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CROSSING OVER
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
Pair of homologous
chromosomes
Figure 8.11
Humans have 46
chromosomes; how many
homologous pairs does
that represent?
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
One duplicated
chromosome
Figure 8.12A
Figure 8.12A
The human
life cycle
n
Egg cell
n
Sperm cell
Meiosis
Ovary
Fertilization
Testis
Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46)
2n
Key
Multicellular diploid
adults (2n = 46)
Mitosis
Figure 8.12B
MEIOSIS I
INTERPHASE
MEIOSIS II
Sister
chromatids
2
A pair of
homologous
chromosomes
in a diploid
parent cell
A pair of
duplicated
homologous
chromosomes
Figure 8.13_left
INTERPHASE:
Chromosomes duplicate
Centrosomes
(with centriole
pairs)
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Spindle microtubules
attached to a kinetochore
Centrioles
Anaphase I
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Spindle
Tetrad
Nuclear
envelope
Chromatin
Sister
chromatids
Fragments
of the
nuclear
envelope
Centromere
(with a
kinetochore)
Metaphase
plate
Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Figure 8.13_right
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
and Cytokinesis
Cleavage
furrow
Sister chromatids
separate
Haploid daughter
cells forming
Figure 8.13_1
MEIOSIS I
INTERPHASE:
Chromosomes duplicate
Centrosomes
(with centriole
pairs)
Prophase I
Sites of crossing over
Centrioles
Spindle
Tetrad
Nuclear
envelope
Chromatin
Sister
chromatids
Fragments
of the
nuclear
envelope
Figure 8.13_2
MEIOSIS I
Metaphase I
Spindle microtubules
attached to a kinetochore
Centromere
(with a
kinetochore)
Anaphase I
Sister chromatids
remain attached
Metaphase
plate
Homologous
chromosomes
separate
Figure 8.13_3
Cleavage
furrow
Figure 8.13_4
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids
separate
Telophase II
and Cytokinesis
Haploid daughter
cells forming
Meiosis I Anaphase I
_________________ separate and move toward
opposite poles of the cell.
Meiosis II Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate
chromosomes move toward opposite poles.
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.14
MEIOSIS I
MITOSIS
Parent cell
(before chromosome duplication)
Prophase
Duplicated
chromosome
(two sister
chromatids)
Chromosome
duplication
Site of
crossing
over
Prophase I
Tetrad formed
by synapsis of
homologous
chromosomes
Chromosome
duplication
2n = 4
Metaphase I
Metaphase
Chromosomes
align at the
metaphase plate
Tetrads (homologous
pairs) align at the
metaphase plate
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Anaphase
Telophase
Homologous
chromosomes
separate during
anaphase I;
sister
chromatids
remain together
Sister chromatids
separate during
anaphase
Daughter
cells of
meiosis I
MEIOSIS II
2n
2n
Daughter cells of mitosis
No further
chromosomal
duplication;
sister
chromatids
separate during
anaphase II
n
n
n
Daughter cells of meiosis II
Haploid
n=2
Figure 8.14_1
MEIOSIS I
MITOSIS
Prophase
Parent cell
(before chromosome duplication)
Chromosome
duplication
Prophase I
Site of
crossing
over
Chromosome
duplication
2n = 4
Metaphase
Tetrad
Metaphase I
Chromosomes
align at the
metaphase plate
Tetrads (homologous
pairs) align at the
metaphase plate
Figure 8.15_s3
Possibility A
Possibility B
Two equally probable
arrangements of
chromosomes at
metaphase I
Metaphase II
Gametes
Combination 1
Combination 2
Combination 3
Combination 4
Figure 8.16
Coat-color
genes
Eye-color
genes
Brown
C
Black
E
Meiosis
c
White
e
Pink
Chromosomes of
the four gametes
Figure 8.16 Differing genetic information (coat color and eye color)
on homologous chromosomes
Figure 8.16Q
Sister chromatids
Sister chromatids
Pair of homologous
chromosomes
Figure 8.17A
Chiasma
Tetrad
Figure 8.17B
Figure 8.17B
How crossing
over leads to
genetic
recombination
e
1
e
2
Tetrad
(pair of homologous
chromosomes in synapsis)
Chiasma
c
e
3
Separation of homologous
chromosomes at anaphase I
C
c
e
E
e
4
Separation of chromatids at
anaphase II and
completion of meiosis
Coat-color
genes
C
Eye-color
genes
E
e
1
e
2
Tetrad
(homologous pair of
chromosomes in synapsis)
E
Chiasma
e
c
3
Separation of homologous
chromosomes at anaphase I
Separation of chromatids at
anaphase II and
completion of meiosis
FYI
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.19A
Figure 8.19B
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
25
30
35
40
Age of mother
45
50
FYI
FYI
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8.20A_s3
MEIOSIS I
Nondisjunction
MEIOSIS II
Normal
meiosis II
Gametes
Number of
chromosomes
n+1
n+1
n1
Abnormal gametes
n1
FYI
Figure 8.20B_s3
MEIOSIS I
Normal
meiosis I
MEIOSIS II
Nondisjunction
n+1
n1
Abnormal gametes
Normal gametes
FYI
Table 8.21
FYI
Figure 8.UN03
Mitosis
Number of chromosomal
duplications
Number of cell divisions
Number of daughter cells
produced
Number of chromosomes in
the daughter cells
How the chromosomes line
up during metaphase
Genetic relationship of the
daughter cells to the parent cell
Functions performed in the
human body
Meiosis
The END