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Basic Circuit
Fig. 1 shows the circuit diagram of a differential amplifier. The tail supply is modeled as a current
source IQ0 having a parallel resistance R . In the case of an ideal current source, R is an open
Q Q
0 = 0. The solutions
circuit. Often a diff amp is designed with a resistive tail supply. In this case, IQ
below are valid for each of these connections. The object is to solve for the small-signal output
voltages and output resistances.
DC Solutions
(a) Zero both inputs. Divide the tail supply into two equal parallel current sources having a current
0 /2 in parallel with a resistor 2R . The circuit obtained for Q is shown on the left in Fig. 2.
IQ Q 1
The circuit for Q2 is identical. Now make a Thévenin equivalent as shown in on the right in Fig.
2. This is the basic bias circuit.
(b) Make an “educated guess” for VBE . Write the loop equation between the ground node to
the left of RB and V − . To solve for IE , this equation is
¡ ¢ IE
0 − V − − IQ
0
RQ = RB + VBE + IE (RE + 2RQ )
1+β
IC −V − + IQ 0 R −V
Q BE
IE = = (1 + β) IB =
α RB / (1 + β) + RE + 2RQ
1
Figure 2: DC bias circuits for Q1 .
IC −V − − VBE
IE = = (1 + β) IB =
α RB / (1 + β) + RE + 2RQ
Small-Signal or AC Solutions
The solutions assume that the two BJTs are matched and that r0 = ∞, i.e. that VA = ∞.
Simplified T Model
(a) Calculate gm , rπ , re , and re0 .
αIE (1 + β) VT VT RB + rx VA + VCE
gm = rπ = re = re0 = + re r0 =
VT IE IE 1+β αIE
(b) Redraw the circuit with V + = V − = 0 and IQ 0 = 0. Replace the two BJTs with the
2
Figure 3: Emitter equivalent circuit for the simplified T model..
vi2 vi1 RQ
i0e2 = − 0
re0
+ RE + RQ k (re + RE ) re + RE + RQ k (re + RE ) RQ + re0 + RE
0 0
3
Hybrid-π Model
Replace the two transistors with the hybrid-π model as shown in Fig. 5.
(a) Write the loop equations for the two input loops. Use the relations vπ1 = i0c1 /gm and
vπ2 = i0c2 /gm . µ 0 ¶
i0c1 i0c1 i0c1 ic1 i0c2
vi1 = (RB + rx ) + + RE + + RQ
β gm α α α
µ 0 ¶
i0c2 i0c2 i0c2 ic1 i0c2
vi2 = (RB + rx ) + + RE + + RQ
β gm α α α
These equations are in the form
vi1 = (A + B) i0c1 + Bi0c2
vi2 = Bi0c1 + (A + B) i0c2
where
RB + rx 1 RE RQ
A= + + B=
β gm α α
(b) Use determinants to solve the two equations simultaneously for i0c1 and i0c2 .
4
Thus the solutions are
µ ¶
RB + rx 1 RE RQ RQ
+ + + vi1 − vi2
β gm α α α
i0c1 =µ ¶µ ¶
RB + rx 1 RE RB + rx 1 RE 2RQ
+ + + + +
β gm α β gm α α
µ ¶
RB + rx 1 RE RQ RQ
+ + + vi2 − vi1
β gm α α α
i0c1 =µ ¶µ ¶
RB + rx 1 RE RB + rx 1 RE 2RQ
+ + + + +
β gm α β gm α α
After some algebra, the solutions reduce to those obtained with the simplified T model.
The output voltages are given by
For the case of a finite r0 , the r0 approximation replaces RC with ric kRC .
Figure 6: Emitter equivalent circuit for calculating the common-mode and differential emitter
currents.
(c) For vi1 = vid /2 and vi2 = −vid /2, it follows by superposition that va = 0 and
vid /2 −vid /2
i0e1 = i0e2 =
re0+ RE re0 + RE
5
µ ¶
−αric kRC vid −αric kRC vi1 − vi2
vo1 = −αi0e1 ric kRC = 0 = 0
re + RE 2 re + RE 2
µ ¶
+αric kRC vid +αric kRC vi1 − vi2
vo2 = −αi0e2 ric kRC = 0 = 0
re + RE 2 re + RE 2
The differential voltage gain is given by
(e) If the output is taken from the collector of Q1 or Q2 , the common-mode rejection ratio is
given by ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ vo1 /vid ¯ ¯ vo2 /vid ¯ 1 re0 + RE + 2RQ 1 RQ
CM RR = ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
=¯ ¯= = + 0
vo1 /vicm ¯ vo2 /vicm ¯ 2 0
re + RE 2 re + RE
This can be expressed in dB.
µ ¶
1 RQ
CM RRdB = 20 log + 0
2 re + RE
Solution. ³ ´
0 − V − − IQ
0 R
Q − VBE
IE = = 1.192 mA
RB / (1 + β) + RE + 2RQ
µ ¶
¡ + ¢ IE
VCB = VC − VB = V − αIE RC − − RB = 8.209 V
1+β
αIE (1 + β) VT
gm = = 0.0472 S rπ = = 2.097 kΩ
VT IE
VT RB + rx
re = = 20.97 Ω re0 = + re = 31.17 Ω
IE 1+β
VA + VCE ¡ ¢
r0 = = 49.869 kΩ Rte = RE + RQ k re0 + RE = 230.83 Ω
IC
6
r0 + re0 kRte
ric = = 390.5 kΩ
αRte
1− 0
re + Rte
µ ¶
−αric kRC RQ
vo1 = 0 vi1 − vi2 = −36.84vi1 + 36.75vi2
re + RE + RQ k (re0 + RE ) RQ + re0 + RE
vo2 = −36.84vi2 + 36.75vi1
rout = ric kRC = 9.75 kΩ
1 αric kRC
Avd = − = −36.80
2 re0 + RE
−αric kRC
Avcm = = −0.0964
re0 + RE + 2RQ
¯ ¯
¯ Avd ¯
CM RRdB = 28 log ¯¯ ¯ = 51.63 dB
Avcm ¯