LOGIC GATES

Borlagdan, Jhon Errol L.

Dela Torre, Adrian C.
Militar, Ryan B.
Palaca, Jaysam S.
Advincula, John Dale B.
Alim, Christian Paul F.
Daang, David F.

Digital Logic Gates

In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device
implementing a Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical
operation on one or more logical inputs, and produces a single
logical output.
Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors
acting as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using
vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic logic,
pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements.
With amplification, logic gates can be cascaded in the same way that
Boolean functions can be composed, allowing the construction of a
physical model of all of Boolean logic, and therefore, all of the
algorithms and mathematics that can be described with Boolean
logic.

Logic Gate Symbols

OR

The OR gate gets its name from

the fact that it behaves after the
fashion of the logical inclusive
"or." The output is "true" if either
or both of the inputs are "true." If
both inputs are "false," then the
output is "false."

In the following examples, each logic gate except the NOT

gate has two inputs, A and B, which can either be 1 (True) or 0
(False). The resulting output is a single value of 1 if the result is true
or 0 if the result is false.

OR - True if either A or B are True

NOR - OR followed by NOT: True only if A and B are both False
AND - True if A and B are both True
NAND - AND followed by NOT: False only if A and B are both
True
NOT - Inverts value: True if input is False; False if input is True
XOR - True if either A or B are True, but False if both are True
XNOR - XOR followed by NOT: True if A and B are both True or
both False

NOR

The NOR gate is a combination

OR gate followed by an inverter.
Its output is "true" if both inputs
are "false." Otherwise, the output
is "false."

AND
A logical inverter, sometimes
called a NOT gate to
differentiate it from other
types of electronic inverter
devices, has only one input.
It reverses the logic state.

The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is

called "false" and 1 is called "true," the gate acts
in the same way as the logical "and" operator.

NAND
XOR
The NAND gate operates as an AND gate
followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the manner
of the logical operation "and" followed by
negation. The output is "false" if both inputs are
"true." Otherwise, the output is "true."

The XOR (exclusiveOR) gate acts in the

same way as the
logical "either/or."
The output is "true" if
either, but not both,
of the inputs are
"true." The output is
"false" if both inputs
are "false" or if both
inputs are "true."

NOT

XNOR

The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a

combination XOR gate followed by an
inverter. Its output is "true" if the inputs
are the same and "false" if the inputs are
different.

Combinational Logic
The term "combinational" comes to us from mathematics. In
mathematics a combination is an unordered set, which is a formal
way to say that nobody cares which order the items came in. Most
games work this way, if you rolled dice one at a time and get a 2
followed by a 3 it is the same as if you had rolled a 3 followed by a 2.
With combinational logic, the circuit produces the same output
regardless of the order the inputs are changed.
There are circuits which depend on the when the inputs change,
these circuits are called sequential logic. Even though you will not
find the term "sequential logic" in the chapter titles, the next several
chapters will discuss sequential logic.
Practical circuits will have a mix of combinational and sequential
logic, with sequential logic making sure everything happens in order
and combinational logic performing functions like arithmetic, logic, or
conversion.
You have already used combinational circuits. Each logic gate
discussed previously is a combinational logic function. Let's follow
how two NAND gate works if we provide them inputs in different
orders.

We begin with both inputs being 0.

We then set the other input high.

We then set one input high.

So NAND gates do not care about the order of the inputs, and you
will find the same true of all the other gates covered up to this point
(AND, XOR, OR, NOR, XNOR, and NOT).