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ADEQUATE

TRANSLATION

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

By the end of this lecture, you will


be able to answer questions about:
1. Adequate translation
2. Techniques of translation

What is an Adequate
Translation?
Adequate translation is a
translation performed in the
need of content level of SL in
accordance with the rules and
norms in TL.

ADEQUATE
TRANSLATION

EQUIVALENCE

ANALOGUE

TECHNIQUES

In translating source language text into target


language text, the translator has to find the
closest natural equivalent.
But, some translations have a very close
formal and semantic correspondence by
providing notes and comment, and some
others are not so much concerned with it and
not giving information
(Nida in Venuti (2000: 127)

TYPES OF
EQUIVALENCE

FORMAL

DYNAMIC

(Nida in Venuti (2000: 127)


Note: Equivalence is the
condition of being equal
or equivalent in value,
worth, function, etc.

Formal equivalence is oriented towards the


transfer of the message from SL to TL. This
orientation is to reproduce as closely and
meaningfully as possible the message in the TL
with different elements in the SL. By applying
this orientation, the translator tends to
translate the form and the content of the
source language text literally and
meaningfully.

Socit des Nations in French is


translated into League of Nations in
English and Liga Bangsa-Bangsa in
Bahasa Indonesia.

Dynamic equivalence is not so focused in


matching the SL message with the TL
message. It is oriented to make a natural
expression by relating the receptor within the
context of his own culture.
It focuses in conveying the message from the
SL into the TL as naturally as possible.

He lived in a small flat


away from his family. in
English is translated as
Ia tinggal di sebuah
rumah susun yang
lokasinya jauh dari
rumah dan keluarga. in
Bahasa Indonesia.

Analogue is a translation
which refers to an
analogy (similarities) that
is selected through a
sequence of several
probabilities. Analogue
differs from equivalent in
the way it represents a
context.
Note: Analogue is a person or thing
seen as comparable to another.

ill
tidak sehat,
busuk, kotor, and
jelek.

ill famed
reputasi
jelek.

Technique is a term
used instead of
method or
procedure.

Translation Method is the


overall strategy you apply
to a text as a whole the
primary choice you have
to make here is how close
to the source text you
want your target text to
be.

GLOBAL
TRANSLATION
STRATEGY

Translation Procedure is
strategies you apply in the
translation of individual
expressions in the source
text, such as words,
grammatical
constructions,
idioms etc.)
LOCAL
TRANSLATION
STRATEGY

Molina and Albir (2002: 508) describe translation


techniques as procedures to analyze and classify
how translation equivalence
works.

TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES

18 TRANSLATION
TECHNIQUES
Molina and Albir (2002: 509)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Adaptation
Amplification
Borrowing
Calque
Compensation
Description
Discursive Creation
Establish Equivalent
Generalization

10. Linguistic Amplification


11. Linguistic Compression
12. Literal Translation
13. Modulation
14. Particularization
15. Reduction
16. Substitution
17. Transposition
18. Variation

ADAPTATION
replacing the cultural element
in SL with one from the target
culture
An expression as white as
snow is translated into seputih
kapas not seputih salju since
snow is not known in
Indonesia.

AMPLIFICATION
introducing details that are not
formulated in the SL: information,
explicative paraphrasing. It is
further explain that footnotes are
a type of
amplification.
The example is in the translation
from Arabic to Spanish to add the
Muslim month of fasting to the
noun of Ramadan.

BORROWING
when the word or expression in other language
(SL) is taken straightly into another language (TL),
the technique is stated as borrowing.
Types of Borrowing:
(1) borrowing with no change in form and meaning
(pure loanwords).
For examples: email > email, internet >
internet

BORROWING
(2) borrowing with changes in form but without
changes the meaning (naturalized).
For examples: account akun, compensation
kompensasi
(3) borrowing when part of the terms is native and
another is borrowed, but the meaning is fully
borrowed (loan blends).
For examples: internet provider > penyedia
layanan internet.

CALQUE
literal translation of a foreign
word or phrase which can be
lexical or structural.
The example of this technique
is photo studio in English is
still translated as foto studio
in Bahasa Indonesia.

So is sekretaris jendral from


secretariat general

COMPENSATION
introducing the element of SL text (information,
stylistic effect) in another place in the TL text
because it cannot be represented in the same
place as in the SL text.
For example, Never did she visit her severely sick
aunt. is translated into Bahasa Indonesia as
Wanita itu benar-benar tega tidak berniat
menjenguk bibinya yang sakit parah.

DESCRIPTION
replace a term or expression with a description of
its form or/and function
For example: to translate the Italian panettone as
traditional Italian cake eaten on New Years Eve.

DISCURSIVE
CREATION
establishing a temporary equivalence that is totally
unpredictable out of context. Usually it happens to
the translation of the title of films and books.
For example, Si Malin Kundang is translated into
The Betrayed Son, Malin Kundang.

ESTABLISH
EQUIVALENT
Using a term or expression recognized (by
dictionaries or language in use) as an equivalent in
the TL
For example, the translation of effective and
efficient is preferable efektif dan efisien to
sangkil dan mangkus.
It can also be found in some expressions of frozen
style.

GENERALIZATION
Using a more general and neutral term. This
technique is the opposite of particularization.

For example the translation of guichet, fenetre or


devanture in French into window in English.
In Bahasa Indonesia, penthouse is translated to
tempat tinggal and becak to vehicle.

LINGUISTIC
AMPLIFICATION
Adding linguistic element, e.g., to translate the
English expression no way into Spanish as de
ninguna de las maneras instead of using an
expression with the same number of words, en
absoluto.
This type of translation is commonly used in the
dubbing system to films.

It is in opposition to linguistic compression.

LINGUISTIC
COMPRESION
Synthesizing the linguistic element in the TL text.
This is in opposition to linguistic amplification and
usually used in simultaneous interpreting and subtitling.

LITERAL
TRANSLATION
This technique means
translating word for word.
This technique
corresponds to Nidas
concept of formal
equivalent, when form
and meaning coincides
with function and
meaning.

MODULATION
Changing the point of view, focus or cognitive
category in relation to the SL text. It can be lexical
or structural.
For example, Youre going to have a child is
translated into Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak
or I cut my finger into Jariku tersayat.

PARTICULARIZATION
Using a more precise or concrete term, like in the
example of translating window in English as
guichet in French.
Another example, air transportation is translated
into helikopter.

This technique is in opposition to generalization.

REDUCTION
A technique in which the translator suppress the
information of SL text when it is translated into TL.

For example, the Muslim fasting month is


translated into Ramadan.
This technique is in opposition to amplification.

SUBSTITUTION
Changing the linguistic elements for paralinguistic
elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa.

It is used in interpreting, for example, to translate


the Arab gesture of putting your hand on your
heart as thank you.

TRANSPOSITION
Changing the grammatical category. It involves
replacing a grammatical structure in the SL with
one of a different type in the TL in order to achieve
the same effect.
Example:
I would have come if I had known is translated to
Tentunya saya akan datang kalau tahu.

VARIATION
Changing linguistic or paralinguistic elements
(intonation, gestures) that affect aspects of
linguitic variation: change of textual tone, style,
social dialect, geographical dialect.
The example of this technique is when translating
for the theaters, the translator introduces or
changes dialectal indicators for the character, or
changes in tone when adapting novels for children.
Also, this technique is common in translating
drama texts.

Rida Wahyuningrum
English Department
Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya

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