Automatic Solar Irrigation Pump Control System Based On Soil Moisture Sensor

AUTOMATIC SOLAR IRRIGATION PUMP CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This project aims in providing a user friendly, reliable and automated irrigation
pump controlling system for illiterates. Now a days technology is running with time, it
completely occupied the life style of human beings. Even though there is such an
importance for technology in our routine life there are even people whose life styles are
very far to this well known term technology. So it is our responsibility to design few
reliable systems which can be even efficiently used by them. This basic idea gave birth to
the project soil moisture sensor based irrigation pump controller and this project aims in
introducing the automation technology into the lives of the illiterates.
The purpose of this project is to monitor soil moisture and control a irrigation
pump using microcontroller powered by solar. This can be achieved by the use of soil
moisture sensor, which senses the water content in the soil. This sensor output is given to a
Microcontroller based control system for further data processing.
This project also consists of relays are used to control the pump motor. Whenever
the soil moisture content goes below some predefined level, and then this information is
sent to Microcontroller based control system. Based on the command received the
Microcontroller switches ON or OFF the irrigation pump motor. This system uses relay
which are controlled by the starter.
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Trinity College of Engg. &
The features of the project are:

1.
Automatic Soil moisture sensing system.
2.
Irrigation motor control.
The major building blocks of this project

1.
Regulated Power Supply.
2.
Microcontroller.
3.
Soil moisture sensor.
4.
Electromagnetic relay with driver.
5.
Crystal oscillator.
6.
Reset.
7.
Pump Motor (for water pumping).
8.
LCD.
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Regulated Power Supply:
Fig.1: Regulated Power Supply
Block Diagram:
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Fig: 2: Block diagram
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CHAPTER II
SOLAR PANEL
Solar panel refers either to a photovoltaic module, a solar hot water panel, or to a
set of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules electrically connected and mounted on a
supporting structure. A PV module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. Solar
panels can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply
electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC
output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320
watts. The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated
output an 8% efficient 230 watt module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230
watt module. There are a few solar panels available that are exceeding 19% efficiency. A
single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations
contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes a panel or an array of
solar modules, an inverter, and sometimes a battery and/or solar tracker and
interconnection wiring.
Solar panels are devices that convert light into electricity. They are called "solar"
panels because most of the time, the most powerful source of light available is the Sun,
called Sol by astronomers. Some scientists call them photovoltaics which means, basically,
"light-electricity."
A solar panel is a collection of solar cells. Lots of small solar cells spread over a
large area can work together to provide enough power to be useful. The more light that
hits a cell, the more electricity it produces, so spacecraft are usually designed with solar
panels that can always be pointed at the Sun even as the rest of the body of the spacecraft
moves around, much as a tank turret can be aimed independently of where the tank is
going.
These panels are designed with solar cells composed of semiconductor materials.
The main function of Solar panels is, it converts solar energy into DC electrical energy
generally of 12V, which is further used for the rest of the circuit. The number of cells
required and their size depends on the rating of the load. The collection of solar cells can
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produce maximum electricity. But, the solar panel must place exactly at right angles to the
sun rays.
Fig.3 Block Diagram of Solar energy Conversion
Solar Water Pump

A solar water pump has a mini power house at its heart and consists of a calibrated
and matching solar array of modules tuned with the equivalent power of pump for that
particular application. The solar water pumping system is capable of running all types of
electrical water pumps with applications varying from irrigation to household demands.
Irrigation pumps such as submersible, surface or deep well can also be coupled with drip
irrigation systems to enhance the returns from this configuration.
A typical solar water pumping system is known by the sum total of solar array size
that is required to run the attached pump. A 1000 Wp solar water pump is capable of
drawing and pumping approximately 40,000 litres of water per day from a source that is
up to 10 meters deep. This is sufficient to irrigate about 2 acres of land with regular crops.
A 1000 Wp solar water pump helps save up to Rs 45,000 when compared to equivalent
use of a diesel-operated pump over a year.
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CHAPTER III
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
Liquid Crystal Display
Liquid crystal displays (LCD) are widely used in recent years as compares to
LEDs. This is due to the declining prices of LCD, the ability to display numbers,
characters and graphics, incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, their by
relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD and also the ease of programming for
characters and graphics. HD 44780 based LCDs are most commonly used.
OP-AMP
An operational amplifier ("op-amp") is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic
voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output. An op-amp
produces an output voltage that is typically hundreds of thousands times larger than the
voltage difference between its input terminals. Operational amplifiers are important
building blocks for a wide range of electronic circuits. They had their origins in analog
computers where they were used in many linear, non-linear and frequency-dependent
circuits. Their popularity in circuit design largely stems from the fact that characteristics
of the final op-amp circuits with negative feedback are set by external components with
little dependence on temperature changes and manufacturing variations in the op-amp
itself.
The Submersible Pump
This solar system contains a submersible pump, a water tank, an irrigation pump,
associated water pumps. In the site trial the submersible pump is kept in a stainless steel
case, and that is placed in a well pit at the junction of the open channel and the natural
stream course. The pump controller pumps water to the water tank at a particular time
period as set in the control unit. This system is designed with 450W of power and that is
able to pump 2000 liters of water within 60minutes.This power capacity takes account of
the height difference b/n the water tank and the solar submersible pump.
The PV Panels
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The photo voltaic cells depend on the size of the pump. A panel is esteemed in
watts of power it can produce. This solar submersible pumping system should be operated
with a PV array capacity in the range of 200 to 500 watts peak, and measured under some
standard test conditions. Plenty number of modules in series & parallel could be used to
get the necessary PV power array power o/p. The o/p power of the PV modules which are
used in the PV array under standard test conditions, that should be a min of 74 watts peak.
Charge Controller
A solar charge controller is very important device in any solar power system. It is
used to maintain proper charging voltages of the batteries. The charge controller controls
current and voltage from the solar panel and charges the battery, and also stops the
charging of the battery from over and undercharging conditions.
Battery
The Battery is an electric device, that is used to store current which is produced
from the solar panel and supplies to the corresponding loads. The number of batteries
required depend on the load requirement.
Inverter
The main function of the inverter is, it converts the batterys voltage to AC voltage
in order to activate then loads. Therefore, it helps us to run many electronic devices, home
appliances and computers. There are numerous types of inverters available in the market
today.The characteristics of typical inverters like high switching frequency, high
conversion frequency and less harmonic content, and so on.
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CHAPTER IV
SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR
The moisture sensor is buried in the ground at required depth. The working of the
moisture sensor is simple and straightforward. The moisture sensor just senses the
moisture of the soil. The change in moisture is proportional to the amount of current
flowing through the soil.
Fig.4. Circuit Diagram of Soil Moisture Sensor

Most soil moisture sensors are designed to estimate soil volumetric water content
based on the dielectric constant (soil bulk permittivity) of the soil. The dielectric constant
can be thought of as the soil's ability to transmit electricity. The dielectric constant of soil
increases as the water content of the soil increases. This response is due to the fact that the
dielectric constant of water is much larger than the other soil components, including air.
Thus, measurement of the dielectric constant gives a predictable estimation of water
content.
Bypass type soil moisture irrigation controllers use water content information from
the sensor to either allow or bypass scheduled irrigation cycles on the irrigation timer
(Figures 1 and 2). The SMS controller has an adjustable threshold setting and, if the soil
water content exceeds that setting, the event is bypassed. The soil water content threshold
is set by the user. Another type of control technique with SMS devices is on-demand
where the controller initiates irrigation at a low threshold and terminates irrigation at a
high threshold.
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A moisture sensor is used to sense the level of moisture content present in the
irrigation field. It has a level detection module in which we can set a reference value. This
circuit can be used with analog probes that produce a voltage proportional to soil moisture
such as VG400 probe . The moisture content of the soil is found by using the soil moisture
sensor such as VG400 which produces an equivalent output voltage proportional to the
conductivity between the two probes.
Fig. 5: Soil Moisture Sensor probe.
Moisture sensor module

The prongs should be oriented horizontally, but rotated onto their side like a
knife poised to cut food so that water does not pool on the flat surface of the prongs. The
horizontal orientation of the sensor ensures the measurement is made at a particular soil
depth. The entire sensor can be placed vertically, but because soil moisture of ten varies by
depth, this is not usually the desired orientation. To position the sensor, use a thin
implement such as a trenching shovel to make a pilot hole in the soil. Place the sensor into
the hole, making sure the entire length of the sensor is covered. Press down on the soil
along either side of the sensor with your fingers. Continue to compact the soil around the
sensor by pressing down on the soil with your fingers until you have made at least five
passes along the sensor. This step is important, as the soil adjacent to the sensor surface
has the strongest influence on the sensor reading. Removing the sensor when removing the
sensor from the soil, do not pull it out of the soil by the cable! Doing so may break
internal connections and make the sensor unusable
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4.1. RELAY
The electromagnetic relay consists of a multi-turn coil, wound on an iron core, to
form an electromagnet. When the coil is energised, by passing current through it, the core
becomes temporarily magnetised. The magnetised core attracts the iron armature. The
armature is pivoted which causes it to operate one or more sets of contacts. When the coil
is de-energised the armature and contacts are released. The coil can be energised from a
low power source such as a transistor while the contacts can switch high powers such as
the mains supply. The relay can also be situated remotely from the control source. Relays
can generate a very high voltage across the coil when switched off. This can damage other
components in the circuit. To prevent this a diode is connected across the coil.
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another
electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open
or close one or many sets of contacts. A relay is able to control an output circuit of higher
power than the input circuit.
The above diagram shows the representation of a relay. By default when there is no
excitation in the coil the NC (Normally Closed) and C (Common Terminal) are connected
through the contact internally. When the coil is excited by providing the required coil
voltage, the contact switches from the NC to NO (Normally Open) side. In this case, the C
and NC terminals are connected internally.
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Fig.6. Circuit Diagram of Relay

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can
be used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to
control a lot of circuits. The application of relays started during the invention of
telephones. They played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges. They
were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal coming
from one source to another destination. After the invention of computers they were also
used to perform Boolean and other logical operations. The high end applications of relays
require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on. Such relays are called
contactors.
TYPES OF RELAYS
1. Latching Relay
Latching relays are also called impulse relays. They work in the bistable mode, and
thus have two relaxing states. They are also called keep relays or stay relays because as
soon as the current towards this relay is switched off, the relay continues the process that it
was doing in the last state. This can be achieved only with a solenoid which is operating in
a ratchet and cam mechanism. It can also be done by an over-centre spring mechanism or
a permanent magnet mechanism in which, when the coil is kept in the relaxed point, the
over-centre spring holds the armature and the contacts in the right spot of a remanent core.
power consumption occurs only for a particular time.
2. Reed Relay
These types of relays have been given more importance in the contacts. In order to
protect them from atmospheric protection they are safely kept inside a vacuum or inert
gas. Though these types of relays have a very low switching current and voltage ratings,
they are famous for their switching speeds.
3. Polarized Relay
This type of relay has been given more importance on its sensitivity. These relays
have been used since the invention of telephones. They played very important roles in
early telephone exchanges and also in detecting telegraphic distortion. The sensitivity of
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these relays are very easy to adjust as the armature of the relay is placed between the poles
of a permanent magnet.
4. Buchholz Relay
This relay is actually used as a safety device. They are used for knowing the
amount of gas present in large oil-filled transformers. They are designed in such a way
that they produce a warning if it senses either the slow production of gas or fast
production of gas in the transformer oil.
5. Overload protection Relay
As the name implies, these relays are used to prevent the electric motors from
damage by over current and short circuits. For this the heating element is kept in series
with the motor. Thus when over heat occurs the bi-metallic strip connected to the motor
heats up and in turn releases a spring to operate the contacts of the relay.
6. Mercury Wetted Relay
This relay is almost similar to the reed relay explained earlier. The only difference
is that instead of inert gases, the contacts are wetted with mercury. This makes them more
position sensitive and also expensive. They have to be vertically mounted for any
operation. They have very low contact resistance and so can be used for timing
applications..
7. Machine Tool Relay

They are mainly used for the controlling of all kinds of machines. They have a
number of contacts with easily replaceable coils. This enables them to be easily converted
from NO contact to NC contact. Many types of these relays can easily be setup in a
control panel. Though they are very useful in industrial applications, the invention of PLC
has made them farther away from industries.
8. Contactor Relay
This is one of the most heavy load relay ever used. They are mainly used in
switching electric motors. They have a wide range of current ratings from a few amps to
hundreds. The contacts of these relays are usually made with alloys containing a small
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percentage of silver. This is done so as to avoid the hazardous effects of arcing. These type
of relays are mainly categorized in the rough use areas. So, they produce loud noises while
operated and hence cannot be used in places where noise is a problem.
9. Solid State relay
SSR relays, as its name implies are designed with the help of solid state
components. As they do not have any moving objects in their design they are known for
their high reliability.
10. Solid State Contactor Relay
These relays combine both the features of solid state relays and contactor relays.
As a result they have a number of advantages. They have a very good heat sink and can be
designed for the correct on-off cycles. They are mainly controlled with the help of PLC,
micro-processors or microcontrollers.
4.2. SELECTION OF MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM
The selection criteria of electrical motors depend on the cost and compatibility at
which the motors work. In this project the induction motor is chosen, as the AC motors are
more advantageous than DC motors. The comparison of electrical motors and drawbacks
with DC motors .The most common and simple industrial motor is the three phase AC
induction motor. The various aspects at which the three phase AC induction motor was
selected is also listed.
DC MOTORS
AC MOTORS
The commutator and brushes makes the motor Not bulky and heavy
bulky, costly and heavy
Costly
It requires frequent maintenance
Requires battery or inverter
Expensive
Less maintenance
They can be used in all locations, as
the supply is AC
Table 1: Comparison between AC Motors and DC Motors
Thus the three phase induction motor is:

Self-starting.
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Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators and
brushes that may cause sparks.
Robust in construction.
Economical.
Easier to maintain.
According to Faradays law an emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the rotor winding in an induction
motor are either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by end ring, and
cut the stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to
this emf a current flows through the rotor conductor. The relative velocity between the
rotating flux and static rotor conductor is the cause of current generation; hence as per
Lenzs law the rotor will rotate in the same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative
velocity.
From the working principle of three phase induction motor it may observed
that the rotor speed should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the
speeds equals, there would be no such relative velocity, so no emf induction in the rotor, &
no current would be flowing, and therefore no torque would be generated. Consequently
the rotor cannot reach at the synchronous speed. The difference between the stator
(synchronous speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic field
in an induction motor has the advantage that no electrical connections need to be made to
the rotor.
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CHAPTER - V
WORKING OF PROJECT
The deficiency of water in the field is sensed by the op-amp based sensor.
Whenever there is need of water in the particular field, the high signal(1) appears on the
output pin of the sensor of that particular field. The output pins of all the sensors are
connected to the PORT 2 of microcontroller. The high signs(logic 1) from the sensor are
entertained by the microcontroller at a particular pin. By knowing the position of the pin
on which signal appears , the microcontroller rotates the water funnel type cup at the
desired angle (i.e. 90 ,180 ,270) by using stepper motor connected at PORT 0 in clockwise
direction. & switch ON the RELAY (i.e. Water pump) connected at port 0. Now water
starts flowing into the required field . after completion of watering the sensor sends low
signal (logic 0) to microcontroller. When uc receives this signal , it switches OFF the
water pump & rotates the stepper motor in anticlockwise direction to the previous angle to
bring the funnel cup in its initial position . now uc starts sensing the signal at PORT 2.
Whenever there is signal at any pin the uc repeats the above process. So this process
continues & we get the automatic irrigation the fields by using intelligent device uc 8051.
5.1. SYSTEM PRINCIPLE
The principles of solar powered intelligent drip irrigation system is based on
control module with sensor data availability to the irrigation system on the difference of
threshold limit of soil moisture content of the irrigated crops, and real-time soil moisture
content. When the soil moisture content of the crop is below the permissible limit, the
sensors will message to control system and irrigation system to start the irrigation until the
soil moisture content reaches the desired limit.
5.2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Proposed irrigation system mainly consists of two modules- Solar pumping modul
and automatic irrigation module. In solar pumping module a solar panel of required
specification is mounted near the pump set.
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Fig. 7: Block diagram of solar pumping module.

Then using a control circuit it is used to charge a battery. From the battery using a
Converter circuit it gives power to the water pump which is submerged inside the well.
Then the water is pumped into an overhead tank for storing water temporarily before
releasing the water into the field. In automatic irrigation module the water outlet valve of
the tank is electronically controlled by a soil moisture sensing circuit. The sensor is placed
in the field where the crop is being cultivated. The sensor converts the moisture content in
the soil into equivalent voltage. This is given to a sensing circuit which has a reference
voltage that can be adjusted by the farmer for setting different moisture levels for different
crops.
The amount of water needed for soil is proportional to the difference of these two
voltages. A control signal was given to a stepper motor whose rotational angle is
proportional to the difference in voltage. The stepper motor in turns controls the
crosssectional area of the valve to be opened controlling flow of water. Therefore the
amount of water flowing is proportional to the moisture difference.
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Water Pump
Irrigation Field
Moisture Sensor
Actuator
Fig. 8: Block diagram of automatic irrigation module.
5.3 COST ANALYSIS

With over nine hundred thousand tube wells being used in every state of India,
around Rs.18 Million of energy is used for pumping water for irrigation. This amount of
money used for Electricity can be saved with the help of solar water pump. Annually the
cost of nearly five million kilo watt hour of energy can be spared. That is around Rs.27
Million per annum can be redeemed which comes around 40% of the total amount of
investment. Even though the initial investment is high, it can be earned back in 2 and a
half years time. If we assume the cost of power is Rs. 1.5 Million per kilo watt hour,
Rs.18 Million is used for pumping water alone in a year. By using the solar water pump,
we can save up to 4.8 million KWh of energy annually which saves a lot of energy. The
excess energy can also be given to the grid with small modifications and investments in
the circuit, which can add to the revenue of the farmer.
Cost analysis
Component
Unit Cost
Solar Panel (1.4m2)

Converter Circuit
Battery 24V,100Ah
24000
400
8250
Quantity
4
1
1
Overall cost
Total Cost
Rs.96000
Rs.400
Rs.8250
Rs.104650
Table2: Cost analysis
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ADVANTAGES
An advantage of using direct solar radiation as a power source for irrigation is that
it is available at the site of application without the employment of a distribution system
It helps in saving Energy.
There is no fuel cost - as it uses available free sun light.
No electricity required.
Can be operated lifelong.
It is highly reliable and durable.
Easy to operate and maintain
It is also useful for clean, drinking water sanitation and also irrigation.
It reduces the dependence on rain is reduced.
It creates wealth for farmers by increasing no of crops.
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DIS ADVANTAGES
That disadvantage is that the sun doesnt shine 24 hours a day. When the sun goes
down or is heavily shaded, solar PV panels stop producing electricity. If we need
electricity at that time, we have to get it from some other source.
In other words, we couldnt be 100% powered by solar panels. At the very least,
we need batteries to store electricity produced by solar panels for use sometime
later.
However, there are a couple of key things to note regarding this solar power
disadvantage. Firstly, the sun actually does shine when we need electricity most.
As humans (not vampires), our days more or less follow the movement of the sun.
Society more or less wakes up when the sun rises.
At the time of the suns greatest height and visibility, humans tend to be most
active. At this time, we are of course using much more electricity than in the
middle of the night, so electricity is in greater demand. (This also makes electricity
more expensive in the middle of the day, making electricity produced from solar
panels more valuable.
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APPLICATIONS
Solving needs of rural population.
Town and City Water Supply
Livestock Watering
Irrigation
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CONCLUSION
This paper managed to stumble upon the fact that the largest advantage of solar
energy is its attribute as being free and unlimited source of energy. We have also found out
that the research of the development of solar irrigation system requires vast knowledge
and familiarity about renewable energy, as well as other parameters of control. The
parameters of the system that have been used in the project are soil moisture sensor, light
detecting sensor and level sensors. The design of SCADA system is meant for adding an
operator on automatic irrigation system. Through SCADA system, the operator can read
and write data from the controller (PLC) in addition to this there is a report of the system
in excels form and that can be printed. After continuous work and effort, it was
manageable to test the system by making it function properly. This project is very vital for
all systems that deal with liquid monitoring and controlling specially in the irrigation
field . The SCADA system helps administrators to control an d monitor irrigation system.
As stated, the project can be expanded to oil and gas monitoring system and greenhouse
implementation system. Based on the result obtained from measurement, the system
performance is quite reliable and accurate. The system has successfully overcome quite a
few failings of the existing system by reducing the power consumption, maintenance and
automatic system interface with SCADA system.
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REFERENCES
[1] Harris 2009 Solar Powered Automated Greenhouse Irrigation System (LumiTech
International Limited)
[2] Morris And Lynne 2008 Solar-Powered Livestock Watering Systems (ATTRA)
[3] B.L.S. Lui 2006 Trial Use of Solar Power Automatic Irrigation System 7-11
[4] Noko And Road 2005 Solar International Botswana (Pty) Ltd. (InWEnt)
[5] B. Eker 2005 Solar Powered Water Pumping Systems 3 7-11
[6] Vick And Almas 2008 Developing Wind And/ Or Solar Powered Crop Irrigation
Systems For The Great Plains 27 235-245
[7] Helikson ,Haman And Baird 2009 Pumping Water For Irrigation Using Solar Energy
(Florida Energy Extension Service)
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Automatic Solar Irrigation Pump Control System Based On Soil Moisture Sensor

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AUTOMATIC SOLAR IRRIGATION PUMP CONTROL SYSTEM BASED ON SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

Trinity College of Engg. &

The features of the project are:

Automatic Soil moisture sensing system.

Irrigation motor control.

The major building blocks of this project

Regulated Power Supply.

Soil moisture sensor.

Electromagnetic relay with driver.

Pump Motor (for water pumping).

Trinity College of Engg. &

Regulated Power Supply:

Fig.1: Regulated Power Supply

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Fig: 2: Block diagram

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Fig.3 Block Diagram of Solar energy Conversion

Solar Water Pump

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Fig.4. Circuit Diagram of Soil Moisture Sensor

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Fig. 5: Soil Moisture Sensor probe.

Moisture sensor module

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Fig.6. Circuit Diagram of Relay

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7. Machine Tool Relay

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Table 1: Comparison between AC Motors and DC Motors

Thus the three phase induction motor is:

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Fig. 7: Block diagram of solar pumping module.

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Fig. 8: Block diagram of automatic irrigation module.

5.3 COST ANALYSIS

Solar Panel (1.4m2)

Table2: Cost analysis

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It is highly reliable and durable.

Easy to operate and maintain

It reduces the dependence on rain is reduced.

It creates wealth for farmers by increasing no of crops.

Trinity College of Engg. &

Trinity College of Engg. &

Solving needs of rural population.

Town and City Water Supply

Trinity College of Engg. &

Trinity College of Engg. &

Trinity College of Engg. &

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