A

Socfety of Petroleum Engineers

SPE 36434
The Effects of Pressure and Rotary Speed
on the Drag Bit Drilling Strength of Deep Formations
J J KolleNVaterjet

Copyrtgnt

1596

Th!s paper

Soctety

was

Exh, b,lto.

of Petroleum

prepared

held

Technology,

EnQ,neers

for presentation

m Denver

Inc

Colorado

Inc

at the

U S A

elude that the effect

19%

69

SPE

October

Annual

Techmcal

Conference

and

mfofmal,

was

on con(a, ned

presented
.Orrecl,
ho

selected

have

cd the

Soc!eiy

Engineers

The

autho(

(s)

of Petroleum

as presented

Enqneem

Comm, !lee

does

,1. oti$cem

IS restr,ctea

Con(enis

The abstract
was

(I S A

should

presen!ed

conta!n

Wr,le

of nal

Consp,c.ous

L, brar!an

SPE

any

presented

man
Box

to

of Petroleum

300 woms

Illusfra

typicall>

less than 1 mm,

Richardson

permeabilit~
drostatic

formations

in dynamic

can

result

equal the borehole

confining

pressures

drag bit cutting

carried

pressure.

fly

increasing

in penetration

He

that

attributed

his observations

bottom.

a model

of dynamic

and shear loaAs on thcrma!l~

were obtairwd

conllnemcnt.

stabilized

rti[cf ranging from 0.5 m 8 m s. Ambient

insensitive

drilling

strength hardening

shale and carbonate

able sandstones.
confinement

and rate-sensitive

These rciults

thco~,

and

This mechanism,

Brace and Martin(

cut!ers

drained

and at traverse

triaxial

dependent

pressure causes rate-

chip-hold-down

does not account

observed

hardening.

that dilatation

Dilatation-induced

in the perme-

dikstancy

hardening.

Confining

pressure

b] the dynamic

transition

from brittle

to ductile

failure

son ). Rate-dependent

dilatancy

load versus cut

minimized

tests on unjacketed

speeds and ~hallow depths of cut in

confinement

has been observed

shales

Pore ~olurne dilatancy

deep formations.

of rock during

pore pressure reduc-

hardening

hancement

pressure
can

(cf.

hardening

in triaxial

also

review

environments

resulting
hydrostatic

Ithas long been known that the rate ot drilling decreases dra-

Detoumay

matically

tion can occur in impermeable

in the first thousand

has been at[rihuted

meters of drilling.

to differences

hole.

I his pressure differential

inhibit the removal

Warren
duction
observed

of
cuttings

and Smith]

in drilling

overburden

The>

drilling
have

experiments
proposed

stress in low-permeability

surface can result in elastic

nificant[j

is much greater

increase

in a significant

relaxation

A one-dimensional
a drag bit cutter

of the

finement

expansion
pressure.

181

during oil and gas explora-

could account for much

ifi deep wells.

model of dilatindy

explicitly

iti Ko[le,li

accounts

for

harderting

ahead of

This dynamic
rock

con.

poroelasticity,

effects to predict the magnitude

fining pressure in sedimentary

con-

strength. Shales account for

t%e observed

is desctibe~

strength and diffusion

and sig-

They

model

drilled

so this behavior

of the decline in drilling

than that

rock near the borehole

pore volume

the static differential

increase in drilling

tion and production,ln

re-

at the same diffcr-

that

pressure.

have suggested that pore fluid cavita-

over 75?0 of the formations

from the bottom.)?

rate in the !Icld

in laboratory

cmtial prcssorc

mud in the bore-

can increase rock strength and

have pointed OU[ that the observed

in a confin-

rock during shear deformation

by a drag bit cutter,) The resulting localized confining pressure
in this case would equal the total borehole pressure, resulfing

This slow-

het~veen formation

pore prwssurc and the pressure of weighted

en-

strength

rock types such as

ing stress that equals

and Atkinson

by Pater-

and ductility

shale can cause the pore fluid to cavitate,

the total applied

in

cause

compressive

in a high-pressure

in low-permeability

that results

Introduction

down

for the

process of rock shearing

tions cause an effective

An analysis of indentation

he

bit rotation

testing at high fluid pressures results in rate-

cfcpth shows that cutter wear in all five rock types should be
at high rotav

however,

in the Iow-permcahility

are predicted

hy-

in plastic formations.

Indentation

diamond (T.SD)

at prc$sures of up to 70 MPa

at high

to dynamic

effects of pressure on the continuous

strength to Ie\I

tests in low-

pressures that arise as the cutter displaces rock chips from the

strength.

porosit}

is thus

the cut depth is

drilling

rate

were carried out in tivc sedimentary

permeability.

relaxation

the pressure to 10 MPa,

varying

widely

pressures

pressure and at moderate

Rock cutting experiments

with

that

of the surface

where

out laboratory

rock

t}pes

shown

speeds although no effect was observed at low rotation speeds.

during drag bit cutting in deep

pressure and increase the drilling

have

the first millimeter

rock at atmospheric

obser~ed a decline

Abstract
ofrock

studies of pore pres-

shales.4 Poroelastic

to influence

van l.ingcn~

far 01 2149529435

Shear induced dilatant>

of the bit

within

unlikel}

of where

833836

ahead

rapidly

even in low-permeabilit}

posI

at SPE

acknowledgment

P O

equilibrate

a5

subject

reflect

.1 the Socm!y

of

paper

and are

Papers

more

rev,ew

of Ihe

Eng,neers

or members

10 a, abstract

follow,ng

nol necessarily

to p. bl, cal, on rev, ew by Ed,lor, a! Ccxnrni tees

!he paper

TX 750!33.3836

Program

fed by the

by the Soctely

maler, al

o{ Petroleum

not be cop!ed

and bf whom

subm,l

reviewed

Perml Ss,On 10 copy

may

on by an SPE

,n an abstract

not been

on by the a.thor[s)

rneel, mgs are s.byxt

tons

for presenlal,

rate should be most

rock. However,

1996

sure invasion
Th, s paper

of depth on drilling

se~ere for impermeable

of cCrn-

rock, The analysis confirms

that

J J KOLLE

significant dilatancy hardening is expected in shales and shows

that similar effects should occur in other Iow-permeability
rock

3 m!s and a cut depth of 0.3 mm. The maximum

The maximum

An experimental

program

confinement

model

to test the predictions

is described

marble,

Borrnc Terre

Cokon

pore fluid will cavitate.

Borehole

fining pressure magnitude.

sand-

stone and Berea sandstone. The tests were carried out with 3-

2, The confining

mm

the two lowest-permeability

TSD

cutters

at pressures

roughly equivalent

of up to 70 Ml>a,

which

to a well depth of 7000 m (25,000

is

five rock types were chosen to cover a broad range of perme-

maximum

ability,

confining

strength and porosity

values. The effects of rrrck prop-

of dilatant

erties, pressure and traverse

rate on cutter load are comparwd

pore compression

here with predictions

of the dynamic

confinement

dentation load exponents

are used to evaluate

This behavior
rock types.

strain,

dominates

confinement

basis,
dicated

sive elastic strain. Complete

axial and radial strain curves were

higher than 50 MPa,

types

used

compressive

in the study.

stress! strain, total volumetric

nent of volumetric
fig.

strain

cxampie

of

sandstone

elastically

and the volumetric

At about half the maximum

significant
exhibit

significant

volumetric

were derived

volumetric

strain,

strain can be attributed

all

to pore volume

through the formation

OF microcracks.

includes a compressive

poroelastic

of

calculates

shaft

strain

The calculation

of maximum

rock permeability,
timate
nally.

the ratio of dynamically

rock cores mounted in a pressure

that

is supported

by

is designed

oi I-ti lled,

drive

motor

turns the rock.

to operate at a
to vary the

pressure-compensated

The

cutter

hy-

head is sup-

lic motor outside of the vessel. This design provides

pressure assumes

A torsion tube, incorporating

constant based on the

arrays is used to sense tangential

confining

dynamic

cylindrical

a stiff

cutting tool support to ensure control over depth of cut.

confining

confined

pressure.

to unconfined

two fui l-bridge

Fi-

4; radial cutter loads correspond

rock

tial loads correspond to torsional

strain gauge

and radial cutter loads in the

test apparatus. The TSD cutter configuration

traverse rate and depth of cut is used to es-

the diffusion- iirnited

test facility

model described

carriage is actuated by a small rotary shaft driven by a hydrau-

based on the mean triax-

A diffusion

single-cutter

confinement

ported on a carriage that slides on a pair of support rods. The

ial confined stress state at the peak stress.

that the rock is impermeable.

for a hyperbaric

bearings contained within the pressure vessel. An external,

and an inelastic

in the appendix, assumes that the

volumetric strain is constant and

component

is

signifi-

traverse rate from 0.5 to 8.0 m/s. The rock core is held on a

draulic

the poroelastic

in the dolomite

pressure of up to 70 MPa and includes the ability

the

component.
The model, summarized
ma:n[tljde
of the inelastic

pressure

vessel (see Fig, 3). The apparatus

expansion

T}le volumetric

component

On this

for the marble.

and this rock should not exhibit

from tbe dynamic

100-mm-diameter

in the rock do no{

essentially

pressure

above, The test apparatus is designed to allow cutting tests on

(positive).

stress, the rock begins to undergo

dilatant strain, Since the minerals

stress is about

strength, rock becomes

Test Apparatus

Specifications

in

the rock strains

strain is compressive

in cutter vibration

plastic strain can occur.]~

transition

in Fig. 2. The transition

Hyperbaric

compo-

is provided

1. During the initial stages of deformation,

and

normalized

strain and the inelastic

in Colton

cause hardening

of the rock, causing an in-

cant ducti]ity at the pressures used in these experiments,

strength tests on all five

An

that elastic

of a high-strength

shale and two sandstones should begin at 20 to 30 MPa as in-

of

strain is greater than the compres-

rock

the response

compressive

the brittle-ductile

di Iatant inelastic volumetric

obtained during uniaxial

by the magnitude
predicts

levels. As a rule of thumb, when the confining

Model

pressures arise when the magnitude

The model

crease in average cutter load and a reduction

using the analysis pro-

one third of the confined

confinement

Pore pressure diffu-

pressures will

fully ductile and unlimited

Dynamic

in Fig,

pressure in

pressure in the two sandstones. The

can also lead to enhanced ductility

the effects of rotary speed and bit weight

Confinement

is illustrated

pressure is determined

volumetric

Dynamic

in-

vided by ~JhJkZi.2

Dynamic

pressure, the

rock such as Bonne Terre dolomite.

model, l-he

as a function of pressure. These data

on TSD cutter wear in deep formations

pres-

pressure thus limits the con-

pressure is equal to the borehole

sion reduces the confining

ft). The

effects of cut depth cm cutter force were used to calculate

confining

If the pressure drop is greater than the borehole

here. A single-cutter
dolomite,

value of diffusion-limited

sure represents the drop in pore pressure caused by dilatancy.

of the dy-

test apparatus was used (o study shear cutting loads in Mancos

shale, Carthage

increase in

rock strength is also listed.

types.
namic

SPE 36434

is depicted

to indentation

while

in Fig,
tangen-

loading on a drill bit,

strength is calculated.
Table

i lists the observed

tain the dynamic

confinement

rock properties

required

pressure. Additional

Test Procedure

to ob-

All of the data at elevated

parameters

hydrostatic

that were assumed to be the same for all of the rocks tested are

with fresh water

listed in Table 2. These include Skemptons

rocks, the pore pressure quickly

coefficient,

which

relates pore pressure to mean stress, and the internal

coeffi-

cient of friction,

which

is used to calculate

strength. A sequence of calculated

the confined

pressure. In low-permeability

rock

pressures is listed in Table

3 for each rock type tested assuming a nominal traverse rate of

[n high-permeabi

equilibrates

Iity

with the water

rock, the pore pressure requires

some time to equilibrate

even if the rock is saturated. A planar

pore pressure diffusion

calculationt4

that the characteristic

182

pressure were obtained

in the pressure vessel.

was carried

pore pressure diffusion

out to show

times to saturate

SPE 36434 THE EFFECTS OF PRESSURE AND ROTARY SPEED ON THE DRAG BIT DRILLING STRENGTH OF DEEP FORMATIONS

the samples is much shorter than the time required

slope of the increase in drilling

to pressur-

abwe

MC the vessel.
All ofthc
WL, 3-mnl

ot 20 degrees.

cutters mounted
The

pressure,

at a negative

bacfirake

mtitrix provided

I-igurc 5 shows an example

rate

thcrcaftcr

hccausc of the Iilmi[ed Lfilatmcy

lhe load da[a SI1OLVa continuous

in Table4.
during

test. Data from these tests are reduced

by averaging

the load

lhcnrrise

[o 70 MPa.

[CVCI iI]tlle

dat:l\\

rock is duc to electrical

hcIlthc

cL!tter isnotcontacting

systcm. Ihc rms noise Icvel is about f

tllc

cxmsistcnt

with

1,6 at 0-25
Drilling

Strength

results

prcscntcd

wctional

and Specific
here

area ofthc

ha~c

Energy.Al}(]flilccLl(tcr

been

CUI. !,.

nornmli7cd

This refults

of the rock and its resistance

dentation load is referred

tangential

load is referred

..

strength provides

ii measure

at 70 Ml>a

...... .. .. .. ..... ... .. .. .....(2)

quired to achieve a given cutter penetration.

These

citic energy (I m:) are dimcnsionall>

equivalent

datn tor internal

to evaluate

energy and drilling

en-

frictional

fi)rces on the cutier.

k)cu~ :ind is a measure

of the in[erfacial

cutter and the rock according

Carthage

plottecf

Marble.

rock hardening

the

if initially
drilling

(3)

angle and yz is the inter lhcial

h> the Irn\t

drill ing( using [hc internal

ins(cacf ofthc

interfhcial

and Merchant

theory

effects

cannot

of Mancos

The

effect

marble

in cutter load at
bc esplairwd

corrfincment
effects

of pressure

is shown

on

the drilling

in Fig. 9. The rate of

if wc assume a much

lower

of

fir

data for Carthage

angle t;j.

creases slightly
intcrihciat

marble

strength in

Ie\el

of Lfrlatancy than was ob-

energy

is provided

strength tests.
versus drilling

in Fig.

with pressure corresponding

to an increase in

friction from 0.32 to ().50.

each {~1the ti~c rock types ri cornparcd wltb predictions

predicts Iittlc or no elfcct of traverse rate on drilling

d>namic contincnwnt
Mancos

Shale.

model bclou.

Ihis

IS a

sure on (frilling
creaw

rn drilling

content.

strength and specific

arc $Ilou n in f:ig. 6. Mancos

I 1 shows the effect of cutter traverse rate on drilling

and [his is confirmed

I<)li-pcrlllcxbility,

Jurassic shale with Iow-snwctitc

[k

cnergj

Rnnne Terre

low-poro~)ty
OJ Mancos

strength a~ pre>sure incrcascs.

incrust

shale

shale e~hih its a continuous

although

rnarblc. lhe dynamic

Dolomite.

pressure beyond

llw

loads arc proportional

183

[his is a high-slrength
similar

in cutter load is followrd

in-

confirwment

model
strength.

by the observations.

~llo~vs a cutting behavior

etfhc[s of pres-

strength

10. The slope in-

strength in Carthage

of the

and

This plot also

Comparison
of Cutter Load Data with Model
[ hC cflcct ot pressure. traicrw r:itc and cut depth on loads in

Figure

Ihere

energy

is consistent with the model

compressive

slope of the specific

cocfticient

2.4 ) is also shown.

strength but Iitrlc effect above 25 MPa.

The pressure effect

in

model

shale is thought to he too

diffusion

based on a constant internal friction

tained f-rorn the unconfined

t~iction angle nt the rock. tan (1{).

fiictiorl

small

increase in cultcr

shows that cut depth h:is little effect on the drilling

angle between the cut[cr and the rock. 1he same rclais predicted

values

rate on cutter loads in

a strong cf-feet of pressure on specilic

this material.
O is the cutter backrakc

intcrfacial

pressure to ().2 I

with reported

decrease

of 0,69 (slope of strength en~felope

[o

,SF;/D,S -tan(()+y)

to shear load

Ttw inferred

processes in the dynamic

~trength of Carthage

to the cutting

triction hetwem

These

low to allow for any rate-sensilikc

The slope of a line

Irom the origin through these points corresponds

coeffi-

friction angle from a

rate causes a small

bccausc the permeability

to the strength

~trcngtb ma> be cross-

1hese values
friction

strength as shown in Fig.

values are consistent

Traverse

terms of ditfusion

units ( Pa).
Specific

shale

high pressures.

ergy is a measure of the bit torque. Note that tbc units of spc-

tiorwhip

strength curves ranges from

load at low pressures and a small

re-

while \pecific

Mancm

for internal friction coefficient

to as specilic

ot the weight-on-bit

of

from the aver-

Ml]a to 1, I between 25 and 70 MPa.

f;igurc 8 shows the cf.feet of-traverse

,SF.= /,/,4[

friction

inferred

frlctlon angle drops from O 42 at atmospheric

Mancos

where

coefficient

decreases as the pressure in increased.

energy

Drilling

slope of. the drilling

harden-

curve should hc

7. This plot shows that the ratio of indentation

in-

...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. ...(l)

and the norrnali~cd

friction

crrcfficicnt

It is also possible to infer the internal

strength:

/)Ay = /:/</../

strength

is consistent

pressure,

strength

plot of specific energy versus drilling

strength

[he normalized

MPa

cients in Mancos shale~ and similar Jurassic shale s.

in units ofspecilic

to cutting.<

to as drilling

internal
friction

are much higher than reported

kx]d

by the crnss-

energy or stress that can he taken as a measure ottbe

the

of this rock type.

strength is doe to dilatancy

the slope of the drilling

age tanlcnt

ION.

confining

in

increases

incrcasc in drilling

ing alone,

shale. 1be internal

vi bra~ions in the

an increase

and no further

in slrrpc at 25-70

If the increased drilling

ot cutter vibration.

noise and mechanica]

The decrease

with an upper limit to dynamic

between 3 and 7 sL!conds. llw standard deviation

a~ a measure

MPn

predicts

pressure

load history

ot the load is also ohtaincd

up to 50

model

C(mtining

cutter

over thctlme

confinement

angle

depth of cut and traverse

k~erekfaried according [~)tlle!est

to decrcasc

25 MPa.

1hc dynamic

results discussed here were obtained with squarc-

TS[)

strength appears

If) MPa.

to (arthage

dolomite

rnarblc.

that

A rapid

by little effect of ambient

as illustrated

in Fig. 12. indentation

to cut dcp[h, and traverse rate shows no

J J KOLLE

ctlect, The unconfined

showed

little

compressive

dilatation

pressure on drilling

strength test for this rock

and the model

predicts

no effect

SPE 36434

dilatancy

of

hardening

continuous

strength.

discontinuous
transition

Colton Sandstone.
nificant

fhis is a low-permeability

clay content (an argillaceous

The effects

are shown

in Fig.

13. The dynamic

confinement

effect of pressure on drilling

is observed.

transition

The

to ductile

thought to occur at over 100-MPa

rock exhibits

a rapid

and a more gradual

increase

Berea

Sandstone,

low-strength
nificant

in drilling

is

pressure. but this

This is a high-permeability,

high inden-

sion-limited

is consistent

bebavior

to significant

sure effects predicted

pres-

ductile failure, the peak load is higher due to hardening

effects

high throughout

the failure

The

shale, Carthage
rate effects

marble and Bonne Terre dolomite.

were expected

but the Colton sandstone data showed

rock

wear of PDC

load at the smallest

cutters and developed

between rotary speed, indentation

as outlined

ity at high confining

sandstone, the model success-

Maximum
dilatant
Mancos

travels.

and an inl-

Pressure. The dynamic

a maximum
magnitude.

confining

pressure;

A maximum

however,

confinement

drilling

hardening

were based on the dilatant

sandstone

strength
occurred,

than predicted
The

strain observed

model

strength tests. A more reasonable

the confined

dilatant

is propor-

force and the distance the cutter

force are related by an

~his would

indicate

F-;;

.. .. . .. .. . .. .. ........ .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. ........ .. .. ..........(4)

expression

for

wear

rate

at a con-

stant rate of penetration as a function of rotary speed:

was
The

(/1,,

maximum

-1

(Y(f

.. .. ... .. . ...... .. .. . ...... . .. .. ..... . .. .. ........ .. .. .(5)

/4,,

where dl,,(d/j, is the volumetric

in the car-

[f the indentation
becomes

value would be

result in a smaller

cutter

wear per unit length of

cutter travel and C is a constant,

predictions

strain. which should be smaller

pressure at which the drilling

observations

studies have shown

wear of drag cutters

The cut depth and indentation

This leads to the following

during unconfined

compressive

value.

force and cutter wear rates,

the pressure at which the maxi-

was smaller

and argillaceous

unconfined

the

relationships

exponent, n:

pressure based on the

shale data are consistent with the predicted

mum strength occurred

bonates

abrasive

theoretical

Numerous

tional to the cutter indentation

of

that accounts for enhanced ductil-

in all of the tests where

confining

is in-

pressures.

Confining

strain

observed

in the tollowing.

that the volumetric

rates and a

(fx

imodel predicts

rate, which

Loads and Cutter Wear

effect,

better data on rock dilatancy

traverse

carried out an extensive study of factors affecting

types as water pressure increases as well as the lack of a rate

cutter loads requires

in the two sandstones

tent with this prediction,

Indentation

proved model of hardening

is con-

The Berea sandstone data are consis-

Giowkal~

prediction

This

with higher permeability.

pre-

small effect at the highest [raversc rate, Accurate

rock.

small effect of traverse rate observed

in Mancos

consistent with a

no pressure effects at low traverse

little effect of traverse rate

in low-permeability

Significant

successfully

predicts

in

This effect would

hardening alone,

model predicts

by the relatively

fects of pressure on cutter load are generally

fully

process, resulting

of the dril Iing strength al a rate greater than

strength

model of dynamic

[n the high-permeability

high

consistent with the model,

Discussion of Pressure and Rate Effects

Experiments with 3-mm TSD cutters have shown that the ef-

dicts an increase in cutter load irr the four impermeable

the load cycles between

During

the maximum

The model

brittle

off,

firmed

by the model.

confinement.

16 shows how the magni-

failure,

During

Rate Effects.

from diffu-

confining

would

pressure.

on drilling

rates but a sig-

dynamic

strength.

behavior

in Mancos shale drops as a function of

cause hardening

high-porosity,

with the transition

in Fig. 15. Figure

that predicted by dilatancy

increase at the highest traverse rate. as shown in Fig.

14. This behavior

of triaxial

deformation

higher mean loads but lower load variation.

little or no effect of pres-

strength at the lower traverse

to ductile

tude of cutter vibrations

and remains

strength at 10 MPa

Extremely

from brittle

process as opposed to the

observation

and low values as chips are loaded and broken

in this rock at low traverse rates.

rock type that exhibits

sure on drilling

pre-

strength, which

shear in sandstone

confining

increase thereafter,

tation loads were recorded

model

low-strain

tions, as illustrated

of pressure and traverse rate on Cotton sandstone cutting loads

dicts a significant

strength is a measure of a

deformation

result in much higher mean cutter loads and lower load varia-

rock with sig-

sandstone).

alone, Drilling

high-strain

independent

load exponent n equals 1.0, the wear rate

of the rotary speed. If n is greater than

1.0, the wear rate increases as tbe rotary speed increases. Con-

than the

versely,

value of the

if n is less than 1.0, the wear rate decreases with in-

creased rotary speed. The value ofrr for a given cutter configu-

strength becomes constant. The

ration, rock type and pressure determines

that this pressure is indeed smaller than

be designed for high- or low-speed

the values given in Table 3.

exponents
reported

Hardening Rate. Apparent hardening of the drilling strength

is observed in all of the rock types subject to dynamic contincment at rates initially much higher than expected from

for the 3-mm

184

Indentation

load

cutters used in the experiments

here are listed in Table

that the indentation

generally

TSD

whether bits should

operation.

5, The results clearly

load exponent

for sharp TSD

less than 1.0 and tends to decrease

show

cutters

is

as the ambient

SPE 36434

THE EFFECTS

OF PRESSURE

pressure incrcasc~. lhesermults

lt)adct)efficicr~
cutters

tsgcncr;~lly

atm{)spheric

iit

AND ROTARY

are in ccmtrastto

gre~tcr

SPEED

indentation

than 1.0 obtained

pressure in hard abrasive

ON THE DRAG

BITDRILLING

[,,,

for P[X

formations

significant

causes

cutter loads In Iow-pcrmcabilit?

increases

sedimentary

as

pressure. Dynamic

Ilardcnin:

pronounced

ct(ccts were

where the drilling

pressure

to

waler

creased cost ofcfrillinp

The
model

drilling

so d> -

arc consistent

prmsurcs

cut depth

strain

c,

Pailure strain

()

hued

with

rock pcrrncahili

on pore Yol -

Iastic moduli

nuxtel ofdrilling
[he d)namic

further

by differential

strength, mll.t~, f%
compressive

strength,

(P

interracial

nondimensional

friction angle, degrees

diffusion

time constant

Subscripts

in the field arc much greater

chip-hold-down

an cxp!icit

effects

ihe square-set

mechanism

can be applied

that

pressures,
for

1hc

1S[)

Indentation

than 1() MPa.

should be operated
speed 10 minimize

diffusion

c,

elastic

hydrostatic

dynamic

to brittle and duc -

load exponent

1-

inelastic

radial. indentation

tangential.

volumetric

f~~r all of

This implies that these cutters

at mlnirnum

References

Ioacf and the highest possible

[unnlngham.

wear in deep formations,

dcn.

R :1.

formation

I)crmeahlc

Acknowledgements
IhIs work was supported

Wcll~.
hy the (;as

Contract No. 5091-260-??76.

Research

Institute

I thank Alan Mueller

Inc , and Paul Wcstcott

cussions cm the ideas presented

at CJKI

ror

under
dis-

cut area. 1.:. m~

coefficient

constant
drilling

strength,

force,

nf.t:.

Ia

modulus, m[.t~,

youngs
m[,

of f{~)ck (hip

Smlrh.

M II

I<atc at I)cpth.
Iorc
at [hc

cncc, h]la~

]IXIS.

~an I mgcn.

N 1[ : [lottorn

Ilracc,

W 1;

\lrms

for

Ifl,(h

,{1/)1

N1.S

h!

ll(,tt{,nlholc

[986

1urhulcnt

Stress

7tich

tthcad

( 1985)

l:actors
1523,

ot the BII.

IA[)(SI>I,

[Iril[lng

paper
(onfcr-

1[)-] ~
Sca!cngrng

Katc~ at Depth.

antf hfar-tin.
.V I

f{cmotal

J /(,/

Ircssurc

Jchruarj

(r} ~talllne

Rate of

I 44

prcscntd

Penctratiorr

of ( )vcrbur-

on I)rilling

216. ( 1959) )

.l[,t~~.

I)>namIc

crning

Stud)

Pressure

R I : A

Rocks

- A M:@

J lc~

]kh

[actor

~/9r52)

1cst of the I.av

(It l,(~tt

loroslt>

[iov-

I X7.

CJIl:,tTCCtIVC

. /}r(

./

//[Jc.4

5 ( I 968) 415
l; Ypcrtmcn[lIl

/rtI/(1.

Springer-Vcriag.

((ink.

I LI

RfJc h

NCIY York

c/ ~1/ I:! FwIs

of strain

and tkllure

/)e/ormf(/totf

1?7[,

l)rfilld

( I 97X) I I 4
raLc and conlinlng

of iha[c. Sff;[)p;,

pressure

(Iurrc

[99

I )

100

[t: m, Pi

I)ctt)urrla>.

Icngth of-cutter travcf. l.. m

indentation

f]

and

on (I1c (fcthrrmation

[.:, m?

pore fluid cornprcssibility.

[)r]lllng

lnlcrwln.

[a

t:. N

pcrmeabilit>,

I ii

14787

/F(I)7s

( 1989)

L\ xrrcn.

1 .aboratory

(olulnn

f)) narnics

Affccting
S11

Nomenclature

IT(,rnjallons.
.sPL/)/:

lcltlcr.

work

Srnsk} of QIJISI.

and Icnlh

;ind Nlud

Al R

lctflng.

at QIJI.SI

numerous

here. Ttw experimental

waf carried out capably h> Randy

SkcmpIrrn\

shear

: . axial

rock types studied was less than 1.0 at ambient

pressures grater

Integrated.

uniaxial

porosit)

Iilc chip formation.

the wdimentar~

unconfined

model accounts l(~r (Iw obscrJa-

rate reductions
provides

chip-hold-down

rcqulre$ ii

ofrt)ck.

sh~iir

confinement

tion thal drilling

model

coefficient

strength that takes into account the Iransitioo

frtml brittle [() cfuctilc

than predicted

friction

m1.t~, Pa

streng[h and poroc-

The rate and rrrmgnitude of h:irdening

rw[. t, Pa-s

confined compressive

q,,

plastlc ~hefir(ng based [m

t>,potx~sit). compressive

viscosity,

Poissons ratio
>
0 - stress. m Lt, Pa

cessfh[ly predicts the cffticts of borehole pressur-c and [r-averse

continuous

ms
[.l. ml

I,

In the rock ahead of the cutter. 1he model suc-

r:i[e in rock urrdergo(ng

time. t. s

cutter backrake angle. degrees

;< - internal

for much OF the in-

observations

confinement

(5

most of

oil and gas drilling,

i~CCOLlnt

failure time, t. s

r) - dynamic

deep gas wells.

strength

of dynamic

urnc dilatancy

during

effects could

1,

atmospheric

prcssurw. Shales represent

penetrated

namic conlincmcnt

From

Pa

diffusion

con fincrncnt

Pa

pressure, nlll,t~. Pa

1,1 : characteristic
characteristic

pressure, mLt~,

[ ,,

shale,

Formations

confining

~ir cutter traverse rate, Lt,

voiumc[ric Cll[ter wtar,

in 1S[)

in Mancos

increases six-fold

skcngth

70-MPa

the formations

mos[

confining

SE = specific energy. mlI.tz.

rocks in the ab-

wnce tlf any static diffkrcntial

maximum

OF DEEP

f< - diffusion-limited

~]lvcn by (ilow+ta.~
e

Conclusions
Ambient waler pressure

STRENGTH

the [)rilllng

load exponent

[!(//.s( i[)lltl(lrl,

pressure. m Ltz. Pa

(1991 )s39

185

1.. :ind AILlns~)n,

I{csponsc

(.

lntlucncc

{)1 11)( Ilits. R{xk

.Scrc,)lc.c. c.d

hj

1 [

I{ocgicrs.

(Jt Pore Pressure

i/cc/IaH{[\

Hdfwma

on

(J., <J ,i/Ii/-

f{otterdirm

J J KOLLE

1()

Slcigcr,

[{.l> , :md f.cunp.

the Nlcchturical

II

Kollt,

I I : A

McKicl

in lrcssur i/cd
/m,(/l
1~

ll)L

[) .A

Int

Ilctcrnlln

.Y//~l)E

(SepI.

(tmlirrcmcnl
.)

Rcjck

alien

I W?)

l)unng

.ifet,/i

i fitl

ot

expressed as

I X 1.

+ < -2&,,, /crc K/ D

l)rilllng

,SCI A

(;<,cI-

This relationship

30 N(J. 7. 12 I 5

lmplica[lons

h]t design.

I whnical

Quanlifativc

of I)}namic

IWchoks.

/fl.Y//. ( I 993).

(ilo\\ ha.

P. K.:

Iropertics of Shilt~s.

S11

01 Ihcrmal

lapcr

(onlknct

14??2.

and

\vcar

phenomena

prcxnted

l~dlibition.

at (,oth
Vegas,

I as

strains

Ii)r

14

Irotn

Ilritt Ic I;racturc

Rc,

lm~l

Ic,krf,

l. V..

(lcar>.

[s, //,)

t(lr the I)rilling

Action
,fhs(r.

(llU<l(lli\lll.
cncing
\\lth
I

Ill.,

Ilas[ic

Ihc

cchnol[)g}

n! I)rag

lit>

nf

[)rill

ASiV1l.

cral I{lcclrlc

strength of a variety of-rock types are also shown.

establishes

Special{>

namic confinement

l)i Ituslon

tvkfia

1976),

u ilh (om-

(hat the porosity

Ili(\ . //it

hmk

pressure

if//l

above.

W.1 [.. A StULf~ ()[ Iwk)rs

Shales:

,Singlc

IIlonk s.

(ul[cr

a! the

and I;xhihi(ion.

Materials

l)cpt.

Worthington,

The critical

to the

Confinement

Magnitude.

to inelastic

Pore

which

tend

[0 increase

dc formations.

which

reduce pore pressure. ,l!),.

in a net local cffcctivc
l;{, = -(.1/{>

( icn-

well-known

01 I ( I 978).

boundary

~(~ .(yl[j+~f

pore pressure, AP(,, and

cause dilatation

dimensional

an infinite

value problem

half space. This is a

requiring

]4k

diffusion

time:

.. . .. .. .... .

,..... .. .. ........ .. .. ......(A-6)

and 7 is fluid viscosity.

[f

cf(S/v(r

. ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... ..... .. .. ... .... .......... ... .. .. ...(A.7)

which has a value of about

time is comparable

the failure

time, the pore pressure will

the failure

process and dynamic

pected.

Setting

the diffusion

confinement

time

equal

provides a measure otthe dif-fllsion-limited

pressure change may be written m

at the time of failure:

[1

~
[1

+AI;

. . ...... . .. .. .

during

effects

are ex-

to the f~ilurc
confining

time

pressure

l;. = Pc.C)erf(a7) ........ .. .. ........ .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .......(A.8)

.(A-3)

wh crc

We further assume that all of the inelastic

!.;,,. in rock occurs through
change in pore volume

volume

strain.
m= +,/,/

an increase in pore volunm.( The

in an undrained.

water-saturated

rock

/;,, /@Af

(A-9)

and erf (o) is the error function

results in a pore pressure change given by

(AR

to or smaller than

not equilibrate

(),7s for a vnricty of sedimcntar-y rock types. J The elastic pore

(1+0)

For the one-

analysis, assume that the average strain rate in the

When the diffusion

L\<, =

solution of the

tic failure time constant:

1 cr~ )/3 . .. .. ....... ... .. .... .... .. .. .. ...... ..(A-2)

coefficient

to the
We as-

rock is related to the cutter traverse rate, II,,, the depth of cut
and the failure strain. + These values determine a characteris-

pressure:

b)

where B is Skemptons

is related

form for the decay of a step decrease

where k is permeability

and tend to

. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. ............. .... .. .....(A.l)

B(o I t 02

and pore
discussed

to prrroelastic

The clastic pore pressure change doe to a mean stress is given

Al;,

effects

at

rate in-

diffusion equation. J The pressure decay at a given depth. ,$, is

fhesc pore pressure changes resu]t

confining

+\l;)

respond

occurs

is not attained
dilatation

strain rate for hardening

in pore pressure throughout

Pressure

prcssum

if deformation

As the deformation

equilibrium

due

sume a one-dimensional

I;ncrgj

I Iouston,

decreases

value.

diffhsion time constant for pore pressure equilibration.

lnllu-

l;xperimcn[s

prcwntwl

some critical

creases, pore pressore

?vtodcl

~k[}l

Scale. Pore water can diffuse through the rock

governed by a characteristic

dc fornmtionsi

and strength of

to occur.

pore pressures to equilibrate

a rate below

14, 227.

lhcr](llllcr]ol{~gic;]l

Time

allowing

29 No 1, 13.

((lnkrcncc

Appendix-Dynamic
Sign and

volumetric

l;a?/hqud/K

Stress

l>orous

f. A

imd l)i\lliCIS

I)rillahl

I)asic

(;[w/)/71,\

( 1992),

S IR,A I/\l~AX

and I ransi-

Diffusion

S(mK

1:.. and I)cfi)urn:iy.

,S(I & ( ;,,onw(,h

Ilou , Bu//

4.2 I 5.

hl.1.

Saturatccf

(orstitucn

l)ctcmrna>.

of Rock S[rcng~h

k) Ihctiic

( ,tti\,, ( I 966)

and

li~r lluid

prcwlhlc

1(1

I)cpcndcnw

Nlc)g[. K : frcssurc

S{}luli[)ns
Is.

17 f_or inelastic

Values of the porosity and unconfined

most common rock types are in the range where wc expect dy-

(Ion
Rice.

IS shown in Fig.

rhis calculation

September

. .. .. ........ .... .. .. .... .. .. .......... .. .. . .....(A.5)

of 0. I and 0.2%.

compressive

Annunl

22-25(1985)

13

SPE 36434

... .. ..... ...... .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. ... .......... .. .. ..(A.4)

crf(x)

= A
~

:. -~2d(

.. ...... . .. .. . ...... .. .. . ......

.( A-10)

1
\vllerc

~ is porosity

and Kf is tbe compressibility

fluid. For a variety of unconfined

inelastic
uniaxial
0.1

0/0

volumetric

strain

strain (but opposite

of the pore

rock tests, the magnitude

is approximately

equal

to

If the potential

of
the

in sign) and has a magnitude

Dynamic

contlnement

change

is possible

is greater

than

the

when the inelastic

clastic

pore

cavitate.

duced pressure change is limited

of

exceeds the pore pres-

The maximum

pore

Pc

Pc{)erf(m)

fllerf(m)

possible

by the hydrostatic

pressure, fl,. The expression for confining

or greater.

pressure

pressure differential

sure. the pore fluid will

pressure becomes

: E. < f,, ,,..,.,.,.,...,.,.,.,...,.....,.......(A-II)

pressure

change, as long as this occurs be f-ore rock failure, rhis can be

186

in-

borehole

: l;. 2 P17...... ..... .. .. .. . .. .. ............... ..(A-l~)

SPE 36434 THE EFFECTS OF PRESSURE AND ROTARY SPEED ON THE DRAG BIT DRILLING STRENGTH OF DEEP FORMATIONS

S1 Metric Conversion
md

Factors

c1/r7
z

co

E-15=m~

9.869233

Maximum
Stress

05

.,

-.

0.-

02

TABLE l-OBSERVED
MECHANICAL AND HYDRAULIC
PROPERTIES OF FIVE SEDIMENTARY ROCK TYPES

Rock Type
Berea sandstone
Colton sandstone
Carthage marble
Bonne Terre dolomite
Mancos shale

f-r..

E,

CL

k,

tvlPa
--
59
69
97
156
78

GPa
114
86
505
54.9
7.8

~D
-054
-092
-014
-0.05
-0.31

md

TABLE 24THER

PARAMETERS

0 ;1
0,26
028
0.29
0.19

04

06

,? ,/0
.,

-2

Fig. 1- Axial stress strain relationship and dilatant volumetric

strain in Colton sandstone. The axial stress is normalized by the
uniaxial compressive strength. The inelastic volumetric strain, .q.l,
is obtained by subtracting the calculated poroelastic strain from
the total volumetric strain, s,.

USED IN MODEL
100

Berea sandstone
Colton sandstone
Carthage marble
Bonne Terre dolomie
Mancos shale

AP,,

Pm

MPa
68
184
305
35
103

MPa
-95
-279
-467
-21
-148

MPa

TABLE 4-PARAMETRIC
Parameter
pressure, ph
Traverse rate, W,
Cut depth, 6

TABLE GTSD

Ph,
MPa
o
10
25
70

Mancos
Shale
1.06
094
073
073

27
95
162
-14
45

>

Brittle

,/

shale

Ductile Transition
Bereasandstone

o .
BcmneTerredolomrte
-20 i
o

20

40

60

Borehole Pressure,

P.,
MPa
11
76
152
-13
43

marble

CdIon sandstone

Mancos

TABLE =REDICTED
ELASTIC AND INELASTIC PORE
PRESSURE CHANGES, MAXIMUM CONFINING PRESSURE,
PERMEABILITY, DIFFUSION-LIMITED CONFINING PRESSURE
AND PREDICTED OILATANCY HARDENING (&O.3 mm, v~P3 mls)

APe

Carihage

80 ,

20

Rock Type

-15

0.3
0.03
0.10
003

Value
0.75
066
30 x 10 Pa-
0001 Pa-s

Parameter
Skemptons coefficient, B
Internal coefficient of friction, p
Water compressiblllty, Kf
Water viscosity, rf

} & ,%

-1

08

& ,%
z

-05

%
19
11
1
8
7

80

100

MPa

Fig. Z-elationship
between borehole pressure and dynamic
confinement pressure; 3 m/s traverse rate, 0.3 mm depth of cut.

Iz~
2.1
4.4
5.1
0.8
2.4

ROCK CUTTING TEST MATRIX

Values
O, 10, 25, 70 MPa
0.5, 20, 80 mls
0.l,03,05mm

INDENTATION LOAD EXPONENT, n

Carthage
Marble
086
132
0.91
071

Colton
Ss
076
0.95
0.49
0.55

Berea
Ss
0.54
0.41
034
058

Bonne
Terre Dol.
135
104
0.88
0.82
Fig. Hyperbaric
test apparatus. A cylindrical rock sample is
moLmted on a rotating shaft. The cutter is mounted on a trave ree
that slides on two rails. The pressure vessel drops IZSIIDWthe c:utting mechanism.

187

J,J. KOLLE

SPE 36434

Pressure, MPa
I

.0

+1

OA

25X

701

0.63

076
4

Loo

Lu

089

Fig. =utter

load configuration.

VI

200 f

Caflhw

AA

Soo

*A

0.94 .

Marwe, 25 MPa

ok
o

200

400

600

I
800

Drilling Strength, Mpa

Fig. 7Aancos
shale specific energy vemus
The slow of each line is indicated.

drilling strength.

10

Time, s

Fig. %-Exsmple cutter load record. At the beginning of the test

thecutter traveraeis below the rock sample. The cutter engages
therock atabout l.5seconds
into the test, andthecutcontlnues
for a period of about 6 seconds. There is an Initial period of high
cutter load variation due to an open fracture in the bottom of the
rock sample.

Pres..gre ., MPa
_.. _
*O
+ 10

I X?.25

x _.70

~.

+
m

1000

800 ~
2
>

01
o

A
Fig. I&Mancos
pressure.

,*

S- 600

2
Traverse *ate,

8
mj

shale drilling strength vemus traveme

rate and

.2
g

-.

:400

cl~
.
=
c
200

i
f
0

Cut Depth, mm
-.. .

---

i-o.l

\ ._-.._

t- --4- 20

40

+-0.51
..___

0.3

-+

60

I
80

Pressure, MPa
Fig. Hancos
depth.

shale drilling strength versus pressure and cut

of-lo

slope= 2.4
,----- ,
20

40

Pressure,

Fig. 9-Carthage
depth of cut.

188

60

-f
80

MPa

marble drilling strength veraus pressure and

SPE 36434 THE EFFECTS OF PRESSURE AND ROTARY SPEED ON THE DRAG BIT DRILLING STRENGTH OF DEEP FORMATIONS

Pressure MPa

800 ,

.10;25

wO.5+2A8
Trew_se Rate, rnls

1500 i

X701

I
Iffi
x
XAX

&099

ik

04

20

40

60

60

Pressure, MPa

200

400

600

800

Fig. 1=olton
sandstone drilling strength versus pressure and
traverse rate, 0.3 mm cut depth.

Drilling Strength, MPa

Fig. l~arthage
marble specific energy versus drilling strength.
mean slopes are indicated.

400

O.5+2A8

350 ,
1000

Pressure, MPa

+ 10

mo
~

Rate, m/s

Trawwse

800 ~

25

70

!$

&

:600

= 400

.-.!?
b

m
200

01
o

2
Trawse

Fig. Il<arthage
and pressure.

40

60

80

Pressure, MPa

0.+{
o

~
20

Fig. l-erea
sandstone drilling strength versus
traverse rate, 0.3 mm cut depth.

Rate, m/s

marble drilling strength versus traverse

pressure and

rate
Compreswe
Load Test

Cutter Load

Britile

I
Semibrittle

0=

~ww

&
1-

.@

I
Plastic
Fig. 12-Bonne
Terre dolomite drilling strength versus pressure
and traverse rete, 0.3 mm cut depth.

(.

E*

Lwti

:!-.,
z

Fig. l~ffect

of brittle-ductile transition on mean cutter loads.

10

J J. KOLLE

25
z

20

c-

0
.-

SPE 36434

Radial

~lo]
-0

16

I
12 I

f+!%,o

0.1%

0.2%

Berea

sandstone

Colton sandstone

I
81

18

Eti=

14

Tangent

g15;

20

:51

Mancos shale

61
2 mls

I
01

41

20

40

Pressure,

60

I I Bonne Terre
dolomite

I
Carthage marble
+
+

01

80

MPa

50

100

150

200

OCO,MPa
Fig. lWancos
shale cutter vibration magnitude expressed as
the standard deviation of load variation at frequencies greater
than 2 kHz.

Fig. 17-Conditions
for dynamic confinement according to equation A-5. Rock propati@s are listed in Tabie 1.

190