without
changes the meaning (naturalized).
For examples: account akun, compensation
kompensasi
(3) borrowing when part of the terms is native and
another is borrowed, but the meaning is fully
borrowed (loan blends).
For examples: internet provider > penyedia
layanan internet.
CALQUE
literal translation of a foreign
word or phrase which can be
lexical or structural.
The example of this technique
is photo studio in English is
still translated as foto studio
in Bahasa Indonesia.
COMPENSATION
introducing the element of SL text (information,
stylistic effect) in another place in the TL text
because it cannot be represented in the same
place as in the SL text.
For example, Never did she visit her severely sick
aunt. is translated into Bahasa Indonesia as
Wanita itu benar-benar tega tidak berniat
menjenguk bibinya yang sakit parah.
DESCRIPTION
replace a term or expression with a description of
its form or/and function
For example: to translate the Italian panettone as
traditional Italian cake eaten on New Years Eve.
DISCURSIVE
CREATION
establishing a temporary equivalence that is totally
unpredictable out of context. Usually it happens to
the translation of the title of films and books.
For example, Si Malin Kundang is translated into
The Betrayed Son, Malin Kundang.
ESTABLISH
EQUIVALENT
Using a term or expression recognized (by
dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in
the TL
For example, the translation of effective and
efficient is preferable efektif dan efisien to
sangkil dan mangkus.
It can also be found in some expressions of frozen
style.
GENERALIZATION
Using a more general and neutral term. This
technique is the opposite of particularization.
LINGUISTIC
AMPLIFICATION
Adding linguistic element, e.g., to translate the
English expression no way into Spanish as de
ninguna de las maneras instead of using an
expression with the same number of words, en
absoluto.
This type of translation is commonly used in the
dubbing system to films.
LINGUISTIC
COMPRESION
Synthesizing the linguistic element in the TL text.
This is in opposition to linguistic amplification and
usually used in simultaneous interpreting and subtitling.
LITERAL
TRANSLATION
This technique means
translating word for word.
This technique
corresponds to Nidas
concept of formal
equivalent, when form
and meaning coincides
with function and
meaning.
MODULATION
Changing the point of view, focus or cognitive
category in relation to the SL text. It can be lexical
or structural.
For example, Youre going to have a child is
translated into Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak
or I cut my finger into Jariku tersayat.
PARTICULARIZATION
Using a more precise or concrete term, like in the
example of translating window in English as
guichet in French.
Another example, air transportation is translated
into helikopter.
REDUCTION
A technique in which the translator suppress the
information of SL text when it is translated into TL.
SUBSTITUTION
Changing the linguistic elements for paralinguistic
elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa.
TRANSPOSITION
Changing the grammatical category. It involves
replacing a grammatical structure in the SL with
one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve
the same effect.
Example:
I would have come if I had known is translated to
Tentunya saya akan datang kalau tahu.
VARIATION
Changing linguistic or paralinguistic elements
(intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of
linguitic variation: change of textual tone, style,
social dialect, geographical dialect.
The example of this technique is when translating
for the theaters, the translator introduces or
changes dialectal indicators for the character, or
changes in tone when adapting novels for children.
Also, this technique is common in translating
drama texts.
Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya