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Synchronousmotor
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AsynchronouselectricmotorisanACmotorinwhich,at
steadystate,[1]therotationoftheshaftissynchronizedwiththe
frequencyofthesupplycurrenttherotationperiodisexactly
equaltoanintegralnumberofACcycles.Synchronousmotors
containmultiphaseACelectromagnetsonthestatorofthemotor
thatcreateamagneticfieldwhichrotatesintimewiththe
oscillationsofthelinecurrent.Therotorwithpermanentmagnets
orelectromagnetsturnsinstepwiththestatorfieldatthesame
rateandasaresult,providesthesecondsynchronizedrotating
magnetfieldofanyACmotor.Asynchronousmotorisonly
considereddoublyfedifissuppliedwithindependentlyexcited
multiphaseACelectromagnetsonboththerotorandstator.

Asynchronousmotorgeneratorset
forACtoDCconversion.

Thesynchronousmotorandinductionmotorarethemostwidely
usedtypesofACmotor.Thedifferencebetweenthetwotypesis
thatthesynchronousmotorrotatesinexactsynchronismwiththe
linefrequency.Thesynchronousmotordoesnotrelyoncurrent
inductiontoproducetherotor'smagneticfield.Bycontrast,the
inductionmotorrequires"slip",therotormustrotateslightly
slowerthantheACcurrentalternations,toinducecurrentinthe
rotorwinding.Smallsynchronousmotorsareusedintiming
applicationssuchasinsynchronousclocks,timersinappliances,
taperecordersandprecisionservomechanismsinwhichthe
motormustoperateataprecisespeedspeedaccuracyisthatof
thepowerlinefrequency,whichiscarefullycontrolledinlarge
interconnectedgridsystems.
Synchronousmotorsareavailableinsubfractionalselfexcited
sizes[2]tohighhorsepowerindustrialsizes.[1]Inthefractional
horsepowerrange,mostsynchronousmotorsareusedwhere
preciseconstantspeedisrequired.Inhighhorsepowerindustrial
sizes,thesynchronousmotorprovidestwoimportantfunctions.
First,itisahighlyefficientmeansofconvertingACenergyto
work.Second,itcanoperateatleadingorunitypowerfactorand
therebyprovidepowerfactorcorrection.
Thesemachinesarecommonlyusedinanalogelectricclocks,
timersandotherdeviceswherecorrecttimeisrequired.

Smallsynchronousmotorandintegral
stepdowngearfromamicrowave
oven

Contents
1Type
1.1Nonexcitedmotors
1.1.1Reluctancemotors
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1.1.2Hysteresismotors
1.1.3Permanentmagnetmotors
1.2DCexcitedmotors
2Synchronousspeed
2.1Example
3Construction
4Operation
5Startingmethods
6Applications,specialproperties,andadvantages
6.1Useassynchronouscondenser
6.2Steadystatestabilitylimit
6.3Other
7Subtypes
8Seealso
9References
10Externallinks

Type
Synchronousmotorsfallunderthemoregeneralcategoryofsynchronousmachineswhichalsoincludes
thesynchronousgenerator.Generatoractionwillbeobservedifthefieldpolesare"drivenaheadofthe
resultantairgapfluxbytheforwardmotionoftheprimemover".Motoractionwillbeobservedifthe
fieldpolesare"draggedbehindtheresultantairgapfluxbytheretardingtorqueofashaftload".[1]
Therearetwomajortypesofsynchronousmotorsdependingonhowtherotorismagnetized:non
excitedanddirectcurrentexcited.[3]

Nonexcitedmotors
Innonexcitedmotors,therotorismadeofsteel.Atsynchronousspeeditrotatesinstepwiththerotating
magneticfieldofthestator,soithasanalmostconstantmagneticfieldthroughit.Theexternalstator
fieldmagnetizestherotor,inducingthemagneticpolesneededtoturnit.Therotorismadeofahigh
retentivitysteelsuchascobaltsteel,Thesearemanufacturedinpermanentmagnet,reluctanceand
hysteresisdesigns:
[4]

Reluctancemotors
Thesehavearotorconsistingofasolidsteelcastingwithprojecting(salient)toothedpoles.Typically
therearefewerrotorthanstatorpolestominimizetorquerippleandtopreventthepolesfromall
aligningsimultaneouslyapositionwhichcannotgeneratetorque.[2][5]Thesizeoftheairgapinthe
magneticcircuitandthusthereluctanceisminimumwhenthepolesarealignedwiththe(rotating)
magneticfieldofthestator,andincreaseswiththeanglebetweenthem.Thiscreatesatorquepullingthe
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rotorintoalignmentwiththenearestpoleofthe
statorfield.Thusatsynchronousspeedtherotoris
"locked"totherotatingstatorfield.Thiscannotstart
themotor,sotherotorpolesusuallyhavesquirrel
cagewindingsembeddedinthem,toprovidetorque
belowsynchronousspeed.Themachinestartsasan
inductionmotoruntilitapproachessynchronous
speed,whentherotor"pullsin"andlockstothe
rotatingstatorfield.[6]
Reluctancemotordesignshaveratingsthatrange
fromfractionalhorsepower(afewwatts)toabout
22kW.Verysmallreluctancemotorshavelow
Singlephase60Hz1800RPMsynchronousmotor
torque,andaregenerallyusedforinstrumentation
forTeletypemachine,nonexcitedrotortype,
applications.Moderatetorque,integralhorsepower
manufacturedfrom19301955.
motorsusesquirrelcageconstructionwithtoothed
rotors.Whenusedwithanadjustablefrequency
powersupply,allmotorsinthedrivesystemcanbecontrolledatexactlythesamespeed.Thepower
supplyfrequencydeterminesmotoroperatingspeed.
Hysteresismotors
Thesehaveasolidsmoothcylindricalrotor,castofahighcoercivitymagnetically"hard"cobaltsteel.[5]
Thismaterialhasawidehysteresisloop(highcoercivity),meaningonceitismagnetizedinagiven
direction,itrequiresalargereversemagneticfieldtoreversethemagnetization.Therotatingstatorfield
causeseachsmallvolumeoftherotortoexperienceareversingmagneticfield.Becauseofhysteresisthe
phaseofthemagnetizationlagsbehindthephaseoftheappliedfield.Theresultofthisisthattheaxisof
themagneticfieldinducedintherotorlagsbehindtheaxisofthestatorfieldbyaconstantangle,
producingatorqueastherotortriesto"catchup"withthestatorfield.Aslongastherotorisbelow
synchronousspeed,eachparticleoftherotorexperiencesareversingmagneticfieldatthe"slip"
frequencywhichdrivesitarounditshysteresisloop,causingtherotorfieldtolagandcreatetorque.
Thereisa2polelowreluctancebarstructureintherotor.[5]Astherotorapproachessynchronousspeed
andslipgoestozero,thismagnetizesandalignswiththestatorfield,causingtherotorto"lock"tothe
rotatingstatorfield.
Amajoradvantageofthehysteresismotoristhatsincethelagangleisindependentofspeed,it
developsconstanttorquefromstartuptosynchronousspeed.Thereforeitisselfstartinganddoesn'tneed
aninductionwindingtostartit,althoughmanydesignsdohaveasquirrelcageconductivewinding
structureembeddedintherotortoprovideextratorqueatstartup.
Hysteresismotorsaremanufacturedinsubfractionalhorsepowerratings,primarilyasservomotorsand
timingmotors.Moreexpensivethanthereluctancetype,hysteresismotorsareusedwhereprecise
constantspeedisrequired.
Permanentmagnetmotors
Apermanentmagnetsynchronousmotor(PMSM)usespermanentmagnetsembeddedinthesteelrotor
tocreateaconstantmagneticfield.ThestatorcarrieswindingsconnectedtoanACsupplytoproducea
rotatingmagneticfield.Atsynchronousspeedtherotorpoleslocktotherotatingmagneticfield.These

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motorsarenotselfstarting.Becauseoftheconstantmagneticfieldintherotorthesecannotuse
inductionwindingsforstarting.[7][8][9][10][11]
Themaindifferencebetweenapermanentmagnetsynchronousmotorandanasynchronousmotoristhe
rotor.SomestudiesseemtoindicatethatNdFeBpermanentmagnetsynchronousmotorsarearound2
percentmoreefficientthanthehighestefficiency(IE3)asynchronousmotorsusingthesamestator
laminationsandsimilarvariablefrequencyspeedcontrollers.[12]

DCexcitedmotors
Usuallymadeinlargersizes(largerthanabout1horsepoweror1
kilowatt)thesemotorsrequiredirectcurrentsuppliedtotherotor
forexcitation.Thisismoststraightforwardlysuppliedthrough
sliprings,butabrushlessACinductionandrectifierarrangement
mayalsobeused.[13]Thedirectcurrentmaybesuppliedfroma
separateDCsourceorfromaDCgeneratordirectlyconnectedto
themotorshaft.

Synchronousspeed
Thesynchronousspeedofasynchronousmotorisgiven:[14]
inrpm,by:

DCexcitedmotor,1917.Theexciter
isclearlyseenattherearofthe
machine.

andinrads1,by:

where:
isthefrequencyoftheACsupplycurrentinHz,
isthenumberofpolesperphase.
If isthenumberofpolepairsperphase(rarelycalled'planesofcommutation')instead,simply
multiplybothformulasby2.

Example
A3phase,12pole(6polepair)synchronousmotorisoperatingatanACsupplyfrequencyof50Hz.
Thesynchronousspeedis:

Construction
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Theprincipalcomponentsofasynchronousmotorarethestator
andtherotor.[15]Thestatorofsynchronousmotorandstatorof
inductionmotoraresimilarinconstruction.[16]Withthewound
rotorsynchronousdoublyfedelectricmachineastheexception,
thestatorframecontainswrapperplate.[17]Circumferentialribs
andkeybarsareattachedtothewrapperplate.[17]Tocarrythe
weightofthemachine,framemountsandfootingsare
required.[17]WhenthefieldwindingisexcitedbyDCexcitation,
brushesandslipringsarerequiredtoconnecttotheexcitation
supply.[18]Thefieldwindingcanalsobeexcitedbyabrushless
exciter.[19]Cylindrical,roundrotors,(alsoknownasnonsalient
polerotor)areusedforuptosixpoles.Insomemachinesor
whenalargenumberofpolesareneeded,asalientpolerotoris
used.[20][21]Theconstructionofsynchronousmotorissimilarto
thatofasynchronousalternator.[22]

Rotorofalargewaterpump.Theslip
ringscanbeseenbelowtherotor
drum.

Operation
Theoperationofasynchronousmotorisduetotheinteractionof
themagneticfieldsofthestatorandtherotor.Itsstatorwinding
whichconsistsofa3phasewindingisprovidedwith3phase
supplyandrotorisprovidedwithDCsupply.The3phasestator
windingcarrying3phasecurrentsproduces3phaserotating
magneticflux(andthereforerotatingmagneticfield).Therotor
locksinwiththerotatingmagneticfieldandrotatesalongwithit.
Oncetherotorlocksinwiththerotatingmagneticfield,the
motorissaidtobeinsynchronization.Asinglephase(ortwo
phasederivedfromsinglephase)statorwindingispossible,but
inthiscasethedirectionofrotationisnotdefinedandthe
machinemaystartineitherdirectionunlesspreventedfrom
doingsobythestartingarrangements.[23]

Statorwindingofalargewaterpump

Oncethemotorisinoperation,thespeedofthemotoris
dependentonlyonthesupplyfrequency.Whenthemotorloadis
increasedbeyondthebreakdownload,themotorfallsoutof
synchronizationandthefieldwindingnolongerfollowsthe
Therotatingmagneticfieldisformed
rotatingmagneticfield.Sincethemotorcannotproduce
fromthesumofthemagneticfield
(synchronous)torqueifitfallsoutofsynchronization,practical
vectorsofthethreephasesofthe
synchronousmotorshaveapartialorcompletesquirrelcage
statorwindings
damper(amortisseur)windingtostabilizeoperationandfacilitate
starting.Becausethiswindingissmallerthanthatofan
equivalentinductionmotorandcanoverheatonlongoperation,andbecauselargeslipfrequency
voltagesareinducedintherotorexcitationwinding,synchronousmotorprotectiondevicessensethis
conditionandinterruptthepowersupply(outofstepprotection).[23][24]

Startingmethods
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Aboveacertainsize,synchronousmotorsarenotselfstartingmotors.Thispropertyisduetotheinertia
oftherotoritcannotinstantlyfollowtherotationofthemagneticfieldofthestator.Sincea
synchronousmotorproducesnoinherentaveragetorqueatstandstill,itcannotacceleratetosynchronous
speedwithoutsomesupplementalmechanism.[2]
Largemotorsoperatingoncommercialpowerfrequencyincludea"squirrelcage"inductionwinding
whichprovidessufficienttorqueforaccelerationandwhichalsoservestodamposcillationsinmotor
speedinoperation.[2]Oncetherotornearsthesynchronousspeed,thefieldwindingisexcited,andthe
motorpullsintosynchronization.Verylargemotorsystemsmayincludea"pony"motorthataccelerates
theunloadedsynchronousmachinebeforeloadisapplied.[25]Motorsthatareelectronicallycontrolled
canbeacceleratedfromzerospeedbychangingthefrequencyofthestatorcurrent.[26]
Verysmallsynchronousmotorsarecommonlyusedinlinepoweredelectricmechanicalclocksortimers
thatusethepowerlinefrequencytorunthegearmechanismatthecorrectspeed.Suchsmall
synchronousmotorsareabletostartwithoutassistanceifthemomentofinertiaoftherotorandits
mechanicalloadissufficientlysmall[becausethemotor]willbeacceleratedfromslipspeedupto
synchronousspeedduringanacceleratinghalfcycleofthereluctancetorque."[2]Singlephase
synchronousmotorssuchasinelectricwallclockscanfreelyrotateineitherdirectionunlikeashaded
poletype.SeeShadedpolesynchronousmotorforhowconsistentstartingdirectionisobtained.

Applications,specialproperties,andadvantages
Useassynchronouscondenser
Byvaryingtheexcitationofasynchronousmotor,itcanbemade
tooperateatlagging,leadingandunitypowerfactor.Excitation
atwhichthepowerfactorisunityistermednormalexcitation
voltage.[27]Themagnitudeofcurrentatthisexcitationis
minimum.[27]Excitationvoltagemorethannormalexcitationis
calledoverexcitationvoltage,excitationvoltagelessthannormal
excitationiscalledunderexcitation.[27]Whenthemotorisover
excited,thebackemfwillbegreaterthanthemotorterminal
voltage.Thiscausesademagnetizingeffectduetoarmature
reaction.[28]
TheVcurveofasynchronousmachineshowsarmaturecurrent
asafunctionoffieldcurrent.Withincreasingfieldcurrent
armaturecurrentatfirstdecreases,thenreachesaminimum,then
increases.Theminimumpointisalsothepointatwhichpower
factorisunity.[29]

Vcurveofasynchronousmachine

Thisabilitytoselectivelycontrolpowerfactorcanbeexploitedforpowerfactorcorrectionofthepower
systemtowhichthemotorisconnected.Sincemostpowersystemsofanysignificantsizehaveanet
laggingpowerfactor,thepresenceofoverexcitedsynchronousmotorsmovesthesystem'snetpower
factorclosertounity,improvingefficiency.Suchpowerfactorcorrectionisusuallyasideeffectof
motorsalreadypresentinthesystemtoprovidemechanicalwork,althoughmotorscanberunwithout
mechanicalloadsimplytoprovidepowerfactorcorrection.Inlargeindustrialplantssuchasfactories
theinteractionbetweensynchronousmotorsandother,lagging,loadsmaybeanexplicitconsiderationin
theplant'selectricaldesign.
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Steadystatestabilitylimit

where,
isthetorque
isthetorqueangle
isthemaximumtorque
here,

Whenloadisapplied,torqueangle increases.When =90thetorquewillbemaximum.Ifloadis

appliedfurtherthenthemotorwillloseitssynchronism,sincemotortorquewillbelessthanload
torque.[30][31]Themaximumloadtorquethatcanbeappliedtoamotorwithoutlosingitssynchronismis
calledsteadystatestabilitylimitofasynchronousmotor.[30]

Other
Synchronousmotorsareespeciallyusefulinapplicationsrequiringprecisespeedand/orpositioncontrol.
Speedisindependentoftheloadovertheoperatingrangeofthemotor.
Speedandpositionmaybeaccuratelycontrolledusingopenloopcontrols,e.g.steppermotors.
Lowpowerapplicationsincludepositioningmachines,wherehighprecisionisrequired,androbot
actuators.
TheywillholdtheirpositionwhenaDCcurrentisappliedtoboththestatorandtherotor
windings.
Aclockdrivenbyasynchronousmotorisinprincipleasaccurateasthelinefrequencyofits
powersource.(Althoughsmallfrequencydriftswilloccuroveranygivenseveralhours,grid
operatorsactivelyadjustlinefrequencyinlaterperiodstocompensate,therebykeepingmotor
drivenclocksaccurate(seeUtilityfrequency#Stability).)
Recordplayerturntables
Increasedefficiencyinlowspeedapplications(e.g.ballmills).

Subtypes
ThreephaseACsynchronousmotors
Synchronousbrushlesswoundrotordoublyfedelectricmachine
Steppermotor(maybesynchronousornot)
Reluctancemotor(maybesynchronousornot)

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Seealso
Shortcircuitratio
Doublyfedelectricmachine

References
1. Fitzgerald,A.E.CharlesKingsley,Jr.AlexanderKusko(1971)."Chapter6,Synchronousmachines,steady
state".ElectricMachinery,3rdEd.USA:McGrawHill.pp.283330.LibraryofCongressCatalogNo.70
137126.
2. Fitzgerald,A.E.CharlesKingsley,Jr.AlexanderKusko(1971)."Chapter11,section11.2Startingand
RunningPerformanceofSinglephaseInductionandSynchronousMotors,SelfstartingReluctanceMotors".
ElectricMachinery,3rdEd.USA:McGrawHill.pp.536538.LibraryofCongressCatalogNo.70137126.
3. JamesGStallcup,Stallcup'sGenerator,Transformer,MotorandCompressor,page1513,Jones&Bartlett,
2012ISBN1449695191.
4. WilliamYeadon(ed.),HandbookofSmallElectricMotors,McGrawHill2001ISBN007072332X,
Chapter12"SynchronousMachines"
5. Gottlieb,IrvingM.(1997).Practicalelectricmotorhandbook,2ndEd.(http://books.google.com/books?
id=Irj9w5IE31AC&pg=PA72&dq=shaded
pole+synchronous+motor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=z9zyTuCVEuPMiQKgyKylDg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwAA#v=onepa
ge&q=shadedpole%20synchronous%20motor&f=false)USA:Newnes.pp.7376.ISBN0750636386.
6. MichaelA.Laughton(2003),"19.2.5Reluctancemotors",ElectricalEngineer'sReferenceBook,Newnes,
p.19/8,ISBN9780750646376
7. R.IslamI.HusainA.FardounK.McLaughlin."PermanentMagnetSynchronousMotorMagnetDesigns
WithSkewingforTorqueRippleandCoggingTorqueReduction"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=4757411).IndustryApplications,IEEETransactionson.2009.doi:
10.1109/TIA.2008.2009653(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FTIA.2008.2009653)
8. KiChanKimSeungBinLimDaeHyunKooJuLee.TheShapeDesignofPermanentMagnetfor
PermanentMagnetSynchronousMotorConsideringPartialDemagnetization"
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1704668).Magnetics,IEEETransactionson.2006.
doi:10.1109/TMAG.2006.879077(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FTMAG.2006.879077)
9. P.PillayR.Krishnan."ApplicationcharacteristicsofpermanentmagnetsynchronousandbrushlessDC
motorsforservodrives"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=90357).Industry
Applications,IEEETransactionson.1991.doi:10.1109/28.90357(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2F28.90357)
quote:"Thepermanentmagnetsynchronousmotor(PMSM)andthebrushlessDCmotor(BDCM)havemany
similaritiestheybothhavepermanentmagnetsontherotorandrequirealternatingstatorcurrentstoproduce
constanttorque."
10. Y.HondaT.NakamuraT.HigakiY.Takeda."Motordesignconsiderationsandtestresultsofaninterior
permanentmagnetsynchronousmotorforelectricvehicles"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=643011).IndustryApplicationsConference,1997.ThirtySecondIASAnnualMeeting,IAS
'97.,ConferenceRecordofthe1997IEEE.1997.doi:10.1109/IAS.1997.643011
(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FIAS.1997.643011)
11. M.A.RahmanPingZhou."Analysisofbrushlesspermanentmagnetsynchronousmotors"
(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=491349).IndustrialElectronics,IEEETransactions
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on.1996.doi:10.1109/41.491349(https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2F41.491349)
12. MarkusLindegger."Economicviability,applicationsandlimitsofefficientpermanentmagnetmotors"
(http://www.circlemotor.ch/downloads/summaryinenglish.pdf).p.7,p.21
13. H.E.Jordan,EnergyEfficientElectricMotorsandTheirApplications,page104,Springer,1994ISBN0306
446987
14. "Motorspeed"(http://www.electoolbox.com/Formulas/Motor/mtrform.htm).Electrician'stoolboxetc.
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UniversityofAlberta.
16. Finney,David.VariableFrequencyAcMotorDriveSystem.B(1991reprinted.).PeterPeregrinus,Ltd.
p.33.ISBN9780863411144.
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(http://books.google.co.in/books?
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D0Q6AEwAA)(Seconded.).Wiley.
18. GeraldB.Kliman,HamidA.Toliyat.HandbookofElectricMotors(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=4
Kkj53fWTIC&pg=PA302&dq=synchronous+motor+field&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0RztUOnTD4enkQXu
IGoAw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=synchronous%20motor%20field&f=false)(Seconded.).
p.302.
19. Jordan,HowardE.EnergyEfficientElectricMotorsandTheirApplications.B(Seconded.).Plenumpress.
p.104.ISBN0306446987.
20. Theraja,B.L.Electricaltechnology.II(2010reprinted.).S.Chand.p.1404.ISBN8121924375.
21. IsidorKerszenbaum,GeoffKlempner.HandbookofLargeTurboGeneratorOperationandMaintenance
(http://books.google.co.in/books?
id=RpmRb1fG8gYC&pg=PT32&dq=synchronous+motor+salient+pole+rotor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ZR7tUKv8B
suakgXu7oEI&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBA)(Seconded.).Wiley.
22. Theraja,B.L.Electricaltechnology.II(2010reprinted.).S.Chand.p.1490.ISBN8121924375.
23. IEEEStandard1411993RecommendedPracticeforElectricPowerDistributionforIndustrialPlantspages
227230
24. "SynchronousMotorWorkingPrinciple"(http://www.electrical4u.com/synchronousmotorworking
principle/).
25. JerryC.Whitaker,ACPowerSystemsHandbook,page192,CRCPress,2007ISBN0849340349.
26. DavidFinney,VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystem,page32,IEE,1988ISBN0863411142.
27. Bhattacharya,S.K.ElectricalMachinees(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=BN9rplPm
wAC&pg=PA481&dq=synchronous+motor+unity+power+factor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FXPtUPalHcvukgX954D
wCg&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=synchronous%20motor%20unity%20power%20factor&f=false)
(thirded.).TataMcGrawHill.p.481.
28. ElectricMachineryAndTransformers(http://books.google.co.in/books?id=h
965eTcjJEC&pg=PA229&dq=synchronous+motor+unity+power+factor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F3HtUIbtDYiKkw
XY2YGoCA&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=synchronous%20motor%20unity%20power%20factor&f
=false)(seconded.).Pearson.p.230.|first1=missing|last1=inAuthorslist(help)
29. Theraja,BL.Electricaltechnology.II(2010reprinted.).SChand.p.1524.
30. Dubey,GK.Fundamentalsofelectricaldrives.Narosapublishingchennai.p.254.
31. Pillai,SK.AFirstCourseOnElectricalDrives(seconded.).Newageinternational.p.25.

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Externallinks
Synchronousmotoranimation
(http://www.animations.physics.unsw.edu.au/jw/electricmotors.html#ACmotors)
HowtoDifferentiateBetweenSynchronousandAsynchronousMotors
(http://www.groschopp.com/synchronousvsasynchronous/)
Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_motor&oldid=649605409"
Categories: Electricmotors
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mayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipediaisa
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