Manual For Hybrid Rice Seed Production

The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by
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Contents
FOREWORD
DEDICATION
THE RlCE SEED
1
The rice plant
1
The seed and the grain
Parts of a seed
2
SYNCHRONIZATION OF FLOWERING
13
Differential seeding
13
How to determine seeding time of A and R
13
lines
HYBRID RlCE PARENTAL LINES
Transplanting the A line

Transplanting the B line
23
29
2
DIFFERENTIAL SEEDING TIMES
REPRODUCTIVE PARTS OF THE RlCE PLANT
The spikelet
3
Process of seed formation
Stages of seed formation
Inbred rice seed
5
Hybrid rice seed
5
TRANSPLANTING SEQUENCE FOR CMS

MULTIPLICATION
23
4
4
Male sterile line

6
Maintainer line
7
Restorer line
7
14
Differential seeding times for hybrid seed
production
14
Seed parent has 10-day shorter growth
duration than pollen parent
14
Seed parent has 10-day longer growth
15
Seed parent has same growth duration
15
as pollen parent
Differential seeding times for CMS
16
multiplication
SELECTION OF CMS MULTIPLICATION AND HYBRID

SEED PRODUCTION FIELDS
DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARENTAL

LINES
8
Desirable characteristics of the
CMS line
8
Desirable characteristics of maintainer
9
and restorer lines
Choice of parents for hybrid seed
production
9
SEEDING OF PARENTAL LINES IN THE

SEEDBED
10
Why seed in the seedbed 10

Seedbed preparation
11
Pregerminating seeds
11
Managing the seedbed
12
17
Requirements
17
Distance isolation
17
Time isolation
18
Barrier isolation
18
TRANSPLANTING
Change the seedling proportion

of R line
27
Seed the R line twice
28
Modify row ratios
29
Modify row and plant spacings
Transplant R line seedlings on
the same day
30
Why transplant
19
How to transplant
19
20
How many seedlings per hill
Layout for transplanting
20
Seedling age at transplanting
20
What is a row ratio

21
Factors influencing row ratio
22
22
Characteristics of the R line
22
Characteristics of the A line
Flowering behavior of the A
and R lines
22
Seed parent has 10-day shorter

growth duration than pollen
parent
24
Transplanting the R line
24
25
25
25
25
Seed parent has same growth duration as
pollen parent 26
26
26
SEEDING AND TRANSPLANTING MODIFICATIONS TO
INCREASE SEED YIELD
27
19
TRANSPLANTING IN A SPECIFIC ROW RATIO
TRANSPLANTING SEQUENCE FOR HYBRID

SEED PRODUCTION
24
21
29
MANAGEMENT OF SEED PRODUCTION

PLOTS
31
Retransplant missing hills

31
Control weeds
32
Control diseases and insect pests
Fertilizer management
33
32
34
Synchronization of flowering date of
34
parental lines
Panicle initiation and flowering date
34
How to observe panicle initiation
35
Developmental stages of panicle
36
formation to flowering
Estimating flowering date by panicle
primordium stages
37
How to adjust flowering dates of
parental lines showing 5-6 days
difference at panicle initiation
37
How to adjust flowering dates of
parental lines showing a
difference of more than a week
37
ADJUSTING FLOWERING DATE
38
Crop stage for flag leaf clipping
Flag leaf clipping method
39
FLAG LEAF CLIPPING
GIBBERELLIC ACID APPLICATION
Why spray gibberellic acid

Timing of applicationcrop
growth stage
40
Timing of applicationweather
conditions
41
40
40
38
How to make GA3 solution

general procedure
42
How to make GA3 solutionamount
required for different plot sizes
43
How to make GA3 solutiondoing
your own computations
44
SUPPLEMENTARY POLLINATION
Methods of supplementary
pollination
45
Timing of supplementary
pollination
45
45
49
Special considerations for
harvesting hybrid rice
49
When to harvest
49
Harvesting the B or R line
50
Harvesting the A line
51
HARVESTING
52
Preparation for threshing
52
Threshing the seed parent
53
Threshing the pollen parent
53
THRESHING
54
Why seed drying
54
Seed drying methodssun-drying
Seed drying methodsforced
air drying
54
SEED DRYING
46
What is roguing and why is it
necessary
46
Crop stage for roguing
46
Off-types to be removed
47
At maximum tillering
47
At flowering
48
Before harvest
48
ROGUING
PROCESSING HYBRID RICE SEED FOR.

MARKET
55
Cleaning and grading

55
Seed germination testing
56
Packing and labeling the seed
57
54
Hybrid rice technology exploits the phenomenon of hybrid vigor and involves raising a
commercial crop from F1 Seeds. This technology helped China to increase its rice production from 140 million tons in 1978 to 188
million tons in 1990.
Research at IRRI and in other countries
indicates that hybrid rice technology offers
opportunities for increasing rice varietal yields
by 15-20% beyond those achievable with
improved, semidwarf, inbred varieties.
Adoption and success of hybrid rice
technology will depend largely on practical
seed production technology; economical seed
yields from hybrid rice plots; and efficient
national seed production, processing, certification, and distribution programs in the public
and private sectors.
Hybrid rice seed production technology
involves specialized skills and requires a
Klaus Lampe
Director General
thorough understanding of various practices to

minimize costs and maximize returns. This
manual describes and illustrates the many
steps involved in hybrid rice seed production
for both beginning and experienced seed
growers. It is based on experiments at IRRI
and hybrid rice seed production experience in
China. The authors have presented a complex
topic in systematic, easy-to-understand terms
that should appeal to trainers and growers
alike. This book was edited by W.H. Smith with
the assistance of T. Rola.
The manual was designed for easy
translation and inexpensive copublication in
nonindustrialized countries, IRRI will give
complimentary sets of the illustrations to
cooperators who wish to translate the text and
print local-language editions of the manual.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to the memory of my

coauthor, Dr. H.L. Sharma, who worked with
me at IRRI as research fellow during 19901992, on leave from Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India. After his
return to his parent institution, Dr. Sharma was
named Head of the Department of Seed
Technology. There he played an active role in
developing and transferring hybrid rice seed
production technology in India until his
untimely death on 13 April 1993. Although
Dr. Sharma did not live to see the publication
of our book, the manual stands as a tribute to
his contributions to hybrid rice seed production
research and training at IRRl and in India.
Sant Virmani
The rice seed
The rice plant

Parts of a seed
The rice plant

A tiller is a shoot that includes the
roots, stem, and leaves. It may or
may not have a panicle.
The panicle bears the spikelets.
The spikelets are the parts of the
rice plant that form seed.
Roots
Manual for hybrid rice seed production

Amature rice grain that germinates
under favorable environmental
conditions and grows into a normal
plant is called a seed.
A mature rice grain that may or
may not germinate and is used for
consumption is not a seed.
Only seed can be sold to farmers to
grow a rice crop.
Parts of a seed
The embryo or germ gives rise to a
seedling, which is composed of the
shoot and the roots. The endospermis a food reserve for the
germinating embryo during its
early growth. The endosperm is
made up mostly of starch. It also
contains sugars, proteins, and fats.
The hull is the hard cover of the
seed.
Most improved rice cultivars either
do not have awns, or the awn is
very small.
Awn
Hull
Endosperm
Kernel
Embryo
The seed was cut lengthwise
Reproductive parts of the rice plant
The spikelet
Inbred rice seed
Hybrid rice seed
The spikelet
The stamens are the male reproductive organs. Each stamen is
made up of an anther, which
contains pollen grains, and the
filament.
The pistil is the female reproductive organ. It is made up of the
ovary, a short style, and two
feathery stigmas.
Pedicel

Pollination is the first step in
reproduction. Pollen grains are
shed from the anthers and fall onto
the feathery stigmas.
Fertilization is the second step in
seed formation. The pollen that
reaches the stigma germinates and
forms a pollen tube that carries the
male nuclei inside the ovary for
fusion with the egg nuclei.
The complete process from pollination to fertilization takes from 18 to
24 hours.
Male nucleus 2
Male nucleus 1
Fertilization

The fertilized egg cell begins
development within 12 hours after
fertilization.
The endosperm of the developing
seed begins turning milky white 8
days after fertilization. The embryo
develops after 10 days.
The endosperm turns into the soft
dough stage at 14 days after fertilization, and the hard dough stage 7
days later.
Within 25-30 days after fertilization, the ovule has matured and
fully ripened into a seed.
Anther opening
and fertilization
10
12
Milk stage
14
21
Soft dough Hard dough
stage
stage
7 days
30 days
Fully ripe
Inbred rice seed

Ordinary or inbred rice seed is
produced when the egg inside the
ovary is fertilized by pollen grains
shed from:
-anthers borne in the same
spikelet.
- anthers from other spikelets of
the same plant.
-anthers from the spikelet of
another plant of the same
variety.
When farmers plant an entire field
to a single variety, they are producing inbred seed.
Pollen from the same spikelet
Hybrid rice seed

Hybrid rice seed is produced when
the egg is fertilized by pollen from
the anthers of a rice plant from a
different variety or line.
Hybrid rice seed is the first filial
(F1) generation of a cross of two rice
varieties that are genetically
different.
Variety X
Hybrid rice seed
Hybrid rice parental lines
Male sterile line

Maintainer line
Restorer line
Male sterile line

A rice line that cannot produce
viable pollen due to the interaction
between cytoplasmic and nuclear
genes is described as being cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS).
It is used as a female parent for
hybrid rice seed production.
The male sterile line is commonly
called a CMS line, the seed parent,
the female parent, or the A line.
Panicles may not exsert fully. Their
basal portion remains inside the
flag leaf sheath.
Anthers are pale or white and
shrivelled.
The flowering period usually lasts
for 7 days.
Shrivelled anther
Panicles not fully

exserted from the flag leaf
Maintainer line
A maintainer line is similar to a
CMS line except that it has viable
pollen grains and normal seed
setting.
The maintainer line is used as a
pollinator for maintaining a CMS
line.
The maintainer is also called the B
line.
The B line cannot restore fertility to
the F1 generation when it is crossed
with a CMS line.
Panicles exsert fully out of the flag
leaves.
Anthers are yellow, plump, and
shed pollen.
The B line flowers 2-3 days earlier
than the CMS line.
Flowering lasts for about 5 days.
Spikelet of maintainer/restorer line
Restorer line
Any rice cultivar that restores
fertility in the F1 when it is crossed
to a CMS line is called a restorer.
The restorer is also called the
pollen parent, the male parent, or
the R line.
The R line is used as the pollinator
for the CMS parent for hybrid seed
production.
Growth duration may or may not
be similar to that of CMS lines.
Panicles exsert fully out of the flag
leaves.
Anthers are yellow, plump, and
shed pollen.
Flowering lasts for about 5 days.
Seed parent
A line
F1 produces unviable pollen

grains and resembles CMS line
Maintainer
B line
Pollen parent
or restorer
R line
F1 produces viable pollen and

sets seeds, which are used
to plant commercial rice crop
Desirable characteristics of parental lines

Desirable characteristics of the CMS
line
and restorer lines
Choice of parents for hybrid seed
production
Desirable characteristics of the CMS line

High seed yields depend on desirable panicle, floret, and stigma
characteristics of the CMS line.
The panicle should be exserted
from the flag leaf as far as possible.
There should be at least 100 spikelets per panicle.
The floret should open wide and
remain open for at least 45 minutes
or longer.
Blooming florets should have
exserted stigmas.
Stigmas should be receptive to
pollination for 5 to 7 days.
stigma
Shrivelled
exserted from the

and restorer lines
Desirable characteristics of maintainer and restorer lines are the
same.
Panicles should be:
long and contain 125 or more
spikelets.
completely exserted from the
flag leaf.
Filaments should be long for
complete anther exsertion from the
floret.
Anthers should be large and plump
with many pollen grains.
The anther should shed most of its
pollen only after it has exserted
from the floret.
Panicle completely
exserted from
Choice of parents for hybrid seed production

Seed growers normally produce
seeds of F1 hybrids released for
commercial cultivation in their
country.
The parental lines should be
adapted to the grower's area, even
if the hybrid seed may be produced
for another geographical area.
Government agencies or commercial seed companies are the grower's best source of parental seed of
hybrids that are popular with
farmers.
Seeding of parental lines in the seedbed
Why seed in the seedbed

Seedbed preparation
Why seed in the seedbed

Seeding in the seedbed ensures
proper germination of the parental
seed material.
The seedbed provides healthy and
vigorous seedlings for transplanting.
10
Seedbed preparation
Puddle the seedbed field twice at
an interval of 7 days to destroy any
germinated rice seeds or weed
seeds.
Construct 5-10 cm raised seedbeds
of approximately 1 m width of any
convenient length.
Construct drainage channels
between seedbeds to drain excess
water.
Apply 5-6 grams of NPK (14:14;14)
fertilizer or ammonium phosphate
(16:20) fertilizer for each square
meter of seedbed area and mix it
with the soil.
Nitrogen increases seedling growth
and induces tillering.
1m
Construct raised seedbeds
Soak the seeds in water for 24
hours.
Stir the seeds upon soaking and
discard those that float on the
surface.
Incubate the seeds for 24 hours in a
warm and shady place.
Seeds can be incubated in moist
jute sacks.
Allow room in the sacks for expansion of the seeds during incubation.
Incubation keeps the seeds warm,
increases growth of the embryo,
and results in uniform germination.
Sow pregerminated seeds uniformly on the seedbed at the rate of
1 kg seed per 20 m2 of seedbed.
To produce enough seedlings to
grow 1 hectare of hybrid rice, you
need 15 kg of A line seed and 5 kg
of R line seed.
Water level
.--
Incubate
24 hours
Seed at the rate of 1 kg of seed

per 20 m2 of seedbed
11

Irrigate the seedbed to a depth of
2-3 cm.
Drain off the water occasionally to
attain vigorous seedlings.
Gradually increase water depth to
5 cm to control weeds.
Pull remaining weeds by hand;
weeds compete with seedlings for
light, water, and nutrients.
12
Synchronization of flowering
How to determine seeding time of A and
R lines
Success in CMS line multiplication or
growing hybrid seed depends on
synchronizing the flowering of the
seed parent and the pollen parent.
By synchronizing flowering, we
mean that the seed and the pollinator
parents flower at the same time in the
field, even though they may have
different growth durations.
Synchronizing flowering is important because we want pollen from the
B or R line to be available to the A line
throughout its flowering period.
Synchronization,of flowering can
be done in two ways:
(1) We can adjust the seeding dates

of the parents in the seedbed so
they flower at the same time in
the field. That is called differential seeding. Seeding time
always depends on the growth
duration of the parents,
whether you are multiplying a
CMS line or producing hybrid
seed.
(2) We can adjust the flowering
date in the field by crop management practices later in the
growing season. These are
explained in the chapter entitled Adjusting flowering date,
beginning on page 34.
How to determine seeding time of A and R lines

In hybrid seed production, we
normally seed the R line three
times. The seeding dates are
separated by 3-day intervals.
The A line is always seeded just
once.
The seeding of the A line and the
second seeding of the R line are
separated by the number of days
difference in their growth duration.
If the A line growth duration is
shorter, the second R line
seeding is done before the A line.
Example 1:
R line growth duration =
100 days
A line growth duration =
90 days
The A line has a 10-day
shorter growth duration; therefore the second seeding of the R
line will be 10 days before the A
line.
-If the A line growth duration is
longer, the second R line seeding
is done after the A line.
Example 2:
R line growth duration = 90 days
A line growth duration =
100 days
The A line has a 10-day
longer growth duration; therefore the second seeding of the R
line will be 10 days after the A
line.
If both parental lines have the same
growth duration, the A line seeding and the second R line seeding
would be done on the same day.
We do the first seeding of the R line
3 days earlier than the second
seeding. We do the third seeding of
the R line 3 days later than the
second seeding.
Manual for hybrid rice seed production 13
Differential seeding times

Differential seeding times for hybrid
seed production
- Seed parent has 10-day shorter
growth duration than pollen parent
- Seed parent has 10-day longer
- Seed parent has same growth
duration as pollen parent

Differential seeding times for CMS
multiplication
Differential seeding times for hybrid seed production

Seed parent has 10-day shorter
Number of seedings:
A line-one
R line-three
Begin the seeding sequence by
seeding the R line on the first day.
4 Do the second seeding of the R line
3 days after the first seeding.
Do the third seeding of the R line
3 days after the second seeding.
Seed the A line 7 days after the
third seeding of the R line.
The three seedings of the R line
will supply pollen for a prolonged
duration during the flowering
period of the A line.
14
Seed parent has 10-day longer

Number of seedings:
A line-one
R line-three
seeding the A line on the first day.
Do the first seeding of the R line 7
days after the seeding of the A line.
Do the second seeding of the R line
3 days after the first seeding.
Seed parent has same growth

duration as pollen parent
Number of seedings:
A lineone
R linethree
seeding the R line on the first day.
Do the second seeding of the R line
3 days after the first seeding of the
R line.
Seed the A line on the same day as
the second seeding of the R line.
-1
15
Differential seeding times for CMS multiplication

Number of seedings:
A line-one
B line-two
Do differential seeding of A and B
lines to synchronize flowering.
seeding the A line on the first day.
Do the first seeding of the B line 3
days after seeding of the A line.
Do the second seeding of the B line
B line.
The two seedings of the B line will
supply pollen for a prolonged
16
Selection of CMS multiplication

and hybrid seed production fields
Requirements
Distance isolation
Time isolation
Barrier isolation
Requirements
To grow any rice crop, the requirements for sunlight, soil fertility,
and water remain the same. All rice
crops require:
fertile soil.
adequate irrigation water and
drainage.
sufficient sunlight for high seed
yield.
management of insects and soilborne diseases.
Fields for CMS line multiplication

or hybrid seed production have
one more important requirement.
Seed production plots must be well
separated, or isolated, from other
ricefields to ensure genetic purity
of the seed.
What we mean by protecting
genetic purity is that the seed
parent (or A line) is only pollinated
by the male parent chosen as the B
line or the R line.
Pollen from different rice cultivars

near seed production plots can
contaminate the seed parent and
lower the quality of the hybrid
seed.
Seed production crops can be
isolated from other rice crops by:
distance from other ricefields.
differences in time of flowering.
natural or artificial barriers.
Distance isolation
Rice pollen grains are small, light,
and can be carried distances of up
to 100 meters in air, within their life
span of 3-5 minutes.
No other rice crop should be grown
within 100 m of hybrid seed production plots.
The isolation distance can be

decreased to 50 m, if at least 10
border rows of the pollen parent
surround the seed production plot.
50 100 m
Hybrid seed production plot
Inbred grain production plot
17
Time isolation
Adjust planting time to separate
flowering time of the seed parent
from other rice cultivars within
100 m by at least 3 weeks. That will
protect the seed parent from
contamination.
If the seed parent and a nearby

cultivar have the same heading
date, then the 100-m separation
distance must be maintained.
At least 5 m separation

Difference in flowering is more than 3 weeks
Barrier isolation
Any natural, artificial, or crop
barrier over 2.5 m high can prevent
contamination of the seed parent
by pollen grains from rice cultivars
within 100 m.
18
The crop barrier around the seed

production plots should be 3-4 m
wide, depending upon the type of
crop.
3-4 m
Sesbania
Sesbania rostrata or a healthy, tall

crop of maize, sorghum, or pearl
millet makes a satisfactory barrier.
Transplanting
Why transplant
How to transplant
Why transplant
Transplanting gives proper plant
spacing, resulting in uniform
growth.
Transplanting gives the optimum
crop stand for getting maximum
seed yield.
Transplanting makes field operations such as weeding, spraying,
fertilizing, and roguing easier.
Hybrid rice is planted in rows in
only one direction; plants within
rows do not line up across rows.
How to transplant
Seedlings should be transplanted
straight upright for early establishment.
Seedlings should be transplanted
2-3 cm deep in the soil for early
plant recovery and better tillering.
2-3 cm deep
19

There is no difference in seed yield
between one and two seedlings per
hill, unless the seedling planted
alone dies.
Transplant one or two seedlings
per hill of the A line.

The rows in the seed production
plot should be perpendicular to the
prevailing wind direction expected
at flowering time of the parents.
Plants in alternate rows should be
offset from one another to give A
line plants a greater chance to
intercept pollen from the B or R
lines at flowering.
When the plants are properly
offset, they appear to have been
transplanted in a crisscross fashion.
Plant spacing within rows does not
change.
Transplant two seedlings per hill of

B or R lines. The seed is plentiful
and if one seedling dies, the remaining seedling can produce
sufficient tillers.
.. .
...
Conventional
transplanting
Hybrid rice
transplanting
Wind direction
A line

Transplanting 21-day-old seedlings
ensures timely heading and flowering of parental lines.
Transplanting older seedlings
delays flowering by about half the
number of days by which the
seedlings are older than 21 days.
20
Transplanting younger seedlings

advances flowering by approximately half the number of days by
which the seedlings are younger
than 21 days.
If transplanting of seedlings of the
A line is delayed, then delay
transplanting the B or R line
seedlings by the same number of
days to synchronize flowering.
Transplanting in a specific row ratio

What is a row ratio
- Characteristics of the R line
- Characteristics of the A line
- Flowering behavior of the A and R
lines
What is a row ratio

Row proportion or row ratio refers
to the number of rows of the male
parent (B or R line) to that of the
female parent (A line) in a seed
production plot.
For example, if we plant 2 rows of
the B or R line for every 8 rows of
A line, we say we have a row ratio
of 2:8.
The row ratio of pollen parent to
seed parent will vary from region
to region, depending on weather,
management, and parental lines. R
and A lines can be planted in
several row ratios: 2:8, 2:12, 3:10,
etc.
In this manual, we take an R:A line
ratio of 2:8 as normal and use it in
most examples.
21

The ratio of pollen parent (R line) to
seed parent (A line) is determined by
the characteristics of the parental
lines.
Characteristics of the R line
There can be more than 8 A line

rows in relation to the 2 rows of the
pollen parent if R line plants:
-are taller than the seed parent.
-have good growth and vigor.
-have large panicles.
- shed a large amount of residual
pollen (the pollen left in the
anther at the time of spikelet
opening).
22
Characteristics of the A line
There can be more than 8 A line

rows in relation to the 2 rows of
pollen parent if the A line:
- is shorter than the pollen parent.
-has a long duration of floret
opening and stigma receptivity.
-has a wide angle of floret opening.
-has a high percentage of stigma
exsertion.
Flowering behavior of the A and R

lines
The A and R lines should flower at

the same time.
The A and R lines should be in full
bloom at the same time of day
during the flowering period.
Pollination increases if both the A
and R lines have the maximum
number of blooming spikelets per
unit area per day. That assures that
the maximum amount of pollen is
available when the maximum
number of stigma are receptive to
pollination.
Transplanting sequence for CMS multiplication


Number of transplantings:
A line-one
B line-two
Seedling age: 21 days
Row ratio: 2:6
On the first day of the transplanting sequence, transplant the A line
seedlings in blocks of 6 rows.
Space rows 15 cm apart with 15 cm
between seedlings within rows.
Leave a 75-cm wide block between

blocks of A line seedlings for transplanting seedlings of the B line.

Transplant seedlings from first B
line seeding in paired rows on the
4th day of the transplanting sequence.
-Space rows 15 cm apart with 30
cm between seedlings within
rows.
-Leave a 30-cm wide alleyway

between the B line rows and the
nearest A line rows.
Transplant seedlings of the second
B line seeding according to the
transplanting sequence chart.
-Fill in the vacant spaces in the
rows so that plant spacing is
15 cm within rows after the
second B line seedlings have
been transplanted.
23
Transplanting sequence
for hybrid seed production
Seed parent has 10-day shorter growth
Seed parent has same growth duration
as pollen parent
Seed parent has 10-day shorter growth duration than pollen parent
A line-one
R line-three
Row ratio: 2:8
24
Transplant seedlings from first R

line seeding in paired rows.
-Space rows 15 cm apart with
45 cm between seedlings within
rows.
Leave a 165-cm wide block between paired rows of R line seed-
lings for transplanting 8-row blocks

of A line seedlings.
and third R line seedings according
to the transplanting sequence chart.
paired rows so that plant
spacing is 15 cm within rows
O@.O@.O
O@.O@.O
after the seedlings of the third

R line seeding have been transplanted.
Transplant the A line seedlings in

blocks of 8 rows on the fourteenth
day of the transplanting sequence.

Leave a 30-cm wide alleyway
between the A line rows and the
nearest R line rows.
Seed parent has 10-day longer growth duration than pollen parent
A line-one
R line-three
Row ratio: 2:8
On the first day of the transplanting sequence, transplant the A line

seedlings in blocks of 8 rows.
Leave a 75-cm wide block between

blocks of A line seedlings for
transplanting the seedlings of the R
line.

line seeding in paired rows on the
eighth day of the transplanting
sequence.
rows.

between the R line rows and the
nearest A line rows.
paired rows so that plant spacing is 15 cm within rows after
seedlings of the third R line
seeding have been transplanted.
25
Seed parent has same growth duration as pollen parent

A lineone
R linethree
Row ratio: 2:8

line seeding in paired rows.
rows.
Leave a 165-cm wide block between paired rows of R line seedlings for transplanting 8-row blocks
of A line.
26

- Fill in the vacant spaces in the
paired rows so that plant
spacing is 15 cm within rows
after seedlings of the third R line
seeding have been transplanted.

between the A line rows and the
nearest R line rows.
Transplant the A line seedlings in

blocks of 8 rows on the fourth day
of the transplanting sequence.
NOTE: The seedlings of the second seeding of

the R line and the A line seeding are planted
on the same day in the sequence. Be especially
careful not to mix seedlings of the two lines
during transplanting.
Seeding and transplanting modifications

to increase seed yield
Change the seedling proportion of R line
Modify row ratios
Transplant R line seedlings on the same
day
Change the seedling proportion of R line

Experienced growers can change
seeding and transplanting patterns
to increase hybrid seed yield.
Apprentice growers plant an equal
number of seedlings in each of the
three transplantings of the R line.
Experienced growers can double
the number of seedlings from the
second seeding. The transplanting
pattern within R line rows should

be as shown in the illustration.
Doubling the number of seedlings
from the second seeding increases
the amount of residual pollen that
will be available to the seed parent
at peak flowering.
The seedbed for the second seeding
of the R line should be twice as
large as the seedbeds for the first

and third seedings.
Transplant seedlings when they are
21 days old.
The figure shows the transplanting
pattern when the seed parent has
10 days longer growth duration
than the pollen parent.
27

Seed the R line twice instead of
three times.
Adjust the size of your seedbeds so
that the number of seedlings from
the first seeding is twice that of the
second seeding.
The first seeding of the R line
should be timed to synchronize
flowering with the A line. The
second seeding of the R line is done
R line.
Transplant seedlings when they are
21 days old. The drawing shows
the transplanting pattern used
when the seed parent has a 10-day
shorter growth duration than the
pollen parent.
28
Modify row ratios

Experienced growers can change
the row ratio of R lines to A lines.
Instead of a row ratio of 2:8, a ratio
of 2:10, 2:11, or 2:12 can be use
When the grower has perfected the

technique of synchronizing the
flowering of R and A lines, a row
ratio of 1:8, 1:9, or 1:10 may be
used.

Row and plant spacings can be
modified from the recommended
15- x 15-cm spacing, depending on
local conditions.
When row and plant spacings are
increased, the ratio of A line
panicles to R line panicles should
remain the same.
-The number of productive tillers
per hectare should not be less
than 3 million for the A line or 1
million for the R line. A productive tiller is a tiller that produces
a panicle.
-There should be a ratio of 3-3.5
A line panicles to 1 R line
panicle.
29
Transplant R line seedlings on the same day

Sequential transplanting of seedlings
of the three R line seedings ensures
that the most residual pollen is
available to the A line at flowering.
However, the practice is labor-intensive.
The seedlings of the three R line
seedings can be transplanted on the
same day. This modified practice
requires changing the seeding dates of
the R line.
The seeding interval between the
first, second, and third R line
seedings is increased from 3 days
to 5 days.
The second R line seeding is done
so that flowering of this seeding
synchronizes with flowering of the
A line.
Do the three seedings of the R line
and the seeding of the A line
according to the seeding sequence.
R line seedlings are transplanted
when the seedlings from the
second R line seeding are 21 days
old. That means that the seedlings
from the first seeding will be 26
days old. The seedlings from the
third seeding will be 16 days old.
Transplant R line seedlings according to the pattern shown in the
drawing.
The A line seedlings are transplanted to synchronize flowering
with the second R line seeding.
- Transplant 21-day-old seedlings
of the A line 10 days earlier than
the R line seedlings if the A linehas a 10-day longer growth
duration.
of the A line 10 days later than
the R line seedlings if the A line
has a 10-day shorter growth
duration.
of the A line on the same day as
the R line seedlings if the A line
has the same growth duration.
30
Management of seed production plots

Control weeds

Keep the field saturated until the
plants recover in 4 or 5 days. Then
increase the water level to 5 cm.
Replant all the missing hills within
7 days of transplanting.
Be careful not to mix A and R
seedlings when you replant
missing hills.
31
Control weeds
Keep the weeds under complete
control.
Weeds can be controlled by:
hand pulling.
mechanical means such as
weeders.
herbicides.

Keep diseases and insect pests
under complete control.
Follow insect and disease control
practices recommended for your
area.
Because hybrid seed production is
expensive, it is necessary to completely control insect pests and
diseases to obtain maximum seed
yield.
32
Apply fertilizers at rates recommended for lowland irrigated
conventional rice cultivars in your
area.
You should not use a blended
fertilizer, such as NPK, on hybrid
seed production plots because
nitrogen (N) fertilizer will be
applied separately from phosphorus (P) and potassium (K).
Apply the entire amounts of
recommended P and K to the seed
production plots just before the last
puddling.
Nitrogen should be applied to each
parent in three splits. The normal
application schedule is: one-third
5-7 days after transplanting, one-
third 20-25 days after the first

application, and the final one-third
at maximum tillering.
In hybrid rice seed production
plots, seedlings are not all transplanted at the same time. For that
reason, N application timing must
be adjusted.
First split:
Do not apply N to the R line
rows until 5-7 days after the last
R line is transplanted.
Divide the first split between the
R line rows and the A line rows
in proportion to the field space
allotted to each parent.
Second split:
Apply the second split to the
entire seed production plot.
The second split should be
applied 20-25 days after the last
fertilizer application to the plot.
Third split:
Apply the remaining one-third
to the entire seed production
plot at maximum tillering.
33
Adjusting flowering date

Synchronization of flowering date of
parental lines
How to observe panicle initiation
Developmental stages of panicle
formation to flowering
Estimating flowering date by panicle
primordium stages
How to adjust flowering dates of parental

lines showing 5-6 days difference at
panicle initiation
How to adjust flowering dates of parental
lines showing a difference of more
than a week
Synchronization of flowering date of parental lines

We try to synchronize flowering of
parental lines by differential
seeding.
Weather fluctuations during the
growing season and crop management practices may cause the
parental lines to flower on different
dates.
When flowering is not synchronized, hybrid seed yield will be

reduced.
Flowering date of parental lines
cannot be accurately predicted
until the crop is at maximum
tillering stage.

Flowering date is predicted on the
basis of panicle initiation.
Panicle initiation begins at maximum tillering in all rice cultivars.
Flowering occurs in all cultivars
about 30 days after panicle initiation.
The young panicle (panicle primordium) becomes visible (with a
magnifying lens) within
- 40-45 days of seeding in cultivars maturing in 95-100 days.
34
How to observe panicle

initiation
Select the longest growing tiller
(main tiller) and cut it at the base
where stem and root join.
Slit the stem lengthwise from the
base up to the top of the tiller.
Open the slit immediately above
the nodal portion.
Observe the developing panicle
(preferably with a magnifying
lens). It is about 1 mm long.
35
Developmental stages
of panicle formation
to flowering
The young panicle undergoes 10
developmental stages before it finally
emerges out of the flag leaf sheath.
36
Estimating flowering date

by panicle primordium
stages
For complete flowering synchronization, the pollen parent should be
one stage earlier than the seed
parent during stages I, II, and III of
panicle development.
Both parents should be in the same
stage during the 4 middle stages
IV, V, VI, and VII.
The seed parent should be slightly
earlier than the pollen parent
during stages VIII, IX, and X of
panicle development.
How to adjust flowering

dates of parental lines
showing 5-6 days
difference at panicle
initiation
Presuming
Pollen parent
Stage I
indicating
late flowering
Seed parent
Stage III
indicating
early flowering
Delay the flowering date of the

seed parent
-by spraying quick releasing
nitrogen fertilizer (urea 2%
concentration) immediately after
observing that the panicle in the
seed parent is at stage III.
Advance the flowering date of the
pollen parent
-by spraying 1% solution of
phosphate fertilizer immediately
after observing the panicle
development stage in the pollen
parent, or
-by keeping water standing in the
field.
How to adjust flowering

dates of parental lines
showing a difference of
more than a week
Presuming
Pollen parent
Stage I
indicating
late flowering
Seed parent
Stage IV
indicating
early flowering
Remove the panicles from the main

tiller of the seed parent.
Spray 2% urea and also add nitrogenous fertilizer to the seed
parent to make unproductive, late
tillers bear productive panicles and
achieve synchronization of flowering.
Advance the flowering date of the
pollen parent
-by spraying 1% solution of
phosphate fertilizer immediately
after observing the panicle
development stage in the pollen
parent, or
-by keeping water standing in the
field.
37
Flag leaf clipping


Flag leaves should be clipped
when primary tillers are at booting
stage.
Flag leaf clipping enhances uniform pollen movement and wide
dispersal of the pollen grains to
give higher seed set.
Flag leaf clipped when primary

tillers are at booting stage
38

First, hold the upper leaves of the
plant and with one horizontal
stroke of the scythe cut the flag
leaves at a level just above the flag
leaf joint of the main tiller.
Experienced growers may cut onehalf to two-thirds of the blade of
the flag leaf back from the top.
Do not clip the flag leaves in plots
infected with bacterial leaf blight,
bacterial leaf streak, or sheath

blight. The cut leaves can infect
other plants, or infection can be
spread by contaminated tools used
for flag leaf clipping.
Alternatively, flag leaf clipping of
the infected area can be done after
flag leaves have been clipped from
healthy plants in the plot.
39
Gibberellic acid application

Timing of application-crop growth stage
Timing of application-weather
conditions
How to make GA3 solution-general
procedure
How to make GA3 solution-amount

required for different plot sizes
How to make GA3 solution-doing your
own computations

Gibberellic acid can also be written
as GA3.
We spray hybrid rice seed production plots with GA3 to:
- adjust plant height of both
parents.
-increase the growth rate of
secondary and tertiary tillers so
that they bear panicles.
In the seed parent, GA3:

panicle exsertion from
the flag leaf.
-increases the duration of floret
opening.
-increases the rate of stigma
exsertion and lengthens the
duration of stigma receptivity.
- enhances
Timing of application-crop growth stage

Hybrid rice seed production plots
are usually sprayed twice.
The first spraying of GA3 is done
when 15-20% of the tillers have
started heading.
The second spraying should be
done 2 days after the first spraying,
or when 35-40% of the panicles of
the seed parent have emerged.
First spraying
(15-20% heading)
40
Second spraying
(35-40% heading)
Timing of applicationweather conditions

Spray in the afternoon on a sunny
day. Do not spray if rain is expected within 24 hours.
Spray on calm days to prevent
spray from drifting onto nearby
fields.
Spraying on windy days wastes
spray because it is carried away
from the seed production plots.
41
How to make GA3 solution-general procedure

GA3 is sold as a powder. It comes
in purity levels of 100% pure and
90% pure. The purity of the GA3
powder controls the amount you
use to make the spray solution.
The concentration of GA3 mixed
with water to make the spray
solution is measured in parts per
million (ppm). For example,
3 grams of GA3 dissolved in
50 liters of water will give 60 ppm
concentration.
Use 500 liters of water per hectare
when spraying with a knapsack
sprayer. Use 20 liters of water per
hectare when spraying with an
ultra-low volume sprayer. Use a
correspondingly smaller amount of
water for areas less than a hectare.
42
Manual for ybrid rice seed production
The concentrations depend on the

type of sprayer you use and
whether you are doing the first
spraying or the second spraying.
GA3 spray concentration (ppm)
Spraying
Knapsack
Ultra-low volume
First
Second
60
30
500
250
GA3 powder will not dissolve in

water. It must be dissolved in a
small amount of 70% ethanol (grain
alcohol) before it is mixed with
water.
A liquid dish detergent or laundry
detergent should be added to the
solution. The detergent makes GA3
stick to the leaf surface for more
efficient coverage of the plants.
How to make GA3 solutionamount required for different plot sizes

How to use these charts:
These two charts will help you
select the right amount of GA3 to
add to a given volume of water for
the required concentration.
There is one chart to follow when
using a knapsack sprayer, and
another when using an ultra-low
volume sprayer.
Each chart gives information for
making the proper concentration
for the first and second spraying.
Be sure to use the correct amount
of GA3 depending on the purity of
the chemical.
Always dissolve the GA3 powder
in a small amount of 70% ethanol
(grain alcohol) first, and then mix
with the required amount of water.
To make sure you understand how
to use the charts, find the amount
of GA3 needed to make up enough
solution to spray a 2,000 m2 plot
using knapsack sprayer. Assume
you have GA3 of 90% purity and
you want a 60 ppm concentration.
According to the chart, you would
need 6.7 grams of GA3 (dissolved
in 70% ethanol) to make 100 liters
of spray.
Knapsack sprayer
Amount of GA3 in grams required for a given volume of water and given concentration of
solution. Use the appropriate number (GA3) under the 100% or 90% columns, depending
on the purity of chemical.
Area (m2)
Waier
volume
(liter)
Concentration
60 ppm
100%
30 ppm
90%
100%
90%
Ultra-low volume sprayer

Amount of GA3 in grams required for a given volume of water and glven concentration of
solution. Use the appropriate number (GA3) under the 100% or 90% columns, depending
on the purity of chemical.
Area (m )
2
Water
volume
(liter)
Concentration
500 ppm
100%
250 ppm
90%
100%
90%
43
How to make GA3 solutiondoing your own computations
Plot size (m2) x 500

10,000
= volume of
water.
By substituting our plot size,

2,000 m2, we obtain
2,000 x 500 1,000,000 = 100 liters
=
10,000
10,000
44
Desired concentration
Ultra-low volume sprayer
500 ppm
GA3, purity
You can compute the amount of

GA 3 and water required for any
size plot. For the example, we
assume:
-a GA3 source of 90% purity.
-a knapsack sprayer.
- a 2,000-m2 seed production plot.
-a 60 ppm concentration is
desired.
First, calculate the amount of water
required to spray the plot. The
volume of water required to spray
1 ha is 500 liters. We calculate the
volume required to spray 2,000 m2
as shown:
90%
100%
250 ppm
Knapsacksprayer
60 ppm
30 ppm
1.1
0.56
0.067
0.033
0.5
0.06
0.03
We then multiply the amount of

water by the amount of GA3 of
either 90% or 100% purity required
for the desired concentration. Take
that number from the table provided.
Since we are using a knapsack sprayer
and assume a GA3 purity of 90%, we
take the number 0.067. Multiply it by
100, the amount of water we calculated was required to spray a 2,000 m2
plot: 100 0.067 = 6.7 grams GA3
required to make 100 liters of 60 ppm
concentration.
Remember to add about 5-10 ml of

liquid detergent to every 50 liters
of spray solution.
Supplementary pollination
Methods of supplementary pollination

Timing of supplementary pollination
Methods of supplementary pollination

Supplementary pollination is
artificially shaking the canopy of
the pollen parent at flowering to
increase cross pollination.
Supplementary pollination
-causes anthers to shed all of
their pollen.
- disperses pollen grains uniformly over the seed parent
plants.
-increases seed set in the seed
parent.
Supplementary pollination is done
by
-two persons pulling a 1-cm
diameter rope along the two R
lines.
-one person stirring the canopy
layer of the R lines with a
bamboo stick, taking care not to
break off the panicles at the
neck.
Timing of supplementary pollination

Supplementary pollination is done
on calm days when wind speed is
so low (1-3 km/hour) that it causes
little or no movement of the crop
canopy. Wind speed that low is not
enough to disperse pollen uniformly to the seed parent.
If there is enough wind (8-10 km/
hour) to cause moderate movement
in the crop canopy, supplementary
pollination is not needed.
Begin supplementary pollination in

the morning, but not before the
seed parent has started blooming.
If the seed parent is blooming,
begin as soon as the first florets of
the pollen parent begin to open.
Stir the canopy every 30 minutes
until all blooming florets in the
pollen parent are closed.
Continue supplementary pollination even after the florets of the

seed parent have closed, because
exserted stigmas are still receptive
to pollen.
45
Roguing
What is roguing and why is it necessary
Off-types to be remove
At flowering
Before harvest
What is roguing and why is it necessary

Roguing is the removal of undesirable rice plants from hybrid seed
production plots.
Undesirable rice plants are plants
in either the A line or R line rows
that differ from plants that are true
to type. They may be volunteer
plants from an earlier crop or offtypes.
Roguing prevents off-types from

cross pollinating with true-to-type
A line plants and lowering the
purity of the hybrid seed.
Roguing ensures that the hybrid
seed produced will be a cross
between only the A line and R line
parents. That in turn ensures that
the commercial plantings of the
hybrid seed produced will give
high yields.
High purity hybrid seed will

increase your reputation as a seed
grower.

Roguing can be done at any time of
the crop stage. Off-type rogues can
be removed from the crop whenever they appear.
The most important stages for
roguing are:
at maximum tillering.
at flowering.
just before harvest.
Maximum
tillering
46
Flowering
Before harvest
Off-types to be removed
Remove plants that are off-type in
leaf blade size or shape.
color of the leaf sheath or leaf
collar.
Remove any plants outside the
rows.
Remove plants that are considerably taller or shorter than the seed
or the pollen parents.
....
......... ........... ...........
utside the rows
Off-type in leaf blades
Off-type in color
47
A t flowering
Remove off-type plants that flower

very early or very late.
leaf size, leaf angle, and panicle
shape and size.
Remove plants from the A line that
have plump, yellow anthers and
shed pollen. Plants in the A line
should not have viable pollen.
Remove plants with fully exserted
panicles from the A line.
Remove all diseased plants from
the seed production plot.
Before harvest
In A line rows, remove plants that

have normal seed set.
Remove off-types that have different grain characters from the
normal A line plants. Look for
differences in grain shape, grain
size, or the presence or absence of
awns.
Remove plants from A line that have normal seed set
48
Harvesting
Special considerations for harvesting

hybrid rice
When to harvest
Special considerations for harvesting hybrid rice

Harvesting hybrid rice seed production plots is different from
harvesting a rice grain crop.
Harvest the R line first, and then
harvest the A line.
The A line harvest is the only one
that can be sold as hybrid seed. The
R line harvest may be sold as grain

or kept for home use.
The A line harvest and the R line
harvest must be kept separate from
each other during harvesting,
threshing, drying, and bagging.
When to harvest
Harvest when 90% of the grains in
the main panicles of the A line
plants are clear, firm, and straw
colored. The rest of the grains
should be in the hard dough stage.
Harvest when seed moisture is less
than 20%.
Drain the hybrid seed production

field 7-10 days before expected
harvest. Draining the field makes
the crop mature faster and helps to
achieve uniform maturity in the
crop.
49

Harvest all B or R line rows first.
Harvest the plants manually by
cutting them off at the base with a
sickle or scythe.
Remove the R line harvest and
store it in a safe place for threshing
later.
50
Do not leave even one panicle in

the field. It could be mixed with the
A line harvest and reduce the
purity of the hybrid seed.

Rogue the A line rows one more
time before harvest.
- Remove plants with normal seed
set.
-Remove any other plants that
appear to be off-types.
The A line can be harvested manually or with a mechanical combine.

If a combine is used, it should have
adjustable field speed and clearance to prevent field loss or grain
damage.
51
Threshing


During threshing, the seed parent
and pollen parent harvests must be
kept separate from each other. The
seed parent should not get mixed
with other seed or grain on the
threshing floor or with any left
over in the thresher.
All threshing equipment and the
threshing floor should be thoroughly cleaned before starting
threshing.
New jute sacks should be available
for bagging the seed.
If new sacks are not available, then
use clean used sacks. The used
sacks must not contain any rice
grains that could be mixed with the
hybrid seed.
Make two labels for each bag one
to place inside the bag and one to
attach to the outside.
Each label should contain the
following information:
(1) your name and address.
(2) the name of the hybrid.
(3) the location of the seed
production field.
(4) season.
52
Separate A line from

R line during threshing

Thresh the seed parent first to keep
it from being mixed with any other
seed.
Thresh the seed manually with a
hand flail on a threshing floor or
with a manual or engine-driven
thresher.
Dry the threshed seed of seed
parent immediately.
....-

The pollen parent should be
threshed separately and used as
grain. It should not be used as
seed.
Thresh the seed parent first
Sun dry
Clean the threshing equipment
Thresh seed manually
Thresh the pollen parent
53
Seed drying
Why seed drying

Seed drying methods-sun-drying
Seed drying methods-forced air drying
Why seed drying

Seeds can be safely stored when
they have been dried to a moisture
content of 13%
Drying helps seeds maintain their
ability to germinate and their vigor
for a longer period.
Drying controls mold growth and

the activity of other organisms that
reduce the quality of stored grain.
Drying reduces seed discoloration,
which lowers the market value of
the seed.
Seed drying methodssun-drying

Seeds can be sun-dried on a threshing floor.
Do not dry the seeds directly on the
concrete threshing floor. Place
them on jute bags or on a tarpaulin.
Stir the seeds occasionally to
ensure uniform drying.
Seed drying methods

forced air drying
Seeds can be dried in a batch-type
dryer by forced air heated to 4045 C.
Do not dry the seeds abruptly to
13% moisture content if the beginning seed moisture is higher than
20%.
The seed layer in a batch-type
dryer should not be more than
45 cm deep.
54
Processing hybrid rice seed for market


The purpose of cleaning the seed
is to:
-remove impurities such as trash,
leaves, broken seeds, sand or
grit, etc.
-remove weed seeds or those of
other plant species.
- remove immature, shriveled,
unfilled, and empty spikelets.
Seed can be cleaned manually by
winnowing. Winnowing removes
only light, chaffy material.
An air screen machine not only
cleans the seed but separates seed
of uniform size from oversize and
undersize seeds. The process of
separating seeds of uniform size is
known as grading.
Air screen machines are normally
too expensive for on-farm ownership. Cleaning and grading are
usually done by public or private
seed agencies that contract with
seed growers for hybrid seed
production.
55

Before seeds can be packed and
sold as hybrid seed, they must be
tested for germination rate and
purity.
Public seed testing agencies normally do the testing and certification. The germination rate must be
at least 85% in order for seed to be
certified.
Before taking your seed for testing,
you can do your own germination
test at home by following the
instructions.
56
(1) Spread 200 seeds evenly over

new or clean jute sacks that
have been soaked in water.
(2) Cover the seeds with another
wet jute sack.
(3) Roll up the jute sacks with the
seeds inside and store them in
the shade for 7 days. Keep the
rolled sacks moist for the entire
period. Do not let them dry
out.
(4) Make three sets of 200 seeds.
(5) At the end of 7 days, count the
normal seedlings that have
developed. (Normal seedlings
will have well-developed roots
and shoots.)
(6) All three sets of germinated

seeds should have a
germination rate of at least
85%. A germination
rate of 85% is 170 normal
seedlings for each set
of 200 seeds.
If the germination rate of your
seeds is 85% or higher, the seeds
can be packed.

Pack your seed in clean, preferably
new, jute bags.
If you store your seeds in used
bags, you should disinfect the bags
to protect the seed from insects that
could attack the seed during
storage.
Follow these steps to disinfect used
bags.
(1) Turn the bags inside out and
shake them thoroughly so no
seeds of any kind stick to the
inside of the bag.
(2) Soak the bags for 10 minutes in
a 0.15% solution of malathion.
(Make the solution by mixing
1 part malathion 50 EC in 300
parts water.)
(3) Dry the bags under shade

before filling them with seed.
Do not pack your seed if the
moisture content is more than 13%.
The seed could spoil during
storage.
Make two labels for each bagone
to place inside the bag and one to
attach to the outside.
Each label should contain the
following information:
(1) your name and address.
(2) the name of the hybrid.
(3) the location of the seed
production field.
(4) season.
57

Manual For Hybrid Rice Seed Production

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The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by

HYBRID RlCE PARENTAL LINES

Transplanting the A line

REPRODUCTIVE PARTS OF THE RlCE PLANT

TRANSPLANTING SEQUENCE FOR CMS

Male sterile line

SELECTION OF CMS MULTIPLICATION AND HYBRID

DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARENTAL

SEEDING OF PARENTAL LINES IN THE

Why seed in the seedbed 10

Change the seedling proportion

What is a row ratio

Seed parent has 10-day shorter

TRANSPLANTING IN A SPECIFIC ROW RATIO

TRANSPLANTING SEQUENCE FOR HYBRID

MANAGEMENT OF SEED PRODUCTION

Retransplant missing hills

ADJUSTING FLOWERING DATE

FLAG LEAF CLIPPING

GIBBERELLIC ACID APPLICATION

Why spray gibberellic acid

How to make GA3 solution

PROCESSING HYBRID RICE SEED FOR.

Cleaning and grading

thorough understanding of various practices to

This book is dedicated to the memory of my

The rice seed

The rice plant

The rice plant

Manual for hybrid rice seed production

The seed and the grain

The seed was cut lengthwise

Manual for hybrid rice seed production

Reproductive parts of the rice plant

Manual for hybrid rice seed production

Process of seed formation

Stages of seed formation

Manual for hybrid rice seed production

Inbred rice seed

Pollen from the same spikelet

Hybrid rice seed

Hybrid rice seed

Manual for hybrid rice seed production

Hybrid rice parental lines

Male sterile line

Male sterile line

Panicles not fully

Manual for hybrid rice seed production

Spikelet of maintainer/restorer line

F1 produces unviable pollen

F1 produces viable pollen and

Manual for hybrid rice seed production

Desirable characteristics of parental lines

Desirable characteristics of the CMS line

exserted from the

Manual for hybrid rice seed production

Desirable characteristics of maintainer

Choice of parents for hybrid seed production

Manual for hybrid rice seed production

Seeding of parental lines in the seedbed

Why seed in the seedbed

Why seed in the seedbed

Manual for hybrid rice seed production