Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
of LIFE
Physical and Chemical Principles
Chapter 7
Entropy
Problems
True/False and Multiple Choice
2. Two sets of molecules are mixed into a system at time
zero. After 10 seconds, equilibrium has been reached. At
what time was the entropy of the system maximal?
a. 10 seconds (equilibrium)
b. 5 seconds (half the time it takes to reach
equilibrium)
c. immediately upon mixing of the two sets of
molecules
d. prior to mixing of the two sets of molecules
4. On a 10-sided die, with a side for each number from 1 to
10, the probability of rolling a 5 is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
5/10
1/10
1/9
5/51
1/6
Answer: greater
10. The log of the multiplicity of the system is an
__________________ property of the system.
Answer: additive/extensive
12. A drop of dye is added to a container of solvent. When
equilibrium is reached the concentration of dye will be
____________ within the container.
Answer: uniform
Quantitative/Essay
14. Shown below is a portion of Pascals triangle, with the
tenth row filled in.
1
10
45
10
a. 1Fill 10
in the
45values
120 for
210the
252eleventh
210 120row.
45What
10 simple
1
rule can you use to fill in these values?
11
Answer:
1
1
55
10
11
45
55
55
45
11
10
55
1
11
The Molecules of Life by John Kuriyan, Boyana Konforti, and David Wemmer Garland Science
Chapter 7: Entropy
462
330
= 1.4
X
Y
Z
O
O
O
Answer:
The multiplicity of the system (W) is given by
M!/(X!O!Y!Z!(M X O Y Z)!).
W = 25!/(2!3!4!2!14!) = 308,897,820,000
The entropy is given by kBlnW = kBln(308,897,820,000)
= 26.46 kB.
18. A bag contains 20 coins, each marked by the oneletter code for an amino acid. What is the probability of
drawing each of the three large amino acids (Y, W, and
F) once, in any order, without returning the coins to the
bag after each draw? What is the probability if coins are
returned to the bag after each draw?
A.
B.
X
X
Answer:
At time point A:
The multiplicity of the left side is: M!/(X!(M X)!) =
4!/3! = 4.
The multiplicity of the right side is: M!/(X!(M X)!) =
6!/(2!4!) = 15.
The total multiplicity = mulitpicityright multiplicityleft
= 4 15 = 60.
At time point B:
The multiplicity of the left side is: M!/(X!(M X)!) =
5!/(3!2!) = 10.
The multiplicity of the right side is: M!/(X!(M X)!) =
5!/(2!3!) = 10.
The total multiplicity = mulitpicityright multiplicityleft
= 10 10 = 100.
The multiplicity of time point B is higher. Since the
multiplicity of time point B is higher, it is closer to
equilibrium than time point A.
24. A system consists of molecules that convert between
two colors (green and yellow). There are spaces for
10,000 molecules, but there are only 6000 molecules
in the system. The system starts in a state with 2000
green molecules and 4000 yellow molecules. What
is the entropy of the system? (Hint: Use Stirlings
approximation.)
Answer:
W=
Spaces!
Green!Yellow!Empty!
S = kB ln
10000!
2000!4000!4000!
10000!
2000!4000!4000!
w = nRT ln
= 3375.3 J
w 3375.3 J
= 11.5 JK1
S =
=
T
293 K
The Molecules of Life by John Kuriyan, Boyana Konforti, and David Wemmer Garland Science
Answer:
ln(W) is an additive property of the system, and is more
convenient to work with than W because its numerical
value remains manageable as the number of molecules
in the system increases.
The Molecules of Life by John Kuriyan, Boyana Konforti, and David Wemmer Garland Science