ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

SAKINA
DEPARTEMEN ANATOMIHISTOLOGI
FKUA
12/6/2013

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1.

2.
3.
4.

Interacts with the nervous system to

maintain homeostasis.
Responsible for :
The regulation of fluid and electrolyte
balance,
Cell and tissue metabolism,
Growth and development,
Reproductive functions.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Ductless glands
Secrete hormones

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Hormones are messenger molecules

Circulate in the blood
Act on distant target cells
Target cells respond to the hormones for
which they have receptors
The effects are dependent on the
programmed response of the target cells
Hormones are just molecular triggers
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Basic categories of hormones

Amino acid based: modified amino acids
(or amines), peptides (short chains of
amino acids), and proteins (long chains of
amino acids)
Steroids: lipid molecules derived from
cholesterol

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MECHANISM OF HORMON
RELEASE
Turn on system :
1.Response
to
variations
in
the
concentrations of specific substances in
the body fluids. Ex : PTH
2.Hormonal
instructions
from
other
endocrine organs. Ex : Thyroid
3.Response to neural stimulation. Ex :
adrenalin
Turn off system :negative feedback system
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RECEPTORS REGULATION
UP regulation

DOWN regulation

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Endocrine Organs
Purely endocrine organs

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal: 2 glands
Cortex
Medulla

Endocrine cells in other

organs

Pancreas
Thymus
Gonads
Hypothalamus

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The Pituitary
Pituitary secretes 9 hormones

Two divisions:
Anterior pituitary
(adenohypophysis)

1. TSH
The first four are tropic
2. ACTH hormones, they regulate the
function of other hormones
3. FSH
4.
LH
________
5. GH
6. PRL
7. MSH

_________________________________________________________________

Posterior pituitary
(neurohypophysis)

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8. ADH (antidiuretic hormone), or vasopressin

9. Oxytocin

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What the letters stand for

TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone
LH: luteinizing hormone
GH: growth hormone
PRL: prolactin
MSH: melanocyte-stimulating hormone

ADH: antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin
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DWARFISME

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Posterior Pituitary (stores & releases hormones

produced by hypothalamus)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

targets kidneys stimulates reabsorption of
water
targets blood vessels regulates blood
pressure
Hyposecretion : diabetes insipidus
Hypersecretion : syndrome of inappropriate
ADH secretion

Oxytocin
targets uterus stimulates contraction
targets mammary glands stimulates
release of milk when baby nurses

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 Releasing hormones (releasing factors) of

hypothalamus
TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) -----turns on* TSH
CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) -----turns on
ACTH
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) ---turns on FSH
and LH
PRF (prolactin releasing hormone) -----turns on PRL
GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone) ----turns on
GH

Inhibiting hormones of hypothalmus

PIF (prolactin inhibiting factor) -----turns off PRL
GH (growth hormone) inhibiting hormone ---turns off GH
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THYROID GLAND
Consists of two lobes
Located on either side
of trachea
Isthmus connects the
two lobes

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THYROID GLAND
Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyroxine (T3)
Target cells
all cells of body (increase
metabolic rate of carbohydrates,lipids,proteins)
Calcitonin : help lower blood calcium levels, acts
mostly during childhood
Hypersecretion : hyperthyroidism (ex. Graves
disease)
Hyposecretion : hypothyroidism ( kretinism,
mixedema)
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THYROID GLAND

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CALCITONIN VERSUS PTH

Text or image

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The Parathyroid Glands

Most people have four
On posterior surface of
thyroid gland
(sometimes embedded)
Action ?

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PARATHYROID GLAND
Hyperparathyroid : causes metastatic
calcification
Hypoparathyroid : causes convulsions

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Adrenal (suprarenal) glands

(suprarenal means on top of the kidney)

Each is really two endocrine glands

Adrenal cortex (outer)
Adrenal medulla (inner)

Unrelated chemicals but all help with extreme situations

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Adrenal Gland
Adrenal cortex
Secretes lipid-based steroid hormones, called
corticosteroids cortico as in cortex
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
Aldosterone is the main one

GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) is the main one

GONADOCORTICOIDS
- small amounts

Adrenal medulla
Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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The Pineal Gland

At the end of a short stalk on the roof of
the diencephalon
Pinealocytes with dense calcium particles
Can be seen on x-ray (because of Ca++)
Melatonin helps regulate the circadium
rhythm
The biological clock of the diurnal (night/day)
rhythm
Complicated feedback via retinas visual input
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Learn the 3 endocrine organs on this slide:

Hypothalamus
Pituitary (hyophysis)
Pineal

Hypothalamus__
Anterior pituitary__
(adenohypophysis)

_____________Posterior pituitary
(neurohypophysis)

Hypothalamus___________
Pituitary__________
(hypophysis)

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Pancreas
Classified as exocrine & endocrine gland.
Exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes.

Endocrine
portion (islets
of Langerhans)

secretes
hormones.

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Pancreatic islet
endocrine cells

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Alpha cells: secrete glucagon

raises blood sugar
mostly in periphery
Beta cells: secrete insulin
lowers blood sugar
central part (are more abundant)
Also rare Delta cells:secrete
somatostatin
inhibits glucagon

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Ovaries
Estrogen
targets most cells develops & maintains sexual
characteristics in females; stimulates growth of
uterine lining

Progesterone
targets uterus stimulates growth of uterine lining;
maintains pregnancy

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Testes
Testosterone
targets most cells develops & maintains sexual
characteristics in males; promotes sperm formation

Inhibin
targets anterior pituitary inhibits FSH release
(decreases sperm formation)

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THYMUS
Located deep to the sternum in the thorax
Diminishes in size troughout adulthood
Essential for the normal development of T
Lymphocytes
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Endocrine cells in various organs

The placenta secretes steroid and protein hormones
Estrogens, progesterone
CRH
HCG

The kidneys
Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin
Renin indirectly signals adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone

Erythropoietin: signals bone marrow to increase RBC production

The skin
Modified cholesterol with uv exposure becomes Vitamin D
precursor
Vitamin D necessary for calcium metabolism: signals intestine to
absorb CA++
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TERIMA KASIH

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