Hydrogen

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

The Sun :
Hydrogen (74%)
Helium (25%)

Hydrogen 657.000.000 tones/s converts to 652.500.000 tones of

helium.
The lost mass 4.500.000 million tones converts to Energy
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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

isotopes of hydrogen discovery

1931, there should be different isotopes of hydrogen.

Harold C. Urey applied concept b.p ~ molar mass :
Evaporated 5 L of H2(l), hoping that the last 2 mL would
contain a larger than usual proportion of any higher molar
mass isotope.
Result: molar mass residue = 2x molar mass normal H2
This form of hydrogen was named deuterium.

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Isotopes of Hydrogen
mass differences >>
dissimilarity in physical properties

dissimilarity in chemical behavior.

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Covalent bonds of deuterium and tritium with other elements

are also stronger than those of common hydrogen :

Separation of heavy water

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

H2O
melts at
boils at
density

heavy water, D2O

3.8 C
101.4 C
100% higher

D2O uses :
-solvent : H atoms in solute molecules can
be studied without distrubtion of aqueous
solvent.
- Reaction pathways involving H atoms by
using deuterium-substituted compounds.
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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Tritium :
-radioactive isotope, t = 12 years, emits low- energy
electrons ( rays) .
-medical tracer
-. formed by the impact of cosmic rays on atoms in the upper
atmosphere

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Hydrogen (tritium) bombs.

To extract the traces of tritium that occur in water would

require the processing of massive quantities of water.
An easier route :

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

tools for studying molecular structure

Study of nuclear spin

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Properties of Hydrogen

HEN > alkali metal EN

HEN < XEN

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Properties of Hydrogen
-colorless, odorless gas , b.p -253 OC and m.p -259 0C.
- not reactive, (high HH covalent bond energy (436 kJ/mol).

has to be enthalpy driven

strong O H bond (464 kJ)

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

enthalpy driven,
strong OH bond (464 kJ/mol)

slow without catalyst

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

dihydrogen reduces ...

Dihydrogen, generated by :

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Dihydrogen industrial synthesis:

Steam reforming
CO b.p = - 205 C

Separation of CO2 from H2 :

1. to cool the products below the condensation
temperature of CO
(-78C) ; (H2 b.p = -253C).
large-scale
refrigeration systems.
2.
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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Dihydrogen industrial synthesis:

Steam reforming

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Hydrides
Binary compounds of hydrogen
Helectronegativity only slightly above the median value of all
the elements
So, H behaves as weakly electronegative nonmetal,
forming
1. Ionic compounds with very electropositive metals and
2. covalent compounds with nonmetals,
3. metallic hydrides with some of the transition metals.

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Ionic Hydrides

very reactive white solids and are formed only by the

most electropositive metals.

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Covalent Hydrides
H with all the nonmetals (except the noble gases) and
with very weakly electropositive metals such as Ga and
Sn.
1. nearly neutral H atom
2. substantially positive H atom
3. slightly negative H atom

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

1. Neutral : low polarity, only dispersion force

gases / low b.p
Ex ; - H2Se (b.p. -60C), and phosphine,
PH3(b.p. -90 C)
- hydrocarbons

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

2. Positive : high b.p at NH3, H2O, HF

hydrogen bond

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

3. slightly negative :
diborane, B2H6, silane, SiH4, germane, GeH,
and stannane SnH4.

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Metallic (d-Block) Hydrides

Nonstoichiometric; Ex : TiH1.9.
prepared by warming the metal with H2 with P>>.
At T>>, the Hyderogen is released as H2 gas again.
Many alloys (Ex, Ni5La) can absorb and release much
H2.
Their proton densities > that of H2 (l)
H2 storage
for vehicles.

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Metallic (d-Block) Hydrides

.

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Water and Hydrogen Bonding

Withour H-bonding waters liquid range would be between 290C and

2100C
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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Hydrogen bonding
liquid phase is denser than the solid phase !

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Clathrates
a substance in which molecules or atoms are trapped
within the crystalline framework of other molecules

gas clathrates of water (hydrates)

Ex : noble gas clathrates
If Xe dissolves in water under pressure and T< 0 oC,
crystals of Xe.6H2O are formed.
Warming the crystals releases of the gas

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Methane Clathrates

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Carbon Dioxide Clathrates

CO2 deep-ocean sequestration:
CO2 is released into the deep ocean, under the ambient conditions
of T and P, it forms a solid clathrate.
The clathrate is very stable ( at 250 m depth, ( 2.7 Mpa) clathrate
is stable at -5OC.
CO2 clathrate density = 1.1 g/cm-3 .

Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

3 concerns of the CO2 clathrate

deposite :
1. layer of CO2 clathrate will
smother the exotic bottom life of
the deep oceans
2. Fishes respiratory distress
3. In the future clathrates will
probably release their captive
CO2 causing a pH decrease 29
of
the oceans.

3 concerns of the CO2 clathrate deposite :

1. layer of CO2 clathrate will smother the exotic bottom life
of the deep oceans
2. Fishes respiratory distress
3. In the future clathrates will probably release their captive
CO2 causing a pH decrease of the oceans.

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Biological Aspects of Hydrogen Bonding

Life depends on two properties of hydrogen:
1. ENC ENH
low polarity
stable
2. H-bonds of H when covalently bonded to N or O
H- bonding is a vital for
biomolecules

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

H-bonds help stabilize the 3-D structure of proteins
shape

function

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department

Element Reaction Flowchart

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Jurusan Kimia
Chemistry Department