Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
Historical Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3
3.1
3.2
Lignin Preparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Milled Wood Lignin (MWL ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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91
91
Determination of
Total Lignin in Lignocellulosics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
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6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.7.1
6.7.2
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90
6.7.3
6.7.4
Carbonyl Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quinoid Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7
7.1
7.2
7.3
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8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Structural Models . . . . . . . . .
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . .
Softwood Lignin . . . . . . . . . .
Hardwood Lignin . . . . . . . . .
Non-Wood Lignin (Straw, Grass)
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102
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Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
107
CEL
DHP
GPC
HPSEC
IR
MWL
NMR
SEC
UV/Vis
VPO
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Introduction
Historical Outline
Long after Anselme Payen (1839) first described the `encrusting material' in wood,
researchers were unclear about the nature of
this very abundant material. Although it had a
higher carbon content than the carbohydrates, its chemical nature remained obscure
for a long time; indeed, it was not until about
20 years later that the term `lignin' became
accepted for this material (Schulze, 1857).
Aromatic products formed on alkali fusion
(Bente, 1868 and references cited therein) led
to the conclusion that the noncellulosic
constituent of wood, or lignin, was aromatic
in nature. That the methoxyl group was
3 Lignin Preparations
Lignin Preparations
3.1
Introduction
91
92
Introduction
93
94
5.3
5.4
Light Scattering
For measuring the number-average molecular mass of soluble lignins, low-angle laser
light-scattering photometers have been used
(Pla, 1992b), and are reported to overcome
some of the sources of error associated with
obtaining reproducible results from lightscattering measurements. The presence of
aggregates in the solution, and the absorbance or fluorescence of lignin in solution,
may influence the measurements.
5.5
Ultrafiltration
Introduction
6.2
Scheme 1
95
96
Permanganate Oxidation
Ozonolysis
Scheme 2
Permanganate oxidation.
Scheme 3
Nitrobenzene/cupric oxide.
Scheme 4
Ozonolysis.
97
98
6.6
Scheme 5
6.7.1
Scheme 6
Scheme 7
99