TheHobbitHouseIlustratedGlossaryofWoodworkingterms

FASTENERTERMS
Thissetoftermshavingtodowithfastenersandrelatedtermsisextractedfromthegeneralglossaryshownhere:GLOSSARY
andlinksthatarenotlocaltothissubsetwillputyoubackinthemainglossary

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online75

forimagesofwooditself,gohere:woodidsite

NOTE:thissubglossaryisverymuchaworkinprogress
gluetypes,forexample,arenotyetwellrepresented

270degreehingeThisreferstoahingethatallowsadoortorotate270degeesandthusallowsittoopenallthewaytotheoutsideside
ofacabinetwall.Thiscanonlybeachievedonaframelessfulloverlaycabinetdesign,andisbestillustratedgraphically,soseebelow.
Notethattherearetwobasicstyleof270degreehingesandthefirstisshownontheleftsideofthecompositepicbelowandtheotheron
therightside.Also,notethatsometimesthesehingesarecalledwraparoundhingesor"wraparoundinset"hingesor"doublewrap
around"hingesor"fullbacktobackwraparound"hinges,but"wraparoundhinge"normallymeanswhatisshownonthatlink.Examples:

acornnutAtypeofcapnutthatisspecificallyshapedlikeaninvertedacorn,whichshapeispurelydecorative,notfunctional.
Examples:

AllenheadAtypeofscreworboltheadthatisdesignedforusewithanAllenwrench.
AllenheadboltAboltwithahexagonalrecessintheheadrequiringanAllenwrench,oftenusedinwoodworkingmachinery,among
manyotherthings.ThesemaybeinmetricorSAEsizes.Theseareusuallymadeoutofstrongsteel,butoccasionallyyoumayfindthem
inlightergradesteelorevenaluminum.Allenheadrecessesarealsousedextensivelyinsetscrews.Othernamesforthisitemare"socket
capscrew","socketscrew",and"socketheadcapscrew".Examples:

AllenwrenchAtypeofwrenchthatisahexagonalshapedmetalbar,usuallyintheshapeofan"L"butsometimesintheshapeofa
"T"andsometimeswithahandlelikewhatyoufindonascrewdriverbutmoreoftenwithahandleonthe"T"portion,usedtoturnAllen
headboltsandsetscrews.ThesemaybeinmetricorEnglishsizesandaresoldbothinsetsandindividually.Examples:

anchorboltAdeviceforconnectingtimbermembers(oranythingelse,forthatmatter)toconcreteormasonry.Therearenumerous
styles,someofwhichinvolvedrillingaholeintheconcreteormasonry(inparticular,seeexpansionanchorbolt)andsomeofwhich
involveembeddingtheboltinconcretewhenitispouredsotheboltisinplacewhentheconcretesetsandthewood(orwhatever)thatis
tobeattachedisdrilledoutandthenplacedovertheboltandattachedwithanut.Anchorboltsareusedfor,amongotherthing,fastening
thesillplateinaframeconstructiontothefoundation.Topreventtheplatetimberfromsplitting,theanchorboltnutisoftenputdown
overaplatewasher.Examplesofthemostcommontypeofanchorboltwhichisan"L"shapedmetalrod,threadedonthelongerend:

anchorhingeAparticularlystrongtypeofdoorhingethathasflapsonthe(hinge)leavestogiveextraattachmentpointstothedoor
andframetheflapsattachhorizontallyalongthetopedgeofthedoorandthetopsurfaceoftheframe.Mosthavetheseflapsonboth

leaves,butsome(e.g.thetwoontherightsideofthepicbelow)onlyhaveitontheframeleaf.Examples:

annularringnailAnailthathasridgesaroundthecircumferenceoftheshanktoprovideextraholdingpowerforapplicationssuchas
woodtoplywoodbonding,flooring,roofing,anduseinpallets.Although,astheyaredrivenin,theridgespushthewoodfibersaside,after
theyareinthefiberstendtoexpandbackintotheridgesthusgivingbetterholdingpowerthansmoothshanknails.Thesizeandshapeof
theridgesvariesconsiderablyandtheyareoftenangledbackuptheshanksoastoactlikewedges,andsometimestheyareactuallytight
spiralsratherthanjustcircumferentialridges.Thesenailsareparticularlysusceptibletocripplingbecauseallthoseringsprovidemultiple
pointsofpossiblefailure.Examples:

architecturalballbearinghingesynonymouswithballbearinghinge
architecturalhingeAdoorhingethatiscategorizedaseithercommercialorresidential.Whetherforahome(residential)orfora
publicbuilding(architectural),thesehingesareverysimilar.Commercialhingesaregenerallydifferentiatedfromresidentialonesbybeing
moresubstantialinconstructionduetotheheavierusetheyareexposedtoinpublicplaces.
augerpointscrewAscrewthathasaverysharppointandthreadsthatgripthewoodstrongly.Suchscrewsoftenhaveathekindof
endfoundonaselftappingscrew,andinanycasethistypeofscrewisdesignedtobeusedwithnopilothole...itpullsitselfintothe
woodoncestarted.Examples:

ballbearinghingeAhinge(generallyabutthingeoranoliveknucklehingebutitcouldbemostanytype)thathasballbearings
betweenthe(hinge)knucklestoreducefrictionandmakeforasmoother,easier,openingaction.Theballbearingsarecapturedinsmall
flatcylindersthatsitbetweensomeoralloftheknuckles,dependingonhowheavydutythehingeneedstobe.Theseareparticularly
suitableforindustrialapplicationswhereadoormaybeopenedandclosedalldaylongthuswearingoutnormalknucklesinarelatively
shorttimecomparedtothoseonballbearinghinges.Examples:

ballscrewAmechanicaldevicefortranslatingrotationalmotiontolinearmotion.Itisjustlikealeadscrewexceptthatthesliding
portioncontainsballbearingsandthusthedevicedoesnotheatupquickly(thewayaleadscrewwould)whenusedcontinuouslyina
poweredsituation.
barrelhinge(type#1)Atypeofhingewherethedoorleafandtheframeleafarenotreallyleavesatallbutinsteadarebarrelshaped
cylindersofmetalwithaflathingedjoiningmechanism.Thebarrelsareinsertedintorecessesdrilledinthedoorandtheframesuchthat
thehingeistotallyhiddenfromviewwhenthedoororlidisclosed.Theseareveryoftenused,insmallsizes,onjewelryboxesandin
modestsizesonmidtohiendhomeentertainmentcentersandsuchbecausetheareatypeoffullyconcealedhinge.Theconstructionof
thismechanismdoesnotlenditselfwelltoheavydutyusessuchashousedoorsandinfacttheseitemsareoftenadvertisedwiththe
warning"notforloadbearingapplications".Examples:

barrelhinge(type#2)Atypeofhingewherethethedoorleafandtheframeleafeachhaveonlyone(hinge)knuckleandgenerally
bothknucklesareclosedattheendthroughwhichthepindoesnotprotrude.Thesearesuitableforheavydutyuseonwoodendoorsand
gates.Thesearegenerallyatypeofliftoffhingeandareoftensoldunderthatdesignation.Examples:

barrelhinge(type#3)Atypeofhingethatisusedinmetalworkingandrequireswelding,notwoodworking,andthatisthereforenot
illustratedextensivelyinthisglossary.Examples:

bedboltsynonymouswithcrossdowel
bifolddoorAtypeofsliding/foldingdoormadefromtwo(oroccasionallymore)hingedpanelsthatfoldontoeachotherasthedooris
slidsideways.OftenusedonclosetsintheUSA.Sinceeachjointinthedoormovesinonlyonedirection,itisn'tnecessarytousea
complicatedhingesuchasthefoldingscreenhingeandalightweightversionofabutthingeisused,calledabifolddoorhinge.This
versionhasoneleafthatfoldsinsidetheothersothatthetotalthicknessisonlyoneleaf,whichisanacceptablegaponclosetdoors.
Examples:

bifolddoorhingeTherearetwoversionsofthishingeandbothare,aswouldbeassumedfromthename,designedforuseonbifold
doors.Thefirstdesignisaspecialversionofthebutthingethathasthedoorleaffoldingintotheframeleafandthusprovidingagap
thatisonlyoneleafthicknesswhileallowingsurfacemountingratherthanrequiringamortiseforeitherleaf.Thesecondversionhasone
leafsittingabouttheother(ortwoleavesabove/belowacenterleaf)whichagainallowsagapofjustoneleafthicknesswithsurface
mounting.Thesehingesworkjustfinewiththistypedoorbecauseeachjointonlymovesinonedirection.Forasimilarhingethatismore
flexible,seefoldingscreenhinge.Compare/contrasttodoubleactionspringhinge.Examplesofthefirsttypeareontheleftandthe
secondtypeontheright:

bindingheadscrewAnapparenlyvaguetermthat,technically,designatesanyscrewthathasEITHERaslightlyundercut(thatis,
shallow)head,ORanextrabroadhead,with(ineithercase)thepointbeingtobeeffectiveinholding("binding")electricalwiresoru
shapedspadelugsattheendofelectricalwires.SomesourcesequateabindingheadwithatrussheadbutIamnotconfidentthatthatisa
correctalternatedefinition.Oneoftheavailabletypesthatdoesnotfitthetechnicaldefintion,butDOESseemtofittheuse,isascrewthat
hasridgesonthebottomofthehead(similartothoseonaserratedflangenutbutwithouttheflange).InfindingpicsforthisitemIwas
sometimesnotabletodistinguishthemfromonesthatlookEXACTLYthesamebutaresoldundervariousother,morenormal,names.
Examples:

blindscrewsynonymouswithsetscrew
bolt(1)Asomewhatvaguetermusedtodescribeshortlogstobesawnforlumberorusedforveneer(eitherslicingorrotarycutting)
ortobeusedaspulpwood.
bolt(2)Auniformdiametermetalshankwithscrewlikethreadsontheoutside(althoughnotnecessarilyallthewayuptheshank)and
aheadofsomekindthatisusedtoturnthebolt.Boltsarenottapered,asscrewsusuallyare,andtheyhavetobeabletoacceptanutthat
hasauniforminternaldiameterandthreads.Ifsomethingdoesn'tmeetALLoftheaspectsofthatdefinition,thenitisn'tabolt,it'sascrew.
Oneformof"headlessbolt"isasetscrew(andbecauseit'sheadless,it'sascrew,notabolt).Boltscanbeselftappingaslongastheystill
areabletoacceptauniformnutabovetheselftappingthreads,sothefactthatashankisselftappingdoesn'tmakeitascrew.Ifabolthas
a"screwdriver"typehead,suchasaflatheadslot,thatdoesnotmaketheboltascrew.Ifaboltisverysmall,theninwidelyaccepted
commonusage,itiscalledamachinescrewbutthat'sreallyjustanothernameforwhatistechnicallyabolt(althoughtheimplicationis
thatisisaverysmallbolt).Compare/contrasttoscrewandseealsoboltsvsscrews.Notethatthestatementsmadehere(andelsewherein
thisglossary)followcommonusagebutareNOTuniversallyacceptedtheentireissueofnomenclatureforboltsandscrewswasperhaps
thebiggestmessIencounteredincompilingthisglossary.Belowisacompositepicshowingsometypesofboltsandfollowingthat,there
isalistofthemostcommontypesofbolts,witheachtermlinkedtoafullillustrateddescription.Examples:

typesofbolts:
allenheadbolthasahexagonalrecessintheheadrequiringanAllenwrench
anchorboltusedforconnectingtimbermembers(oranythingelse,forthatmatter)toconcreteormasonry
capscrewilldefinedtermseefulldefinition
carriagebolthasasquareshoulderatthetopoftheshankandusuallyaroundedheadwithnoscrewdriverslotorothermeans
forholdingthehead
coachboltsameascarriagebolt
connectorboltaboltthathasabroadflatheadwitharecessedallenwrenchdrivehole
deadboltadoorfastener,notathreadedboltliketheseothers
elevatorboltlikeacarriageboltbutwithamuchwiderhead
eyeboltrodthreadedononeendandbentintoacircleontheotherend
expansionboltsameasexpansionanchorbolt
expansionanchorbolthasanexpandingsleevetogripmasonry
flangebolthasaflangeatthebottomofthehead
frameboltilldefinedseefulldefinition
grubscrewsameassetscrew
hangerboltametalcylinderwithscrewthreadsononeendandmachinethreadsontheotherend
headboltaboltthatistobescrewedintoathreadedpieceofmetal,asopposedtobeingputTHROUGHapieceandfastenedon
theothersidewithanut
hexboltsameashexheadbolt
hexcapscrewAcapscrewwithahexagonalhead
hexheadbolt6sidedhead
Jboltrodthreadedononeendandbentintoa"J"shapeontheotherend
lagboltalargewoodscrew(notabolt)withahexagonalheadsothatitcanbeturnedwithawrenchinsteadofascrewdriver
Lboltrodthreadedononeendandbentintoan"L"shapeontheotherend
lugboltusedincars,notwoodworking
machinebolt(1)Alittleusedtermthatappliestoanyhexheadboltorsquareheadbolt
machinebolt(2)[littleused]sameasmachinescrew
machinescrewanothernamefor"smallbolt"
mirrorscrew(bothscrewsandbolts)forusewithmirrors
mollyboltacleverdeviceforfasteningstufftowalls
ploughboltsameasplowbolt
plowboltdesignedforuseinthefabricationofplows
ribbedneckcarriageboltcarriageboltwitharibbedsection,insteadofasquaresection,atthetopoftheshank
securityboltvarioustypes,designedtodetercasualremoval
setscrewheadlessboltwithrecesseddriveropening
setboltsameastapbolt
sexboltThe"nut"isacylinderwithinternalthreadsandaheadononeend
shoulderbolthasanunthreadedshoulderbelowthehead
socketcapscrewsameasallenheadbolt
socketheadcapscrewsameasallenheadbolt
socketscrewsameasallenheadbolt
squareheadbolt4sidedhead
standingboltsameasstudbolt
stepbolt(1)usedonthecornersoftowers(egaradiotower)toprovidesomethingtosteponasaworkerclimbsthetower
stepbolt(2)sameascarriagebolt
stitchboltnotatypeofbolt,atypeofUSEforabolt,andthatisthejoining("stitching")ofmechanicallylaminatedtimber
stoveboltanysmallboltusedinthefabricationofawoodburningstove
structuralboltlargehexheadboltusedinbridgesandbuildings
studboltashortthreadedrod(butmayhaveanunthreadedcenterportion)
tapboltanyfullythreadedbolt
threadedrodathreadedlengthofmetalthatcouldbeusedasaboltifanutisputononeorbothends
thumbscrewaboltorscrewtobeturnedbyyourthumbandfirstfinger
timberboltusedtofastentimbers

toggleboltafasteningdeviceprimarilyforusewithwallboard
Uboltrodthreadedonbothendsandthenbentintoa"U"shape
wingscrewlikeawingnutattachedtoathreadedrod

boltdrivetypesseescrewandboltdrivetypes
boltsvsscrewsThebottomlineisthatifyouhaveafastenerwithauniformdiameterthreadedshank(aboveanyselftappingarea)
thattakesanutandhasahead,it'saboltotherwiseit'sascrew.Thisdefinitionfollowswidespreadcommonuse,butisNOTabsolute.
ThemostfundamentaldifferencebetweenaboltandascrewisthatascrewwillNOTacceptanutbutabolt,bydefinition,hasto.Also,
screwsoftenhavetaperedshanksbutboltsneverdo.Boltshavetohaveaheada"headlessbolt"(e.g.asetscrew)isnotabolt,it'sa
screw.Thetermmachinescrewisawidelyusedmisnomerthatreallyjustmeansasmallbolt,frequentlywithaheaddesignedtobe
turnedbyascrewdriver.Thefactthataboltisdrivenbyascrewdriver,doesnotmaketheboltascrew.Neitheroverallsizenorheadtype
haveanybearingonwhetherafastenerisaboltorscrew.Bothboltsandscrewscanbeselftapping,butabovetheareaoftheselftapping
threads,abolthastobeabletoacceptanutwithauniforminnerdiameteranduniformthreads.Thatis,theselftapingthreadscanbeona
taperedendsectionofafastenerbutifthepartabovethatadherestothedefinitionofaboltthenthewholethingisaboltandifnot,it'sa
screw.Again,thesestatementsfollowcommonusagebutareNOTuniversallyaccepted.Thewholebolt/screwnomenclatureissueis
perhapsthebiggestmessIhavefacedincompilingthisglossary.
boxnailAboxnailisverysimilartoacommonnailandtheyaresoldinthesamepennysizeascommonnailsbutbutthesize
designationisbasedonLENGTHratherthantheoriginalunitweightdesignationofcommonnails.Theyhavenarrowershanksand
slightlysmallerheadsthancommonnailsandsoweighlessthanasamelengthcommonnailofthesamepennydesignation.Theyare
slightlylargerindiameterthanafinishingnailofthesamelength.Boxnailsaresometimesusedonthinmaterial,thewayfinishingnails
are,buttheheadsareclearlyvisibleafterthenailshavebeendrivensotheyarenotanexactreplacementforfinishingnails,butrathertheir
purposeismoretoavoidsplittingthewoodtheyaredrivenintothantohaveanunobtrusivehead.

boxwrenchAtypeofwrenchthatisalong,flat,metalrodwithashortcylinderononeorbothendsthathasinternalserrationsthatfit
aroundtheheadofaboltornut.Somehavearatchetmechanismbuiltinandsomeareoffset(alsocalledcranked)asshowninthe
compositpicbelow.ThesecomeinbothEnglishandmetricsizesandaresoldbothindividuallyandinsets.Notshowninthisglossary
arevariationsthatareshapedlikean"S"orahalfcircle,andotherobscurevariations.Singleendedboxwrenchesarefairlyrare.Theterm
"ratchetwrench"issometimesappliedtoversionsofthiswrenchwhenithasaratchetmechanism,butthattermisalsoappliedmoreoften
tosocketwrenches.Compare/contrasttoopenendedwrenches.Examples:

bradAverysmall,thin,nailmostdefinitionssaybradsarenomorethan1"long,butyoucanbuythemupto11/2"long.Theyare

wirenailsandtheyarequitesmallindiameter.Largebradsareaboutthesizeofa2dnailinlengthbutsmallerindiameter.Bradsareused
forattachingthinmoldingandareoftenusedinthebacksofpictureframestoattachathinpieceofmoldingthatholdsthepictureinplace.
Thereareacoupleofspecialtytoolsthathelpdealwithbrads,calledbradsetters.Examples:

bugleheadscrewAscrewthathasacountersunkheadthatisshapedlikeabugleratherthanthemorenormal45degreeflatslope
style.Theseareparticularlyusedondrywallscrewssoastonotcrushthedrywalltoomuchasthecountersinkgoesin.Examples

butlertrayhingeAhingethatmountsinmortisesinatraytopandallowthetraywingstofoldto90degreesandalsosnapsflat.They
areforthoselittle"breakfastinbed"stylefoldingtrays.Oftentheflapshavecutoutsthatactashandles.Theseareverysimilarinstyleto
counterflaphingesbuttheyoftendonothavethefloatingknuckle.Examples:

butterflyhingeAbutthingethathasitsleavesshapedlikebutterflywingsinsteadofbeingrectangular.Counterflaphingesarea
specialpurposeveryplainversionofthisbutwhendoneinmoreelaborateformtheyareusedfordecorativeeffectonsmalltomodest
sizeditemssuchasjewelryboxes,smallwindows,kitchencabinetdoors,andsoforth.Counterflaphingestendtohavejustone(hinge)
knuckleononesideandtwoontheotherandarenotloadbearinghingesbuttheitemsbeingdescribedhereAREusedforloadbearing
application(albeitgenerallylightdutyones)andsowillhaveseveralknucklesononesideandonelessontheotherside.Thereisastyle

ofhingethatseemstobeusedmostlyinGreatBritainthatiscalledaparlimenthingewhichhasabutterflyshapeandissometimescalled
a"butterflyhinge",butitwouldneverbeconfusedwithanyofthehingesthatAmericanscall"butterflyhinge".Examples:

cabinetconnectingscrewsynonymouswithconfirmatscrew
camlifthingeThereareatleasttwotypesofcamlifthinge.Thefirstisatypeofbutthingewherethereisaslanttothematingedges
ofthebarrelsonthedoorplateandthebuttplatesuchthatwhenthedoorisopened,thehingemechanismcausesittorise,thuscreatinga
liftagainstgravitythatwillthencausethedoortoclosebyitselfwhenreleased.Inadditiontoworkingasadoorcloser,thistypeofhinge
alsoallowsthebottomofacabinetdoortoberightdownatthecarpetlevelbecausewhileanormalhingeinthatsituationwouldhavethe
doorscrapingacrossthecarpetasitopened,thishingeliftsthedoorupoffofthecarpetasitopens.Onemoreadvantagetothishingeis
thatitisatypeofliftoffhinge.ThesecondtypehasthecamliftactionbutisnotaliftoffhingeandismorelikeaThingethanabutt
hinge.Thesecondtypeisnotshowninthecompositepicbelow.Examples:

capnutAhexheadnuttoppedbyasoliddomeoracylinderthenadomeorevenjustacylinder.Theseareusuallyallmetalbut
occasionallyallnylon.Suchnutscanonlybeusedwithcarefullymeasuredboltsbecausethebolthastogripintothenutsecurely,butit
cannotprotrudesofarthatthecapnutisraisedabovethesurfacebeingclamped.Thepurposeistoprovideadecorative/safetytypeof
toppingthatbothlooksbetterthanarawboltendprotrudingthroughthenut,andwhichalsopreventstheboltendfromscratchingany
nearbymovingsurfacessuchashumanknuckles.Automobilelugnutsareusuallycapnutsbutunlike"normal"capnuts(asshownhere)
theyhaveataperedbottom.Thereisamoredecorativeversioncalledtheacornnutandthereisaversionthatmorewidelydistributesthe
pressureontheclampledsurfacecalledtheflangedcapnut.Examples:

capscrewAsomewhatilldefinedterm,sometimesalsocalleda"hexcapscrew"ifithasahexagonalhead,thisisafasteningdevice
thatis,byalimiteddefinition,visuallyindistinguishablefromahexheadboltbutwhichismanufactureredtotightertolerancesthatare
muchmorelikelytobeofinterestinmachiningsituationswherehighprecisionisnecessary,asopposedtoinwoodworkingwherea
normal(andlessexpensive)hexheadboltisgoingtodothejobjustfine.Suchhexheadcapscrewsareatinybitsmallerindiameterthan
theequivalentsizedhexheadboltandarethreadedallthewayalongtheshank.Alooserdefinitionmaintainstherequirementforhigh
tolerancemanufacturingbutallowsawiderrangeofbodyshapes.Thename"cap"screwseemstobebasedonthefactthatsuchadevice
alwayshasahead(the"cap")thatclampsagainstthematerialbeingfastenedwhenthedeviceisdrivenallthewayin.Somedefinitionsof
capscrewstatethattheyareaformofheadbolt,meaningthattheyarenotusedwithanut.
captivewasherlocknutseelocknut
cardtablehingeAspecialtyhingedesignedtoallowpartsofacardtabletoptofolduponitself.Thisisastylethatwasmoreinusein
thepastthanitispresently.Itisslightlysimilartothescissorhingeexceptthatthereisnopinbutratherafloatingplatethatrotatesfreely
atbothendsinsidethetwohalvesofthe"scissor"plates.Thepointofthismechanismistoallowthepartsofthetabletoptorotatefrom
beingalongthesameplanetobeingflatupagainsteachotherandtodosowithouttherebeinganydifficultyintheedgesclearingeach
otheritdoesthisbyhavingtheedgesmoveawayfromeachotherastheflappartisrotatedoverontopoftherestofthetablewhich
wouldnotbepossibleiftherewereasinglepinpivotpointthatwasinlinewiththeplates,andyoudefinitelywouldn'twanta(hinge)
barrelstickingupoutofthesurfaceofthecardtable.Thepartthatcontainsthe(hinge)pinsisthickerthantherestofthe(hinge)leaves
sothemortisethatisrequredforthesehastwodifferentdepths.Thesearefunctionallyquitesimilartocounterflaphinges.Examples:

carriageboltAlsocalleda"coachbolt",thisisaboltwithasquareshoulderatthetopandusuallyaroundedheadwithnoscrew
driverslotorothermeansforholdingthehead.Thistypeofboltisintendedtobeinsertedintoacavity(normallyinmetal)thatissquareat
thetopandthenanutisputonattheotherendandtightenedwithawrench.Thesquareshoulderinthesquarecavitykeepsthetopofthe
boltfromturning.Thereisanotherversionthatusesaribbedsectioninsteadofthesquaresectionandthisoneisknownas,andis
illustratedat,ribbedneckcarriagebolt.Examples:

carver'sscrewAtypeofclampusedbywoodcarversitconsistsofathreadedmetalrodthatisputthroughaholeinaworkbench
andscrewedintothebottomoftheitembeingcarved.Thereisanutorothertighteningmechanismthatgoesunderthebench.The
traditionalversionhasawingshapedmetalplatewithasquareholeinitthatfitsasquareheadonthebottomoftherodfortighteningthe
screwintotheworkpiece,andthenthatsameplateactsasatighteningnutunderthebench,thusremovingtheneedforanyothertooltodo
thecarver'sclamping.Thebeautyofthecarver'sclampisthatitleaveallofthesurfaceoftheitembeingcarved,excepttheverybottom,
opentothecarver.Onepossibledrawbackisthatifachiselispressedorhammeredintotheedgeofaworkpieceinawaythatimparts
rotationalforceinthedirectionthattendstoloosenthecarver'sscrew,thenoccasionalretighteningmayberequired,whichcanbeapain.
Examples:

casementhingeAtypeofhingespecificallyforusewithacasementwindow.Thereareseveralstylesrangingfromfairlysimpleto
moderatelycomplex.Examples:

castlenutAnutthathasaslottedridgearoundthetop,makingitlookverymuchlikeacastleguardtower.Itisusedwithaboltthat
hasaholethroughtheendthroughwhichacotterpinisinsertedandthenbentaroundthecastlenutsothatthenutbecomescaptiveand
cannotvibrateoff.Alsocalled"slottedhexnut".Examples:

cementcoatednailAnailcoatedwithadhesive("cement")togiveitaveryroughsurfaceforgreaterholdingpower.
clevispinAshortmetalrodwithaheadononeendandaholedrilledintheotherend,sothatthepincanbeputthroughaholeand
thenbefastenedinplacebyacotterpinthroughtheholeinthepin.Thereisaspecialtypeof"cotterpin"usedwithclevispins,asshown
inthecompositepicbelow.Thisformofcotterpinhasonelegridgedtoholditontheclevispinandthelegsarenotbentafterinsertion
intothepin.Thisformofcotterpinismorereadilyremovedthanastandardcotterpin.Clevispinsarealsoattachedwithwireringsmuch
likeakeychainring.Clevispinsareusedtoattachsmallrotatingpartstoeachother,toattachturnbucklestoachainloop,etc.Examples:

cliponhingeadddefinition
clutchheadscrewseesecuritybolt
coachboltsynonymouswithcarriagebolt
coachhingeIhavefoundveryfewreferencestothistermandmostofthosesimplyshowabutthinge
coachscrewsynonymouswithlagscrew
combinationheadscrewAscrewwhosedrivemechanismwillaccomdatebothaphillipsheadscrewdriverANDaflatheadscrew
driver.Examples:

combinationwrenchAtypeofwrenchthathasaboxwrenchononeendandanopenendedwrenchontheotherend.Thebox
wrenchendmayormaynothavearatchetmechanismandorbeoffset.TheycomeinbothEnglishandmetricsizesandaresoldboth
individuallyandinsets.Theterm"ratchetwrench"issometimesappiedtothesewhentheboxwrenchendhasaratchetmechanism.
Examples:

commonnailAwirenailusedalmostexclusivelyforconstruction.Thisisbothbynameandbyactualexistencethemostcommon
formofnailandiswhatpeoplenormallymeanwhentheysay"nail".Ithasabroadheadforgoodholdingpowerandafairlythickshank
toprovideshearstrengthwhereitisapplied.Thelargeheadthatprovidesthegreatholdingstrengthofthistypenailisadisadvantagein
situationswherelooksmattermorethanholdingpower,sointhosecases,afinishingnailisabetterchoice.Examples

concealedhingeAhingewhichiseithertotallyhiddenfromviewwhenclosed(seefullyconcealedhingeorpartiallyhiddenfrom
viewwhenclosed(seepartiallyconcealedhinge.NOTE:Incasualusage,thetermisoftenusedassynonymouswithfullyconcealed
hingeandtheterm"partiallyconcealedhinge"ismuchlessused.
concretescrewsynonymouswithmasonryscrew

confirmatscrewAscrewdesignedforusewithMDForparticleboardwhenusedincabinetconstruction(thesescrewsareaka
cabinetconnectingscrews)andthethreadsarefairlydeeptograbthesesomewhatcrumblymaterialsandcareisrequiredtonot
overtightenthescrewsincetheywillstripoutfairlyeasily.TheODoftheshankdirectlyundertheheadistypicallyalittlelargerthanthe
ODofthethreadsandthedriveismostoftenanAllenheaddrivebutmayalsoabePhillipsheaddrive.Theyusually,butnotuniversally,
haveaverythinflangeatthetopoftheheadthatisdrivenflushinthematerialbeingscrewedandtheyusuallyhavebluntratherthan
pointedtipssincetheyaredesignedtobeusedwithapilotholeoftendrilledoutwithsteppeddrillbitsspecificallymadeforusewiththese
screws.Examples:

conicalanchorataperedcylinder(thusacone),generallyofplasic,thatexpandswhenascrewisdrivenintoit.Itisusedtoanchor
relativelylightthingstowallboard/drywall,plaster,andmasonry.Thereisa"ribbed"versionthatisparticularlygoodfordrywall
becauseithaslittle"wings"thathelpkeepthedevicefromrotatingasthescrewisdrivenin.Examples:

connectorboltAboltthathasabroadflatheadwitharecessedallenwrenchdrivehole.Thesearemostcommonlyusedwitheither
crossdowelsorsexnuts.Examples:

continuoushingesynonymouswithpianohinge

cornerbraceTherearemanydevicesinwoodworkingthatarecalledcornerbraces,butthemostcommonuseofthattermisforwhat
isalso(somewhatmorespecifically)calleda"tablecornerbrace",whichisametalplatethatisusedtobracethecornerofadeskwhere
thelegsmeettherails,oftenwithacornertongueandgroovejoint.Thebraceisattachedwithahangerboltwiththescrewthreadend
goingintothelegandthemachinescrewendcomingthroughthebrace,whichisthentightenedwithanutthatusuallyhasasplitring
lockwasherunderittopreventlooseningundervibrationasthetableisjiggledslightlyinuse.Mostoften,thebracehasshortedgesthat
gointogroovesintherailsforaddedstabilityandrigidity.Therearealsoshopmadeversionsthataremoresimple(oneofwhichisshown
intheillustrationbelow).Examples:

corrugatedfastenerAsmallwavy(corrugated)rectangleofsteelwithoneedgesharpenedsothatitcanbedrivenintowoodtohold
ajointtogether.Thesecanbedrivenwithahammerbuttherearealsopowerednailgunlikedriversaswell.Examples:

cotterpinAbentpieceofmetalthathasaloopwithtwoprojectionscomingoffofitsidebyside.Theprojectionscanbeputthrougha
holeandthelooppreventsthepinfromgoingthroughtheholealltheway.Theprojectionsarethenbentsothatthepinisfirmlyheldin
theholeonbothends.Usedtofastenwheelstoaxlesontoys,wheelbarrows,etc.Thereisavariationonthisthatisusedwiththeclevis
pin,wherethe"cotterpin"hasoneofthelegsisridgedandthelegsarenotbentafterinsertion(seeclevispin).Althoughtheseareusually
manhandledwithapairofpliers,thereisaspecialtytoolforremovingthem(called,appropriatelyenough,acotterpinpuller.Examples:

cotterpinpullerAhookedtoolforremovingcotterpinsafterthelegshavebeenstraightenedout.Examples:

counterflaphingeahingeusedforcounterflapsofthetypeoftenseeninbarsanddiners.ManytypesofhingesCOULDbeusedfor
thispurposebutthehingesthatarespecificallygiventhisnametendtobethosethathaveashapeverymuchlikethatofabutterflyjoint
buttendtobemoreplainthantheirsimilarlyshapedcousin,thebutterflyhinge.Moreimportantly,theyaredoublehingedwithafloating
knucklesothatwhenmountedflushwithacountertopviashallowmortises,theybothallowthecountertoptoflipover180degreesandat
thesametimenothavea(hinge)barrelsittingproudofthecountertop,ANDevenmoreimportantly,theyfloatingknuckleallowsfor
someslacksothatbothsidesofthecountertopcanhaveperfectlysquareedgesandstillnotmashintoeachotheraswouldbethecaseif
thefloatingknucklehadnoplayinit.Seehingepartsforadiscussionofthevariouspartsthatmakeupthistypeofhinge,butnotethat
thishingeoperatessignificantlydifferentlythanthestandardbutthingeinthattheknucklesdonotmatewitheachotherbuteachhave
theirowncaptivepinwithafloatingknucklejoiningthetwothusprovidingadoublepivot.Functionally,thesehingesarequitesimilarto
thecardtablehingeExamples:

countersink[verb]Tocreateanextrawideopeningatthetopofascrewholesothattheheadofthescrewwillsitflushwiththeobject
itisputinto.
countersink[noun](1)Thearearemovedbyacountersinkbit.
countersink[noun](2)synonymouswithcountersinkbit
countersinkbitAdrillbitthatallowsyoutodrillouttheupperportionofaholesothattheheadofascrew(thathasbeen
countersunkwillsitflushwiththefaceoftheobjectitisputinto.Therearespecialbitsthatdrillcountersinkholesandalsobitsthatdrill
bothapilotholeandthecountersinkatthesametimethesearecalledcountersinkpilotholebitsandtherearetwotypesthefirsthasa
setof3ormoresharpenedflutesaroundtheedgethatdothecuttingandthesecondtypeisasolidcountersinkareashapedpieceofmetal
withaholeititanditistheedgesoftheholethatdothecutting.Thereisalsoamanualversionsomewhatlikeascrewdriver,butwitha
countersinkbitontheend,calledahandcountersink.Examplesofbothtypes:

countersinkingTheprocessofcreatingacountersunkareainamaterial(usuallywoodormetal).
countersinkpilotholebitsdrillbitsthatbothdrillapilotholeandcutoutacountersinkareaatthesametime.Theseusuallycomein
setswithdiameterssetforthemostcommonscrewsizesandtheyhaveadjustablecollarsthatallowfordifferentdepthssothatthepilot
holescanbeadjustedfordifferentlengthscrews.Examples:

countersunk[verb]Pasttenseofcountersink
countersunklockwasheranexternaltoothlockwasherbutconeshapedtoconformmtothebottomofacountersunkscrew.
Examples:

countersunkscrewAscrewthathasaslopingpartunderaflathead.Suchscrewscomeintwoflavorsasshowninthecompositepic
below.Thestandardcountersinkisa45degreeangledflatsurfaceandthebugletype(seebugleheadscrew)isaconcavesurface.
Examples:

countersunkwasherAwasherthatisusedunderneathacountersunkscrewsothatacountersunkholedoesnothavetobedrilledin
thematerialANDsothattheholdingpressureisdistributedoverawiderarea(theseareoftenusedoverthinmaterial).Thereisaversion
ofthese(theflangedcountersunkwasher)thatspreadsthepressureoutevenmore.Thecrosssectionofonesidemaybeahill,awedge
pointingtowardsthecenter,oratrianglepointingupfromthesurface.Examples:

couplingnutAverylonghexnutthatisusedtojointwothreadedrods.Thereisalsoaversionthathasaroundexterior.Thesearealso
called"hexcoupling"nutsand"rodcoupling"nuts.Examples:

crankedchiselAnytypeofcarvingchisel(cranksdon'toccurinlathechisels)thathasadoglegorotherbendintheshank,theseare
alsocalleda"doglegchisel","craneneckchisel"and"bentshankchisel"andareusefulwheneveryouneedtoparewiththechiselflaton
theworksurface.Ifthecutisawayfromanedge,orinarecess,thehandleofanormalchiselwillgetinthewaybutWiththesechiselsthe
dogleginthehandlegivesclearanceabovetheworktoholdthehandle.Theseareparticularlyusefulforjoineryandtheyalsoworkquite
wellforremovinglonggluebeadlinesafterthegluehasdried.Ifthecrankisveryclosetotheendofthetool,thetoolissometimescalled
ashortbenttoolandifthebendisfurtherawayfromtheendand/orisamoregentlecurve,thetooliscalledalongbenttool.
crankedhingeAtypeofhingehasacrankinoneorboth(hinge)leavesandthatthusallowsadoororwindowtoswingthrough180

degrees.Alsocalleda"stormproof"hingebecuaseofitscommonusewithstormwindows.WhenIfirstsawtheterm,Iassumeditmeanta
hingelikeacasementhingeforusewithacasementwindowsincethatisawindowthatopensbycrankingahandle.Instead,theterm
"crank"inthiscaseisbeingusedinitssenseof"havingadoglegbend".Theterm"doublecrankedhinge"meansthesamething(both
leavesarecranked)butifonlyoneleafiscranked,thenthehingeiscalledasinglecrankedhinge.Doublecrankedhingesinparticularare
alsocalled"stormproof"hingesbecausetheyarecommonlyusedwithstormwindows.Oftenwhentheterm"crankedhinge"isused,the
personusingithasaparticulartype(singleordouble)inmindanddoesnotbothertoprefacethetermwith"single"or"double"andthat
goesformanufacturer'sadvertismentsaswell.Examples:

crescentwrenchAtypeofwrenchthathastwoparalleljawswithoneandintegralpartofthehandleandtheotheradjustablethrough
aslidingmechanismcontrolledbyaknurledgearshaftinsidethehandle.Thesearemostcommonlyusedtoturnsquareheadboltsand
hexheadbolts.AlthoughtheywillallturnitemsthatarebothEnglishandmetricsizessomearemarkedwithEnglishgradationsand
otherswithmetricgradations,andmanywithnogradationsatallsinceusersrarelysetthemtoasizeandthenputthemontheitemtobe
turned,butratherjustputthemontheitemandadjusttofit.Compare/contrasttoopenendedwrench.Examples:

cripplingWhenanailisnotstrongenoughtowithstandtheforcerequiredtodriveitintothewood,theweakestportionoftheshank
willbendwhentheheadofthenailishitbythehammer.Thisiscalledcrippling,anditisparticularlytroublesomewithannularring
nailsbecauseallthoseringsprovidemultiplefailurepoints.Itcanalsobeaproblemforanynailwhendrivenintoaparticularlyhardwood

orwhenstruckwithmoreforcethaniswarrentedforthesizeofthenail,andofcourseapoorlycenteredhammerblowcancauseitinany
nail.
crossdowelAtypeofknockdownfastenerthatconsistsofasteeldowelwithathreadedholethroughitsmiddleandaslotinoneend
forusewithaflatheadscrewdriver(togetittolineup,nottotightenit),mostcommonlyusedwithaconnectorbolt.thedowelisinserted
intoaholeinonepieceofwood,thatalsohasaholetoaccepttheboltintotheholeinthecenterofthedowel,andthentheboltisput
throughaholeinanotherpieceofwoodandthetwocanthenbetightlyjoined,butlaterbrokendownifdesired.Becauseoftheirwide
spreaduseinknockdownbedassemblies,thesearealsocalled"bedbolts".Examples:

cuphingesynonymouswithEuropeanhinge
cuphookAsmallmetalrod,threadedononeendandbentintoacupshapeontheunthreadedportion,anditmayormaynothavea
circularflangeseparatingthetwosections.Thedeviceisscrewedintoawallorotherholdingelementsothatthingscanbehungfromit.I
believethenamederivesfromthefactthattheshapeislikeacup,butIhaveseenlargeonesusedtohangdrinkingcupsbytheirhandles,
soI'mnotpositive.Examples:

cutnailAflat,taperednailthatisstampedoutofsheetsteel.Thesenailshaveabluntendinsteadofapointandarectangularcross
sectionandhavegreaterholdingpowerthanwirenails.Theyareoftenusedforfasteningflooring.Examples:

deadnailIndaysgoneby,screwswereeithernotinventedyetorhardtocomeby,butnailswereavailable,socertaintypeson
constructionweregivethenecessaryholdingpowerbydrivinganailthroughtheconnectingitemsandthenbendingthepointedendover
attheback.Suchnailswerethenreferredtoas"dead"nails,andthephrase"deadasadoornail"referredtosuchauseinacommontypeof
doorconstruction.
deckscrewAsthenamesays,thistypeofscrewisdesignedforuseindecks(externalstructuresusuallyoftreatedlumberorvery
durablehardwood),thustheyaremadefromgalvanizedsteel,stainlesssteel,orarecoatedinsomewaytoresistscorrosion.Thehavevery
coarsethreadsandsometimeshaveasectionatthetopthathascylindrcialridgesratherthansprialthreadsthisistoresistpulloutdueto
expansion/contractionofthewood(oncethescrewisdriven,thewoodfiberspushbackaroundtheridgesandnotbeinghelical,they
stronglyresisthavingthescrew"undrive"itselfduetowoodmovement).TheyareALWAYSflatheadedandcountersunkorhavesmall
heads(atypeoftrimscrew)thatwillsitbelowthedecksurfacesinceitwouldbereallyobnoxioustohavescrewheadsstickingupoutof
adeck.Thedrivetypeisnormallyeitherallenheadorphillipshead,neverflatheadbecausedrivingscrewsintodeckingrequiresalotof
torqueandflatheaddrivesarejusttoolikelytostrip.Sometimes,deckingscrewsareatypeofselftappingscrew.Examples:

demountablehingeAspecialtyhingethatisusedtofacilitatethemountingandadjustmentofcabinets,especiallykitchencabinets.
Therearetwotypes:thedoubledemountablehingeandthesingledemountablehinge.
demountablehingeslotcutterArouterbitusedtocuttheslotsneededbyademountablehingetab.Examples:

dieseetapanddie
dockwasherAverylarge,thickfenderwasherforuseonheavyconstruction(suchasamarinedock,thusthename).
doorhingeAbutthingethatisstrongenoughtoholdahousedoor.Often,doorhingeswillbesomewhatfancyinsteadofjustplain
flatmetal,andtheywillalsofrequentlyhaveafinialatboththetopandbottomofthehingepin.Doorhingesareoftenputintomortisesin
boththeedgeofthedoorandtheframe,ascanbeseeninthelowerrightportionofthecompositepicbelow.Doorhingesonexternal
doorsaremostoftenmadeofeitherbrassorstainlesssteeltoavoidcorrosionduetoexposuretomoisture.Eamples:

doorleafThehingeleafthatismountedtoadoor.Compare/contrasttoframeleaf.
doorwingsynonymouswithdoorleaf
doubleactionspringhingeAtypeofhingethathastwo(hinge)barrelsthatactinawaythatallowsadoortoswingmorethan180
degreesineachdirection(inandout)andspringloadedsothatthedooralwaysreturntocenterclosedposition.Alsocalled"double
barrel"hinge,"saloondoor"hinge,and"cafedoor"hinge.Inadditiontothecompositepicbelowofexamplesofthistypehinge,Ihave,to
showtheaction,createdagraphicthatshowstheoperationlookingdownontoadoorandframe,withdirectionsarbitrarilydesignatedas
"inward"totheleftand"outward"totheright(andonlyshowingashortportionofthedoorandframe).Notethatthedoorswingsoutward
centeredonthebarrelcoloreddarkredanditswingsinwardcenteredonthebarrelcoloredblueandthetwobarrelsareattachedbya3rd
(middle)leaf.Examples:

doublecrankedhingeAtypeofhingethathasacrankonbothleavesandthusallowsadoororwindowtoswingthrough180
degreesandmovecompletelyclearofthedoorframearea.Asimilaritemwithonlyoneofthetwoleaveshavingacrankiscalledthe
singlecrankedhinge.Crankedhingesarealsocalled"stormproofhinges"becauseoftheircommonusewiththekindoflouveredpanels
thatusedtobecalled"stormwindows"beforemoderntechnologymadethattermcometomorecommonlymeansomethingelse.See
hingepartsforadiscussionofthepartsthatmakeupthehinge.Notethatinthegraphicbelow,Ihavedrawnthewindowsuchthatwhen
closeditsitsproudoftheframe,butitcouldjustaswellbemountedsothatitendsupflushwhenclosed(whichwouldresultintheirbeing
alargergapatthehingewhenit'sfullyopen,butthat'snotaproblem,itjustdidn'tlookasneatwhendrawnthatway).Examples:

doubledemountablehingeThisisasomewhatcomplextypeofspecialtyhingethatisdesignedtofacilitateinstallationand
adjustmentofcabinetdoors,especiallykitchencabinetdoorswheretherearetypicallymanyinarowandyouneedthemtoalllineup
neatly.Themechanismthatallowstheeasyadjustmentthatisattheheartofthistypeofhingeisatabthatisinsertedintoamortiseinthe
woodandthatiscutbyademountablehingeslotcutterrouterbit.Thetabispulledintotheinsideofthewoodensection(doororframe)
byclampingpressureexertedbyacountersunkmachinescrewthatgoesthroughthe(hinge)leafandintoathreadedholeinthemiddleof
thetabbutwhichdoesnottouchthewoodanywherebecausetheslotiscutextralargetoallowformovement(upanddownANDback
andforth)ofthescrewsoastoalignthedoorasneeded.Becausethistabmechanismisonboththedoorleafandtheframeleaf,thereisa
greatdealofflexibilityintermsofadjustingthepositionofthedoor.Comparethistothegreatprecisionthatyouhavetohaveinplacing
thescrewholesformountingothertypesofhingestomakesureallthecabinetdoorslineupandyoucanseewhythistypeofhingeisa
favoriteofkitchencabinetinstallers.Thereisanotherversionofthistypehingethatonlyhasthetabmechanismonthedoorleafanditis
calledasingledemountablehinge.Thisisapartiallyconcealedhingebecauseonlythebarrelandpartoftheframeleafareexposed,
anditisatypeofflushhinge.Youcan'tseethatinthepicsbelowbecausetheangleiswrongonallofthem,butifyoulookatthe
illustrationswithsingledemountablehingeyou'llseewhatImean.Theflushaspectisimplicitinthemountingpicintheupperrighthand
corner,butyoumayhavetothinkaboutitabittoseeit.Althoughit'snotobviousfromthepicsbelow,somestylesofthishingerequirea
mountingtechniquethatisslightlydifferentfromthatshownintheupperrightbelow.Thesecondfromthelefthingeinthepicbelow
exemplifiesthisifyoulookcarefully,you'llseethattheonlywaythishingecouldbemountedisiftheentirebackedgeofthedoorbe
givenanedgerabbet.Theterm"demountable"inthenameissomewhatmisleadingsinceitwouldnormallyimplythatnoscrewdriveris
requiredtodemountthehinge(seeliftoffhinge),butthatisnotthecasewiththishinge,althoughitISeasiertoremovethantraditional
hingesbecauseonlytheonemachinescrewintheframeleafneedstoberemovedtodismountthedoorANDthehinge.Examples:

doubledovetailhalflapsynonymouswithcornerhalflapwithdoubledovetail
dowelscrewAcylindrical(nottapered)metalshank(typicallyofsteel)withnohead,woodscrewthreads,andbothendspointed.
Theseareusedtoconnecttwowoodenpartsthathaveblindholes,suchasthefinialonastairrailing.Someareunthreadedinthecenter
tomakeinstallationusingapairoflockingpliersgrippingthecentereasy.Donotconfusewithahangerbolt,whichhasamachinescrew
ononeendandawoodscrewontheother.Vendorssometimeslistthesetwodifferentitemsindiscriminatelyasonebeingtheother.
Examples:

drawerfrontscrewAscrew,usuallysteelwithabroad,flatheadandanunthreadedareabelowtheheadthencoarse,firmgriping
threadsbelowthat.Theseareusedindrawerfrontsasfollowsandillustratedinthecompositepicbelow:thefalsefrontisattachedtothe
drawersidesandtwooversizedholesaredrilledinit,thenthedrawerfront,whichiswideenoughtohidethedrawersidesandpreventthe
drawerfromslidingbackintothecarcass,isattachedtothefalsefrontthroughtheoversizedholes,usingthedrawerfrontscrews.This
allowssomemovementindrawerfrontsothatitcanbelineduppreciselysoastonotlookskewedfromthefrontofthecabinet,andthen
whenit'slinedupthescrewsaretightened.ThesearemostcommonlyprovidedwithPhillipsheaddriveholesbecauseaflatheaddrive
couldtooeasilyslipoffandmarthesurfaceontheinsideofthedrawer.Examples:

drillrodsynonymouswiththreadedrod
dropflaphingeAhingedesignedforusewithaverticalpanelthatcoversthefrontofacabinetsectionbutdropsdown90degreesto
provideahorizontalworkspace.Nottobeconfusedwithdropleafhinge.Examples:
needtoadddropflaphingepics
dropleafhingeFordropleaftableextensionsandnottobeconfusedwithdropflaphinge.Thisisabutthingebutwithoneofthe
(hinge)leaveswiderthantheothersoastoclearthecurvedportionofthedropleaf.Betterexplainedwithpicsthanwords,sohereyougo:
needtoadddropleafhingepics
drywallscrewAsthenamesays,thiskindofscrewisdesignedforusewithdrywallsoitdoesn'thavetobeverystrongandthusthey
aregenerallyprettyskinny.Thayarealwaysflatheadscrewssoastobeflushwiththedrywallsurface,andtheyarecountersunkina
curvedfashion(oftencalleda"bugle"head)soastonotabruptlythedrywallastheygoin.Theyalsoseemstoalwaysuseaphillipshead
drivetype,probablybecauseifthescrewdriverslippedoffofaflatheaddrivetypeitcouldpokeaholeinthedrywallandtheshapedoes
notlenditselftotheuseofarobertsondrive.Theytypicallyaremadeofsteel,sometimeswithablackfinishandhavequitecoarse
threadsandtheyaresometimesatypeofselftappingscrewsinceontheothersideofthedrywalltheyhavetogointoastudforthesame
reason,theyoftenhaveaverysharppointiftheyarenotselftapping.Unlikemorenormalwoodscrewstheouterdiamerofthethreadson
thesescrewsislargerthantheunthreadedshank.Compare/contrasttoparticleboardscrewandseealsoreversethreaddrywallscrew.
Examples:

edgemountedForahingeleaf,thismeansthattheleafismounted(withorwithoutamortise)intotheedge,asopposedtothebackor
theface,ofthedoorandframethatitismountedon.Compare/contrasttofacemounted.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforan
illustration.
edgemountedhingeAnyhingeusesedgemountingonbothofthe(hinge)leaves.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforan
illustration.Compare/contrasttofacemountedhinge.
elevatorboltAboltthatisusuallysimilartoacarriageboltinthatithasthesquaretoptotheshankandnoslottingorotherdrive
mechanismatthetopofthehead,butunlikethecarriagebolt,theelevatorbolthasaverywidethinheadthatpresentsalotofsurfacearea
forgripping,butalowprofilesoastonotpresentmuchofanobstructionabovethesurface.Thereareothervariations,mostnotablyone
thathastriangluarprotrusionsgoingdownfromtheheadtogripthewoodandpreventturning(thisvarietydoesnothavethesquare
sectionatthetopoftheshank),andanotherformthatsimplyomitsthesquaresection,althoughonthisone,it'snotcleartomehowitis
thattheheadiskeptfromrotatingwhilethenutistightened.Examples:

endnailingInsertinganaildirectlyinto(thatis,perpendicularto)thelongdirectionofamember.Thisisgenerallyapoortechnique
becausenailsdonotholdwellwhendrivendirectlyintoendgrain.Whenanailisdriventhroughthefaceofoneplankandintotheend
grainofasupportpost,it'satossupwhetheritshouldbecalledendnailingorfacenailing,thoughthepreferenceseemstobeendnailing,
withfacenailingbeingmoreoftenusedwhennailingtogethertwoparallelplanksorwhennailingthroughafaceandintoaside.
Compare/contrasttotoenailingandfacenailing.Example:

endplayInahinge,thisistheamountofmovementthata(hinge)leafcanmakeperpendiculartothe(hinge)barrel.Seehinge
dimensions.

EuropeanhingeAlsoknownas"cuphinge"and"Europeanconcealedhinge",theseareofadesignquitedifferentfrommore"normal"
hinges.Theyhave2parts,thehingecupandarmasonepartandthemountingplateastheotherpart.Thedoorsideisfixedwiththe
"cup",whichfitsinaroundmortiseinsidethedoorandisheldwithscrewsthatgothroughwingsthatcomeoutofthesidesofthecup
mechanism.Thecabinetsideusesthe"mountingplate"whichcanbeadjustedhorizontallyandverticallysoyoucaneasilyalignarowof
doors.Therearetwotypesofthesehinges,oneforfaceframedoorsandoneforframelessdoors.Theyarefullyconcealedhingesand
areverypopularforcabinetdoorsinkitchensandentertainmentcenters.Theyarealsosprungtocloseautomatically,sonocatchis
requiredattheclosingedgeofthedoor.Theyarealsoatypeofzeroclearancehinge.Examples:

expansionanchorboltavarietyofanchorboltthathastwoparts,theboltitself,andanexpansioncylinderthatisplacedinahole
drilledintomasonry.Astheboltistightened,theexpansionpartexpandsoutwardagainstthesidesoftheholethusprovidingastrong
pressurefit.Unliketheotherformofanchorbolt(whichisan"L"shapedboltthatisputintoconcretebeforeitsets),thistypeisalsoused
forhorizontalapplications(inthesideofamasonrywall,forexample).Asimilarfastenerpairisalagscrewwithalagscrewshield.For
directfasteningtomasonry(withoutasleeve)seemasonryscrew.Examples:

externaltoothlockwasherAlockwasherforwhichthelockingmechanismisasetofteetharoundtheouterrimofwhatwould
otherwisebeaflatwasher.Thistype,ascontrastedtoaninternaltoothlockwasher,hasgreaterholdingpower,butcanmarthesurface
(oftheobjectbeingclamped)whereitshows.Examples:

eyeboltAboltthathasaringofmetal(the"eye")ontopinsteadofanormalbolthead.Theseareusedforvariouskindsoftiedowns,
witharopeorwiregoingthroughthering.Thereisanalmostidenticalconstructthathasataperedend(andisusedinwood)thatiscalled
aneyelagscrew(and,technicallyincorrectly,alsocalledan"eyelagbolt"eventhoughit'sascrew).Theseconstructsmayormaynot
haveashoulder.

eyehook(alsocalled"eyescrew")Ametalrod,mostcommonlysteel,thatisthreadedononeendandbentintoacircleontheother
end.Thedeviceisscrewedintoawallorothersupportstructureandusedforhangingthings.Itisparticularlyusefulforthreadingastring
orropethroughanumberofthemsothatthingscanbehungfromordrapedontherope.Whentheseconstructsarefairlylarge,and
particularlywhentheeyeisacontinuouspiece,theyaremorenormallycalledeyelagscrews.Examples:

eyelagsynonymouswitheyelagscrew
eyelagboltAcommonlyusednameforwhatisalso,andmorecorrectly,calledaneyelagscrew
eyelagscrewAconstructidenticaltoaneyeboltexceptthatithasataperedend(makingitascrewratherthanabolt,andunlikeits
namesaketheeyebolt,itisreallyascrewnotabolteventhoughithasauniform(nottapered)shank(butitISpointedontheend).
Anotherwayoflookingatitisthatitisalagscrewwitharingforahead.Iftheseconstructsarefairlysmallandhaveadiscontinuous
ring(andsometimesevenwithacontinuousring)theyarecalledeyehooksoreyescrews.Inpractice,thedistinctionbetweeneyehook
andeyelagscrewseemstobevaguetononexistentbutthename"lag"usuallyimpliesthelarger/thickerversionandtheterm"hook"
generallyimpliesthethattheeyeisadiscontinuouspiece,justbentfromtheshank.ThenamesaresointerchangeablethatIhavethe

itemsincludedinthecompositepicbelowarewhatIthinkSHOULDbecalledeyehooks.Theseconstructsmayormaynothavea
shoulderbutmostcommonlytheydobecauseotherwiseyoumightturnthemafterthenhaveenteredthematerialallthewayandthus
createacirculargougeinthesurfaceTheyaremostcommonlysteel.Examples:

eyescrewsynonymouswitheyehook
facemountedForahingeleafthismeanthatitismountedonthefaceorback,asopposedtotheedge,ofthedoorandframetowhich
itisattached.Itmayormaynothaveanymortises.Nottobeconfusedwithsurfacemounted.Compare/contrasttoedgemounted.See
hingemountingpositionsandstylesforanillustration.
facemountedhingeAnyhingeusesfacemountingonbothofthe(hinge)leaves.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforan
illustration.Compare/contrasttoedgemountedhinge.
facenailingInsertinganaildirectlyinto(thatis,perpendicularto)thefaceofaplank.Whenanailisdriventhroughthefaceofone
plankandintotheendgrainofasupportpost,it'satossupwhetheritshouldbecalledendnailingorfacenailing,thoughthepreference
seemstobeendnailing,withfacenailingbeingmoreoftenusedwhennailingtogethertwoparallelplanksorwhennailingthroughaface
andintoaside.Compare/contrasttotoenailingandendnailing.Example:

fastenerAsoliddevice(thatis,notanadhesive)usedtojointwoobjectstogether.Belowisalistoftheonesmostcommonlyusedin
woodworking,withlinkstotheirentriesinthisglossary.Severalofthesehavemanysubtypesthatarediscussedwiththeindividualterms.
NOTE:INCOMPLETESECTIONsomeofthetermsbelowarenotyetdefinedinthisglossary
brad
bolt
corrugatedfastener
hinge
nail
pin
rivet
screw
staple
tack
washer
other???

fastpinhingeAhingeinwhichthehingepinisfastenedpermanentlyinplaceasopposedtobeingaremovablecylinder,asitisin,for
example,adoorhinge."fast"inthisinstancedoesnotmeanspeedy,itmeanspermanentandinfactanothernameforthisis"fixedpin
hinge".Foranexampleofafastpinhinge,seebarrelhinge(type#2).Compare/contrasttoloosepinhinge.

fenderwasherAwasherthatisverylikeacommonflatwasherexceptthatithasanODthatissomethinglike4or5timestheID
ratherthanthe2timesofanormalflatwasher.Thepurposeoffenderwashersistodistributethepressureofthescreworboltheadfar
widerthanisthecasewithanormalwasherfenderwashersaredesignedforusewithverythinmaterial(hey,likethefenderofacar!).
Thereisanextrathick,heavydutyversionofthesethatareusedforheavyconstuctionandarecalled"dockwashers".Examples:

finishingnailAslendernailwithasmall,semisphericalhead,whichisusedwithtrimandmoldingandinplaceswherenailholes
mustbeverysmall.Itiscalleda"finishing"nailbecause(1)itisusedinfinishcarpentry(thisistheoriginalsourceofthename)and(2)
itisusedinplaceswherethefinishofapieceshows,anditisimportanttouseasmallheadednailsothatitisunobtrusiveand/orcanbe
unobtrusivelycoveredwithwoodputtyandfinishedtoblendinwiththesurroundingsurface.Ithasthesignificantdisadvantageofpoor
holdingpowerbecauseofthesmallhead,soisnotusedinsituationswhereholdingpowermattersmuch.Also,itisthinnerrelativetoits
lengththanasamelengthcommonnailbutissoldusingthesame"penny"designationbasedonLENGTH(ratherthanthesamenumber
ofnailsperunitprice)asthecommonnailofthesamelength.SO...a6pennyfinishingnailwillhavethesamelengthasa6penny
commonnailbutwillweighconsiderablylessbecauseitismuchthinner(alittlethinnnereventhanaboxnailofthesamelength).There
isacorrespondingversionofthisforscrews,thetrimscrewwhichisalsocalleda"finishingscrew".Examples:

finishingscrewsynonymouswithtrimscrew
finishscrewsynonymouswithtrimscrew
finishwasher(akafinishcupwasher,akatrimwasher)Awasherforusewithcountersunkheadsonboltsorscrewsbutwithoutthe
countersunkhole.Theyareshapedsomethinglikeadonutslicedhorizontallyandhaveseveraluses.Usethemtodressupexposedscrew
headsortoconvertaflatheadtoa"pan"headwhenthescrewcannotbecountersunk.Theyalsohelpdistributetheloadwhichcanbe
helpfulwithsoftermaterialsandtheyworkwellforcreatingeyesorheadlightsonchildrenstoys.Compare/contrasttoflushwasher.
Examples:

fixedpinhingesynonymouswithfastpinhinge
flangeAnexternalorinternalrib,orrim(lip),usedeitherforstrength(e.g.theflangesofanIbeamwhicharethehorizontalmembers
atthetopandbottomofthebeam)orforaguide(e.g.theflangeofatrainwheel,whichkeepsthewheelonthetrack)orforattachmentto
anotherobject(e.g.theflangeontheendofapipe).Thehorizontalmembersofaboxbeamarecalledflanges.Theextensionsofroof
flashing,usuallyatchimneysandplumbingvents,aresometimescalledflanges.Somehandledtoolswithageneralshapelikethatofa
screwdriver(althoughpossiblyaradicallydifferentuse)sometimeshaveaflangeorshouldertopreventthetangorshankfrombeing
driventoofarintothehandleandsplittingit.Itemssuchascuphooksoftenhaveapartthatiscalledtheshoulderorflange.
flangeboltAboltwithaflangeatthebottomoftheheadtoprovidemoresurfaceoverwhichtospreadoutthepressureoftheheadon
theobjectbeingclampled.Thesearemostcommonlyhexheadboltsbutthereisnothinginthedefinitionthatrequiresthat.Flangebolts
manyormaynothaveserratedridgesonthebottomoftheflange.Examples:

flangedHavingoneormoreflanges.
flangedcapnutAcapnutwithaflangearoundthebottomtomorewidelydistributethepressureonthesurfacebeingclamped.
Examples:

flangedcountersunkwasherAcountersunkwasherwithaflangearoundtherimtodistributethepressureontheclampedsurface
morewidely.Examples:

flangenutAnutthathasaflangearoundthesidethatisgoingputagainsttheobjectbeingclampled.Mostlythesearehexheadnuts
buttherearealsocapnutsthatareflanged.Theflangeservestodistributethepressurefromthenutoverawiderareaofthepartbeing
clamped,reducingthechanceofdamagetothepartandmakingitlesslikelythatthenutmightloosenduetoanunevensurface.The
flangemaybeserratedtoprovidealockingaction,inwhichcasethenutisformallycalledaserratedflangenut.Theserrationsare
angledsuchthattheykeepthenutfromrotatinginthedirectionthatwouldloosenit.Examples:

flathead(1)Shortforflatheadscrewdriver
flathead(2)Aflatheadscrew
flathead(3)Aboltorscrewthatisdesignedtobedrivenwithaflatheadscrewdriver.
flathead(4)TheHEADofaboltorscrewthatisdesignedtobedrivenwithaflatheadscrewdriver.
flatheadscrew(1)Ascrewthathasaflathead,sothatitwillbeflushwiththeobjectitisscrewedintothisrequiresacountersunk
head.Itusuallyhasataperedshankbuttheseexistasbothwoodscrewsandmachinescrewsandthemachinescrewshaveastraight
shankandoftenhaveanallenheaddriveslotbutthewoodscrewsalmostalwayshaveaflathead",aphillipshead,oraRobertsondrive
slot.Themostcommonmaterialsforthesearesteel,brass,andaluminum.
flatheadscrew(2)Anyscrewthatusesaflatheadscrewdriver.
Examplesoftype(1):

Examplesoftype(2):

flatheadscrewdriverThisisTHEstandardscrewdriverandwhatpeoplenormallymeanwhentheysayscrewdriver(theotherwidely
usedversionisthephillipsheadscrewdriver).Theendisshapedlikealongskinnyrectangle(likeaminussign)andfitsintoa
correspondingslotinthescrewhead.Thebigdisadvantageofflatheadscrewsandtheirdriversisthetendencytostriptheslotinthetop
ofthescrewheadwhenhightorqueisused.Theyjustdon'tprovidemuchprotectionagainstthat.Examples:

flatspeednutseespringnut
flatwasherThemostcommontypeofwasher,theflatwasherisasimplediskofmaterial,normallymetal,andisdesignedto
distributethepressurefromtheheadofaboltorscrewacrossmoreofthesurface(intowhichthefastenerisbeingput)thanwouldbe
coveredbyjusttheheadofthefastener.Compare/contrasttofenderwasherandsplitringlockwasher.Thereisasquareversionofthis
called,notverysurprizingly,thesquarewasherExamples:

floorCloserAlsoknownasaspringpivot,thisisaspringloadeddoorclosingdevicethatisinstalledinarecessinthefloorbelowa
pivothingeinordertoregulateandcontroltheopeningandclosingofthedoor.Thesehaveaheavyspringwhichisattachedtothepivot
pinwhereitcomesdownintotheflooranditinturnisrigidlyattachedinsidethebottomofthedoor.

flushcrankedhingeAspecialtytypeofsinglecrankedhingethathasacutoutintheframeleafsothataninsetcabinetdoorcan
swingafull180degreesandbeflushwiththefaceframebothwhenopenandwhenclosed.Actually,Imayhavebeenhastyinaccepting
thisdefinitionsinceIfindthattherareinfactsomedoublecrankedhingesthataretheflushtype.Theylooklikethesomeoftheonesin
thecompositepicbelowexceptthatthetonguelikeleafalsohasadogleg.Examples:

flushhingeYoumightthinkfromthenamethatthishassomethingtodowithahingebeingflushmountedwithamortiseinthedoor
ortheframe,butquitetheopposite,whatitreallyisisatypeofedgemountedhingethatisalsoasurfacemountedhinge.Thatis,itis
mountedontheedgeofthedoorandframeandwithnomortiseintheeither.Ithaswhatamountstobeingamortise(generallyreferredto
asa"recess"inthiscase)inoneoftheleaves(whichisgenerallymountedastheframeleaf)intowhichtheotherleaffitswhenthedooris
closedsoastoprovideonlyasinglehingeleaf'swidthofopeningbetweenthedoorandtheframe.Theyareusedasedgemountedhinges
inanycabinetdoorsthatdon'tneedtohaveareallytightfitbetweentheframeandthebackedgeofthedoor.Ratherthanbeing"flush
mounted"inthesenseofbeingmortised,thistypeofhingeavoidstheneedforamortiseinthedoorortheframe.Generally,thesearenot
usedforheavyloadbearingapplications.Examples:
needtoaddflushhingepics
flushwasherAwasherthatislikeaflatwasherexceptthatthecenterispresseddownintoaconeshapetoconformtotheunderside
ofacountersunkscrewandtherimactstospreadtheloadoutalotmorethanisthecasewithacountersunkheadalone.
Compare/contrasttofinishwasher.Examples:

foldingscreenhingeThisisatypeofhingethatisfunctionallysimilartothedoubleactionspringhingeinthatitallows360degrees
ofmovement,butitislighterweightandhasnospringsbecauseitisdesignedtoallowafoldingscreentoberepositionedbutnotactually
swungbackandforththewaycafedooris,forexample.Thatis,thefoldingscreenhingeisnotreallyaloadbearinghingeatall.Likethe
doubleactionspringhingeithas,effectively,threeleavesandtwobarrels,butitisasomewhatmorecomplexlayoutandlessstrengthas
youcanseeinthepicsbelow.Examples:

foldingtablehingesynonymouswithbutlertrayhinge[actually,thereareseveraltypesofhingesthatcouldwellbeusedinfoldup
tabletops,buttheyeachhavetheirownnames]
frameboltAnilldefinedtermthatseemstorefermostoftentoflangeboltsasusedinframing,withbedframes,inautomobiles,etc.
butalsoisusedtodesignateothertypesofboltswhentheyareusedinframingapplications.Inotherwords,thisseemstobealoosely
definedtermbasedontheUSEofabolt,notthestyleoftheboltitself.
framelessdoorAdoorforaframelesscabinet.Thesedoorsarealwaysoverlaydoorsratherthaninsetdoors(seefaceframedoors
forfurtherdiscussion)becauseinsetdoorsinaframelesscabinetwouldgivethetotalconstructquiteanunattractivelook.
Compare/contrasttofaceframedoor.Examples:

framinghammerSimilartoaheavyclawhammerbutwithtwodifferences.First,theclawisstraightratherthancurvedwhichallows
ittobemoreeasilyusedasacrowbar.Second,theheadhasawafflelikecrosshatchingandframingnailshaveasimilarcrosshatching
onthetopoftheirheads,thusprovidingastrikingsurfacebetweenhammerandnailthatisfarlesslikelytoslipoffthanoftenhappens
whenanormalsmoothtopcommonnailisstuckwithaclawhammer(whichhasasmoothface).Thecrosshatchingontheheadofthis
typehammerdoestendtomarthewood,butsinceitisframing,itwillbecoveredupandthemarringwon'tbeseen.Someframing
hammershaveamagnetizedslotalongthetopedgeofthestrikingsurfacetoholdanail.Thisallowsthenailtobeplacedanddriven
quicklywithjustonehand.Framinghammersaregoingthewayofthedodobirdnowthatnailgunshavetakenoverinframingwork.
Examples:

framingnailAcommonnailthathasbeencrosshatchedacrossthetopofitsheadsothatwhenstruckbyaframinghammer(which
hasacrosshatchedheadface)theblowwillbeveryunlikelytoresultinthehammerheadslippingoffofthenailhead.Framingnailsare
goingthewayofthedodobirdsincetheadventofnailguns,whichareMUCHfasterthanaframinghammerandnail,andthenailsinthe
nailgunsdon'tneedthecrosshatchedheadofthetrueframingnail.Infact,thetrueframingnailasdescribedhereisSOrarethatIwas
unabletofindevenonepicofitanywhereanywhereontheInternet.TheoneexampleIcouldfindwasadrawing,notapicofanactual
nail,butitdoesshowcorrectlywhattheylooklike:

framingscrewAvaguetermthatseemstobeappliedtoanyscrew,regardlessoftype,ifitisusedinaframingapplication.
FrenchcleatAsimple,strongmountingmechanismforwallcabinets(ormostanyheavywallmountedobjectthathas,orthatcanbe
madetohave,aflatback).The"cleat"isnothingmorethanabeveledplankthatismountedtothewallstudsandthatthenprovidesalong
"hook"onwhichtohangtheflatbackedobject,asshownintheexamplebelow.Acorrsponding"hook"plank(alsobeveled)is
glued/screwedontothetopbackoftheobjecttobehung.
needtoaddfrenchcleatpics
frictionhingeAnyhingethathasafrictionmechanisminthe(hinge)barrelthatcausesfrictionbetweenthe(hinge)knucklestokeep
adooropenatanyfixedposition.Althoughawellbalancedbutthingewillallowadoortositatanyposition,astrongbreezewillmove
thedoorunlessthehingeisafrictionhingeandthenitwilltakealittlemoreforcetomovethedoor.
fullmortisehingeAnyhingethathasbothofits(hinge)leavessittinginmortisesratherthanbeingsurfacemounted.Leavesthatsit
inmortisesareflushwiththesurfacethattheyarein,sothattheydonotgetinthewayofthedoorclosing.Compare/contrasttofull
surfacehinge.
fullsurfacehingeAnyhingethathasbothofits(hinge)leavessurfacemountedratherthansittinginmortises.Leavesthatare
surfacemountedcan,dependingonwheretheyaremounted,interferewiththeclosingofadoor,orattheveryleastrequireagapthat
wouldnotberequirediftheyweremortised.Theadvantageofsurfacemountedleavesisverysimple...youdon'thavetocreateamortise.
Compare/contrasttofullmortisehinges.
fullwraparoundhingeAtypeofhingethatwrapsaroundboththeedgeandthebackofbothadoorandthefaceframeonaninset
faceframecabinet.Itprovidesstrengthandafull180degreeopeningrange.YouCOULDdothesamejobwithabutthingebutyou'd
havetoputscrewsonlyintotheedgeofeachwhereasthefullwraparounddesignallowsmountingscrewsinboththeedgeandtheback
ofthedoorandtheframe.Sometimes270degreehingesarecalledwraparoundhinges(andseveralvariationsonthatname,whichare
listedwiththeterm270degreehinge),buttheitemshownhereiswhatisnormallyintendedbythetermfullwraparoundhingeandthere
isanotherstylecalledthepartialwrapaoundhinge.Thepartialwraparoundhingeistypicallyusedinaframelesscabinetwhereasthe
fullwraparoundisusedinafaceframecabinet.Examples:

fullyconcealedhingeAnyhingethathastheentiremechanismhiddenfromviewwhenthehingedobjectisclosed.Thisishighly
desirableonsomeobjects,suchasjewelryboxesandentertainmentcentercabinetdoors.Thereareseveraltypesoffullyconcealedhinges,
themostcommonofwhicharelistedbelowwithlinkstotheirfulldefinitionsandillustrations.Theninthecompositepicbelowthatare
shownanumberof"miscellaneous"concealedhinges,someofwhichhaveabodystylethatisVERYclosetotheSOSShinge,butthe
mechanismisslightlydifferent.Compare/contrasttopartiallyconcealedhinge.
barrelhingetype#1hascylindrical(barrelshaped)leavesandflatplatsasknuckles
Europeanhingeatypeofzeroclearancehingewidelyusedincabinetdoors
SOSShingesimilartobarrelhingebutwithstrongermountingmechanism

galvaniccorrosionAprocessthatcausescorrosionindissimilarmetalsthatareincontactwitheachotherinthepresenceofsaltwater
(orcertainotherchemicals)thecombinationofmetalsandelectrolytecreatesanelectronicprocesswhichseparatesmaterialoffofoneof
themetallicsurfaces.Nonconductingphenolicwashersareusedtopreventthiswhen,forexample,steelscrewsareusedinaluminum
blocks.
gatehook[alsogatehook]Atypeofhookingsystemmostoftenusedtokeepscreendoorsclosed.Itconsistsofaneyehookoneach
endandalong,speciallyshapedcuphookattachedtooneofthemandfittingintotheother.Alsocalleda"hookandeye".Examples:

glassdoorhingeAtypeofpivothingedesignedspecificallyforusewithglassdoors.Whataccomodatesglassdoorssowellisa"U"
crosssectionedbracketthatholdstheglass.Sometimesscrewsareusedtoholdthebracket,butmoreoftenitisgluedtotheglass(or
installedasapressurefitwithhighfrictionrubber)soastoavoidhavingtodrillscrewholesintheglass.The(hinge)pinthenprotrudes
directlyupordownintotheframe.Ihaveseenevenveryheavyfullsizedglassdoorsmountedwiththistechnique,butitismore
commonlyusedindisplaycasesandhomeentertainmentcenters.Examples:

grubscrewsynonymouswithsetscrew
gudgeonThe"hole"partofapintleandgudgeonhinge.Whenusedonships'rudders,thegudgeonisalmostalwaysaUshapedstrap
withtheholeathemiddleoftheU,butinotherapplication,othertypesareused.Examples:

gutterspikeThisisalongnail(usuallyabout7"to8"longandupto3/8"indiameter,althoughmorelike1/4"ismorecommon)that
isspecificallyusedtoinstallroofgutters.Asshowninthecompositepicbelow,thenailisputintotheouterholeinthegutter,then
insertedthroughtheferruleandthenthroughtheinnerholeinthegutteranddrivenintothefascia.Theferrulepreventsthenailfrombeing
hammeredinsofarthatitbendsthegutter.Generally,thesearequitesimilartocommonnailsinappearance,buttheendoftheshankmay
beridgedforbetterholdingpower.Therearelongscrewsthatarealsousedspecificallyforthesamejobforevenmoreholdingpower.

Examples:

handcountersinkAmanualtoolthatallowsyoutodrillouttheupperportionofaholesothattheheadofascrewwillsitflushwith
thefaceoftheobjectitisputinto.Thereisaversionthatisusedindrillsjustcalledthecountersinkbit.Examples:

handednessVariousitemsinwoodworking,includingtools,locks,closers,somehingesandotherhardware,requirethatyoutakeinto
accountadirectionofmotionand/oramethodofmountingtoaccomdatethatmotion.Themostwidelyknownhandedtooisthescissors.
It'sveryannoyingtousea"normal"pairofscissorsinyourlefthandsolefthandedscissorsweredeveloped.Forhinges,seehinge
handedness.
handscrewAtraditionalwoodworkingclampwithtwolongwoodenjawsjoinedbytwothreadedrodsthathavehandlesinlinewith
theshank.Therodsadjustindependentlybyturningthehandles,whichallowsyoutopositionthejawsparalleloratanglestooneanother.
Handscrewscomeinavarietyofsizes,basedonthelengthofthejaws,generallyfromabout4"toasmuchas12".Therearetwo
disadvantagesofahandscrews.First,there'snoquickreleasetheonlywaytomovethejawsisbytheslowturningofthescrews,and
second,itishardtotellwhenthesurfacesarereallyparalleltotheworkpiece(andthusprovidingevenpressure).Examples:

hangerboltAmetalcylinder(nottaperedandmostcommonlysteel)withscrewthreadsononeendandmachinethreadsontheother
endandthecentereitherfullythreadedor,moreoften,"plain"whichmeansthereisasectionwithoutthreadingtomakeinstallation

easier(youcangriptheunthreadedpartwithvisegrips).Oftenusedwithcornerbracesontheundersideoftablecorners,wherethescrew
threadedendisscrewedintothetablelegandthemachinescrewendrunsthroughananglebracketandwhichcanthenbetightenedbythe
boltonthethatendofthehangerbolt.Anotheruseisinoverheadinstallationofthingsthatneedamachinescrewtoattachtobuthaveto
gointoawoodenjoist.Donotconfusewithdowelscrewwhichseemssomewhatsimilarbuthasscrewthreadsonbothendsandhas
completelydifferentuses.Vendorssometimeslistthesetwodifferentitemsindiscriminatelyasonebeingtheother.Examples:

head(1)Thetopportionofanail,screw,bolt,andmanyotheritems.Thedesignoftheheadoftendistinguishesbetweenandamong
suchitemsandisspecifictoparticularusesandtools.
head(2)Theareaatthetopofawindowordoorinabuilding.Seealsoheader.
headboltAboltthatistobescrewedintoathreadedpieceofmetal,asopposedtobeingputTHROUGHapieceandfastenedonthe
othersidewithanut.AheadboltinpracticeisidenticaltootherboltsthenameisbasedontheUSE,notthedesign.TheheadboltIS
likelytobethreadedallthewayuptheshankwhereassomeboltshaveanunthreadedsectionnearthehead.
headsideThepieceofwoodinajointthroughwhichascrewornailpassesonitswayintothereceivingpiece,whichisknownasthe
pointside.
hexagonhingeSupposedly,thisisatypeofbutthingeusedwithacabinetthatissetata45degreeangleinacorner,whichmakesthe
doorandthetwoareastoeachsideofitthreepartsofahexagon,thusthename.Thepanelsofthedoorarebeveledonthebacksideto135
degreesandthishingeisdesignedtoworkwiththat.Thesetypesofdoorsarecommoninkitchens.NOTE:IhaveseenVERYfew
referencestothistypeofhinge,Ifoundonepicofitandforgottosaveitandcouldnotfinditagain(itwasabutthingewithananglein
oneleaf)andIamdoubtfulabouttheneedforthistypeofhingesincefortheintendedapplication,dependingonthedesiredmounting
techniqueandthespecificsofthedoor/cabinetarrangement,onecoulduseasimplebutthingeorahalfcrankedhingeorafullwrap
aroundhingeorapartialwraparoundhinge.
hexcapscrewAcapscrewwithahexagonalhead
hexcouplingnutseecouplingnut
hexheadboltAboltwitha6sidedheadthatcanbeeasilyturnedwithacrescentwrench.Suchboltsmaybethreadedalltheway
alongtheshankornot.Examples:

hexheadnut(also"hexnut")Amachinenutwithahexagonalshapedouterrim.
HhingeBasically,abutthingewithan"H"shapeforuseoninsetdoors.Althoughsomeversionscouldbeedgemountedhinges,

thatdoesnotseemtobeatallthenormandmostofthemarefacemountedhinges.Somearespecificallydesignedforuseondoorsthat
areabitthinforedgemountedbutthinges.Inanycase,the"H"shapemeansthe(hinge)leavesaretallerthanthe(hinge)barrelwhichis
abitlikeonaparlimenthingebutmoreextreme.TheshortbarrelisOKbecausethistypeofhingeisdesignedforonlymodestload
bearingrequirementsandthelongleavesarebothfordecorativeeffectandtoprovidealongersurfaceinwhichtoputmountingholes.
Somethatareusemostlyfordecorativepurposeshavemountingholeonlyatthetopandbottomofeachleaf.SmallHhingestendtobe
usedforcabinethinges,whilelargeronesareforpassagedoorsorclosetdoors.AverysimilarhingeistheHLhinge.Examples:

hiddenhingesynonymouswithfullyconcealedhinge
highcollarlockwasherAnextrathicksplitringlockwasher.Examples:

hilothreadAtypeofscrewthreadwherethereareactuallytwocoursesofthread,onehigherthantheother.Theseofferlowdriving
torqueandfairlyhighholdingpowerinmaterialthatissomewhatcurmblysuchasmasonry,wallboard,particleboard,hardboard,etc.
Itisalsofairlyeffectiveinverysoftwoods.Thedesigntrapsmaterialbetweenthehigherthreadswithoutcausingittocrumble.Examples:

hingeUsuallyathreepartmechanism,normallybutnotnecessarilymadeofmetal,thatholdstwopiecesofwood(orothermaterial)

togetherinawaythatallowsthemtorotate,toalimiteddegree,relativetoeachother,aroundtheaxisofthehinge.Thepartsofthe
commontypesofhingesarethe(hinge)pinandtwo(hinge)leavesbuttherearemoretypesofhingesthanyoucanshakeastickatandnot
everyoneofthemisofthebasic(butthinge)typeorevenavariationonit.Theyaremostcommonlyusedfordoorsbuthaveotheruses
(e.g.shipsrudders,dropleaftables).Typesofhinges,andhingerelatedterms,include:NOTE:INCOMPLETESECTIONsomeof
thetermsbelowarenotyetdefinedandthereareothersnotyetlisted.Pleasenotethatsomeofthe"definitions"givenhereareoverly
simplisticforbrevityandthefulldefinitionsshouldbeexaminedforafullunderstandingoftheterm.Also,whilethislistisreasonably
comprehensive,itisnotexhaustive.Therearesomehingetypesthataresorarelyseen/usedthatlittleinformationisavailableonthemand
itisalsopossiblethatsomeofthemareonlyavailablefromonemanufacturer.Ifigurethatiftheyarethatobscure,Idon'treallyneedto
havethemhere.Anexampleofthisisthe"pivotreinforced(butt)hinge".
270degreehingeallowsdoortorotate270degrees
anchorhingeaverystrongdoorhingewithextramountingflapsontheleaves
architecturalballbearinghingesameasballbearinghinge
architecturalhingeadoorhingeforeithercommercialorresidentialuse
balltiphingeAnyhingewithafinialtipthatisshapedlikeaball
barrelThecylindricalpartofahingethroughwhichthepinpasses.
ballbearinghingehasballbearingsbetweenthehingeknucklestoreducefriction
barrelhingetype#1hiddentype,notforheavydutyuse
barrelhingetype#2forheavyusewithwood
barrelhingetype#3forusewithmetaldoors/gates
bifolddoorhingetwostyles,bothdesignedforusewithbifolddoors
butthingethe"normal"or"standard"hinge
butterflyhingeabutthingewithashapelikebutterflywings(butinGreatBritian,thenameissynonymouswithparliment
hinge)
butlertrayhingeforthosebreakfastinbedtrays
cabinethinge
cafedoorhingesameasdoubleactionspringhinge
camlifthingeselfclosing
casehingesupposedlythisisjustanameusedforadecorativebutthinge,butIamunsureofthevalidityofthisterm
cardtablehingeallowsacardtabletofoldup
casementhingeforusewithacasementwindow
cliponhingeNOTDONEYET
coachhingesameasbutthinge
counterflaphingeusedforcounterflapsofthetypeoftenseeninbarsanddiners
concealedhingeanyhingethathassomeorallofitspartsconcealedfromview(seepartiallyconcealedandfullyconcealed)
continuoushingesameaspianohinge
crankedhingesee"singlecrankedhinge","doublecrankedhinge",andflushcrankedhinge"
cuphingesameaEuropeanhinge
demountablehingespecialtyhingeforcabinetdoors(seesingledemountableanddoubledemountable)
dogbolthingesameassecurityhinge
doorhingeabutthingestrongenoughtoholdahousedoor
doorleafthehingeleafthatisattachedtothedoor,nottheframe/carcass
doorwingsameasdoorleaf
dropflaphingeusedwithverticalpanelthatdropsdowntobecomeahorizontalworksurface
dropleafhingeusedwithdropleaftable
doubleactionspringhingeusedtohangadoorthatwillswinginbothdirections
doublebarrelhingesameasdoubleactionspringhinge
doublecrankedhingeallows180degreesofmovement,usedalotwithstormwindows
doubledemountablehingespeciallymadeforcabinetdoorinstallations
doublehingeallowsadoortoswingbothinwardandoutward
edgemountedhingeismountedontheedge,notthefrontorback,ofthedoorandframe
endplaytheamountthatoneleafcanmoverelativetotheotherandparalleltothepin[seehingedimensions]
EuropeanconcealedhingesameasEuropeanhinge
Europeanhingeatypeofconcealed,zeroclearancehingewidelyusedincabinetdoors
exposedhingeanyhingethathassomeorallofitspartsexposedtoview
facemountedhingemountedonthefrontorback,asopposedtotheedge,ofthedoorandframe.
fastpinhingehasapermanentlyattached,ratherthanremovable,hinge
finialtippedhingeanyhingewherethetopofthepinistippedbyaturnedfinial
fixedpinhingeatypeofsecurityhinge
flaphingesameascounterflaphinge
flipperdoorhinge
floatinghinge
floorcloserspringloadeddeviceinthefloorbelowapivothingetoclosethedoor
flushcrankedhingespecialtytypeofsinglecrankedhinge
flushhingehasarecessinoneleafintowhichtheotherleaffolds
foldingscreenhingeprovides360degreesofmovementforfoldingscreens
foldingtablehingesameasbutlertrayhinge
frameleafthehingeleafthatisattachedtotheframe/carcassnotthedoor
framewingsameasframeleaf
frictionhingeholdsdoorinanyfixedpositionbyafrictionmechanisminthebarrel
fullmortisehingehasbothleavessittinginmortises
fullsurfacehingehasbothleavessurfacemountedinsteadofsittinginmortises
fullwraparoundhingeprovidesextrastrengthfora180degreeopening

fullyconcealedhingeanyhingethathasallofitspartsconcealedfromviewwhenclosed
gatehingeanyhingestrongenoughtoholdagate(seegatestraphingeandgateThinge)
gatestraphingeAstraphingethatisstrongenoughtoholdagate
gateThingeAThingethatisstrongenoughtoholdagate
glassdoorhingepivothingeforglassdoors
halfmortisehingesameassinglemortisehinge
handednessopendirectionsometimesdetermineswhichwayahingehastobemounted
hexagonhingeforangledcabinetdoors
HhingeHshapedbutthingeusedoninsetdoors
hingedimensionsagraphicshowingthevariousdimensionsofhinges
hingehandednesssomehingeshavetobemountedinaparticularorientation,asexplainedinthisterm
hingelengthdimensionofhingeleavesparalleltothepin[seehingedimensions]
hingepinthemetalrodthatholdsthetwopartsofahingetogether
hingeStileadoorstiletowhichahingeisaffixed
hiddenhingesameasfullyconcealedhinge
hingecuppartofaEuropeanhinge
hingepitchThedistancefromapointonaknuckletothesamepointonanadjacentknuckleonthesameleaf
invisiblehingesameasfullyconcealedhinge
hingefinialafinialonthetop/bottomofahingepin
(hinge)knuckleonesectionofthebarrel
(hinge)leafthepartofahingethatattachestosomething
hingemountingpositionsandstylesagraphiconhinges
(hinge)pinelongatedcylinderthatisthecenterofrotationofahinge
hingewidthfullwidthofahingeincludeingbothleaves[seehingedimensions]
liftinghingesameascamlifthinge
HLhingespecialtyshapebutthinge,similartoHhinge
hospitaltiphingebarrelendsbeveledsonothingcanbehungonthebarrel
industrialhingeaheavydutyarchitecturalhinge
knucklelengththedimensionofaknuckleparalleltothepin[seehingedimensions]
leafwidthdimensionofleafperpendiculartothepin[seehingedimensions]
liftoffhingeallowsthehingedpaneltobeliftedoff
loosepinhingeanyhingewhichhasaloose(floating)pinsothattheknucklescanbeseparated
mortisedhingeanyhingethathasbothleavessittinginmortises
nomortisehingecouldrefertoanysurfacemountedhingebutusuallymeansabifolddoorhinge
oliveknucklehingeHhingewithjusttwoacornshapedknuckles
overlayhinge
paintclearancespacingthatavoidshavingaleafscrapepaintoffofanopposingknuckle[seehingedimensions]
parlimenthingeabutthingewiththetopandbottomscollopedoutforadecorativelook
partiallyconcealedhingeanyhingethatispartiallyhiddenwhenclosed
partialwraparoundhingelikeafullwraparoundhingebutonlyoneleafwraps
paumellehingesimilartoanoliveknucklehingebutwithveryelongated"olives"
pianohingelongcontinuousstrip
pinseehingepin
pinhingea"hinge"thatisnothingbutasinglepin
pintleandgudgeondesignedforshipruddersbuthasotheruses
pitchdistancefromapointonaknuckletothesamepointonthenextknuckleup[seehingedimensions]
pivotdoorhingeletsyouopenacabinetdoor90degreesandthenslideitbackintothecabinet
pivotdoorslidecanmeaneitherpivotdoorhinge,orjusttheslidingpartthereof
pivotdoorrunnertherunner/slideportionofapivotdoorhinge
pivothinge(1)onetypeofscissorhinge
pivothinge(2)hasprotrudingpinspointingstraightupandstraightdown
plainbearinghingeahingewithnoballbearingsoroilimpregnatedorantifrictionbearings
projectionhingedesignedtoavoidprojections
quadranthingespecialtyhiddenhingeforjewleryboxesandsuch
rackandpinionpivotdoorhingeaparticulartypeofpivotdoorhinge
raisedbarrelhingethebarrelisbentofftoonesideofapplicationswhereadoorissetbackintheframe(relativetotheopening
direction)
removablehingeremovablewithnoscrewdriver(seeliftoffhingeandcliponhinge)
residentialhingealightdutyarchitecturalhinge
risingandfallingbutthingesameascamlifthinge
risingbutthingesameascamlifthinge
saloondoorhingesameasdoubleactingspringhinge
scissorhingehashorizontalleavesthatfitintothetopbottomofadoorinsteadoftheback,rearedge,orface
securityhingehaspinsthatpreventopeningadooronthehingeside
selfcenteringbitdrillbitusedforhingemountingholes
selfclosinghingeAnytypeofhingethatclosesautomatically(seecamliftandspringloaded)
semiconcealedhingesameaspartiallyconcealedhinge
sewingmachinghingesameasbutlertrayhinge
showerdoorhingesameaspivothinge
sideplaymovementofaleafperpendiculartothepin[seehingedimensions]
singlecrankedhingecrankedhingewithadogleginonlyoneleaf,notboth
singledemountablehingespeciallymadeforcabinetdoorinstallations
singlemortisehingeahingethathasonlyoneleaf(normallytheframeleaf)sittinginamortise

slipjointhingesameasliftoffhinge
SOSShingesimilartobarrelhingebutlargermountingsections
springedhingesameasspringloadedhinge
springloadedhingeanytypeofhingethatusesaspringtomakethehingeselfclosing
springpivothingepivothingewithaspringmechanismonthepininthefloortoclosethedoor
stormproofhingesameas"crankedhinge",butmostoftenmeans"doublecrankedhinge"
straphingemostlyforheavydutyuse(gatesandheavydoors)
surfacemountedhingedoesnotuseanymortises
swingclearhingesameasdoublecrankedhinge
Thingelikeastraphingebutwithoneshortleaf
teehingesameasThinge
twoleafhingehas2separatemeaningsseefulldefinition
twowayhingereferstobothdoubleactionspringhingesandfoldingscreenhinges
weldonhingesameasbarrelhingetype#3
wideswinghingeonewideleafandanoffsetbarreltogivefulldoorframeclearance
widethrowhingesameaswideswinghinge
windowhinge
winganothernameforleaf(IbeliefthistermismostlyusedinGreatBritain,nottheUSA)
wraparoundhingeprovidesextrastrengthfora180degreeopeningseefullwraparoundhingeandpartialwraparoundhinge
zeroclearancehingeavoidsobstuctingpulloutdrawers
zeroprotrusionhingesameaszeroclearancehinge

hingebarrelTheportionofthe(hinge)leavesthatcontainsthe(hinge)knucklesthatacceptthe(hinge)pin.Whentalkingaboutthis
iteminrelationtohinges,itisnevercalledthe"hingebarrel",itisjustcalledthe"barrel".Foranillustration,seehingeparts.
hingecuppartofaEuropeanhinge
hingedimensionsThegraphicbelowdescribesthevariousdimensionsthatapplyto"standard"hingessuchasthebutthinge(butnot
tosomeothertypessuchastheEuropeanhinge).
needtoaddhingedimensionspics
hingefinialAfinialthatisputonthetoporbottomofahingepintogivethehingeamoredecorativeappearance.Examples:

needtoaddhingefinialpics
hingehandednessadddefinition
hingeknuckleThepartsofahingethatmakeupthe(hinge)barrelthroughwhichthe(hinge)pingoes.Foranillustrations,seehinge
partsandhingedimensions.
hingeleaftheflatpartofahingethatattachestoaframeortheobjectbeinghinged.Whentalkingaboutthisiteminrelationtohinges,
itisnevercalledthe"hingeleaf",itisjustcalledthe"leaf",althoughsometimestheonethatattachestoadooriscalledthe"doorleaf"and
theonethatattachestoaframeiscalledthe"frameleaf".Foranillustration,seehingeparts.
hingelengthThelengthoftheleavesofahingeparalleltothepin.Seehingedimensions.
hingemountingpositionsandstylesAgraphicshowingvariouswaysthathingescanbemountedontheedgeandfaceofadooror
frame,withandwithoutmortises.

hingepartsAsimpleillustrationofthe(hinge)barrel,the(hinge)leaf,the(hinge)knuckle,andthe(hinge)pinsectionsofacommon

stylehinge.Iput"(hinge)"infrontofthesetermsbecausetechnically,that'stherightname,butitisoverlyformalandnotnormallyused
inthecontextoftalkingaboutahinge.Sometimes,dependingonwhatisbeinghingedandhowitisbeinghinged,thetwoleavesmaybe
referredtoasthedoorleafandtheframeleaf(forexample,thiswouldapplywhenhangingahousedoor.Theknucklesofthetwoleaves
mateuptoformahollowcylindercalledthebarrel,intowhichisslippedthepin.Thisisthesimple,or"standard"hingestyle,butthereare
manyothers,someofwhichdonotlookanythinglikethis.Theillustrationshownbelowisabutthingebutitisillustrativeingeneralof
manystyles.

hingepinthesolidcylindercentralpartofahingethatslipsintothe(hinge)knucklestokeepthetwo(hinge)leavesfromseparating.
Whentalkingaboutthisiteminrelationtohinges,itisrarelycalledthe"hingepin",itisnormallyjustcalledthe"pin".Foranillustration,
seehingeparts.
hingepitchOnahinge,thisisthelengthfromonepointonaknuckletothesamepointonthenextknuckleup,takenparalleltothe
(hinge)barrel.Seehingedimensions.Itisinterestingtonotethateveniftheknucklesontheleavesaredifferentheights,thepitchwillbe
thesameonbothleaves(assumingthereisnotanunusualamountofendplayduetoonesetofknucklesbeingshorterthantheopening
leftbytheotherset).
hingestileAdoorstiletowhichahingeisaffixed.
hingewidthThedistancefromtheouteredgeofoneleaftotheouteredgeoftheotherleafwhenthehingeislyingflat.Seehinge
dimensions.
HLhingeSimilartoanHhingeexceptthatthereisalonghorizontaltabononeleafwhichmeansitHAStobefacemountedrather
thanedgemounted.LargeHLhingeswerecommonforpassagedoors,roomdoorsandclosetdoorsinthe17th,18thandeven19th
centuries.OntallerdoorsHhingeswereoccasionallyusedinthemiddlealongwithHLhingesatthetopandbottom.Inoticedthatevery
exampleIfoundofthistypehingehadplainborescrewholes,nevercountersunk.Ihypothesizethatthisisbecausebackwhenthesewere
incommonuse,cleanlycountersinkingthescrewholeswasnotastrivialasitistodayandcountersunkscrewswerelikelynotasreadily
available.Sincetheseareusedatboththetopandthebottomofadoorthereisahandednesstothem.Theyarealwayspositionedsothat
thetophingehasthelongleafportionatthetopandthebottomonehasitatthebottom.Examples:

hookAmetalrod,threadedononeendandbentontheotherendintoashapethatdependsontheuse.Commontypes:
cuphook
eyehook
Shook
shoulderhooksameas"L"hook

Lhook
safetygatehooksameasgatehook
gatehook
screendoorhooksameasgatehook

hookandeyesynonymouswithgatehook
hospitaltiphingeAbutthingewitha(hinge)barrelthatisbeveledonboththetopandthebottomtowardsthedoorwhenthedooris
closed.Thisisforuseindetentioncentersandhospitalsandistopreventthebarrelfrombeingusedtohangthings(mostparticularlyself
hangingofsuicidalpeople).Examples:
needtoaddhospitaltiphingepics
industrialhingeAheavydutyarchitecturalhingeforuseinpublicplaceswheredoorsaresubjectedtomuchheavierusethanare
doorsinresidentialsettingswhichuselighterdutyversionsofarchitecturalhingescalled"residentialhinges".
insertnutsynonymouswiththreadedinsert
internalexternaltoothlockwasherAlockwasherforwhichthelockingmechanismisasetofteetharoundtheinnerrimand
anotheraroundtheouterrimofwhatwouldotherwisebeaflatwasher.Thistypehasthesamedisadvantageastheexternaltoothlock
washerinthatitwillmarthesurface(oftheobjectbeingclamped)whereitshows,butthistypehasthegreatestlockingpowerofthe
toothedtypelockwashers.Examples:

internalexternalwashersynonymouswithinternalexternaltoothlockwasher
internaltoothlockwasherAlockwasherforwhichthelockingmechanismisasetofteetharoundtheinnerrimofwhatwould
otherwisebeaflatwasher.Thistype,ascontrastedtoanexternaltoothlockwasher,haslessholdingpower,butwillnotmarthesurface
(oftheobjectbeingclamped)whereitshows.Examples:

invisiblehingesynonymouswithfullyconcealedhinge

jamnutathinnerthanusualmachinenutthatisusedspecificallytobejammedupagainstanormalnut(orpossiblyanotherjamnut)
sothatthepressureofthetwooneachothermakesitverydifficultforeithertomove.Thepointistocreateasituationwherethepairof
nutstogetherwillnotloosenduetovibrationwhereasasinglenutmight.Jamnutsaretypicallyhalfthethicknessofnormalnuts.Theycan
alsobeusedinsituationswhereitisdesirabletotightenanutquitealotbutwithoutputtingpressureontotheobjectthattheboltisgoing
throughinthissituationthenormalnutisputintopositionwithlightpressureandthenthejamnutistightenedupagainstitsothatthe
twotogetherwillnotvibrateoffofthebolt,butthereisonlylightpressure(bythenutononesideandtheboltheadontheotherside)
againstthepiecesbeingclampedtogether.Examples:

JboltArodthreadedononeendandthenbentintoa"J"shape.Mostoftenthebendisauniform"U"shapebutitcanbemorecircular
orlesscircularandmoreofjustaslightlymorethat90degreesbend.ThepurposeofaJboltistobeembeddedinconcretewiththe
threadedpartextendingupoutoftheconcreteandthus,likeit'scousintheLboltitissometimescalleda"castinplace"bolt.Examples:

Kepnutseelocknut
Klocknutseelocknut
knuckleseehingeknuckle
knucklelengthseehingedimensions
lagboltAcommonlyused(buttechnicallyincorrect)alternatenameforwhatismoreoften,andmorecorrectly,calledalagscrew.
ThisfastenerdoesNOTtakeanutsoit'sscrew,notabolt.(seeboltsvsscrews).
lagpintleAparticulartypeofpintlewhichisjustanLshapedcylinderwiththreadsononeendandashortbarrelstopbelowthepin.
Itisattachedbyjustscrewingitin.Widelyusedinmountingtoaroundgatepostwherethenormalstraptypepintleandtheplatepintle
don'tfitwell.Examples:

lagscrewAscrewwithahexagonalheadsothatitcanbeturnedwithawrenchinsteadofascrewdriver,thusallowingmoretorque.
Typicallyusedforheavydutyjointssuchasscrewingacoupleoftwobyfourstogetherorscrewingaloadbearingmetalplateonto
timber,butalsousedwithalagscrewshieldtoscrewthingsintomasonry.Duetotheneedforstrengththeseareprettymuchalways
madeofsteel.Theycomeinawidevarietyofdiametersandlengths.Theyarealsocalled,technicallyincorrectly,andlesscommonly,"lag
bolts"becauseofthestraightshankandtheheadthatismorecommonlyseenonaboltthanascrewtheyhavewoodscrewtypethreads
andarenotdesignedtoscrewintoanut.Seeboltvsscrew.Example:

lagscrewshieldAleadsleevethatisputintomasonrysothatalagscrewcanbeusedtoattachsomethingtoit.Operationissimilarto
thatofanexpansionanchorbolt.Examples:

lathnailAslendernailthatisusedtoattachlathtostuds.Itisskinnysoastoavoidsplittingthelathstrips.Sometimesparticularly
shortlathnailswillhaveridgesalongtheshanktoenhanceholdingpower.Inotethatalthoughthedefinition,andcommonsense,saythat
thelathnailisandshouldbeslender,somenailssoldaslathnailsareNOTparticularlyslender.Examples:

LboltArodthreadedononeendandthenbentintoan"L"shape.ThepurposeofanLboltistobeembeddedinconcretewiththe
threadedpartextendingupoutoftheconcreteandthus,likeit'scousintheJboltitissometimescalleda"castinplace"bolt.Examples:

leadscrewAdevicethatusesathreadedrodwithamechanismridingonittotranslaterotationalmotiontolinearmotion.Avery
commonwoodworkingapplicationisinabenchvisewhichusesalargeleadscrewtotranslatetherotationalmovementoftheturningrod
tothein/outmotionofthevisejaws.Leadscrewsdonotworkaswellifthethreadprofileistriangularasonaboltastheydoifthe
threadsaremorerectangularincrosssection.Evenwithrectangularcrosssectionthreadsandaheavycoatingofgrease,leadscrewsare
notdesignedforcontinuous,poweredmotionbecauseofthefrictioninherentintheirdesign.Asimilardevicewithlessfriction,butmore
costlymanufacturing,istheballscrew.
leafwidthInahinge,thisisthedistancefromthecenterofthe(hinge)barreltotheouteredgeofa(hinge)leaf.Seehinge
dimensions.
LhookAsmallmetalrod,threadedononeendandbentintoan"L"shapeontheunthreadedportion,anditmayormaynothavea
circularflangeseparatingthetwosections.Thedeviceisscrewedintoawallorotherholdingelementsothatthingscanbehungfromit.
Examples:

liftoffhingeAtypeofhingethatallowsthehingeditem(suchasacabinetdoor)tobeliftedoffofthefixeditem(suchasthecabinet)
justbyliftingitupandwithouttheneedforanytools.Thesemayormaynotbeatypeofcamlifthingeandiftheendofthebarrel

oppositetheonethroughwhichthepinprotrudes/entersistotallyclosed,thesemaybesoldunderthedesignationbarrelhinge(type2).
Othertypesofhingesthatcanbeliftofftypes(butwillnotnecessarilybe)includetheHLhinge,theoliveknucklehinge"andothers.
Examples:

locknutAnutwithsomesortofmechanismthatpreventsvibrationfromlooseningit.Therearetwobasicforms,bothshowninthe
compositepicbelow.Thefirstisacaptivewashernut,whichsimplyhasalockwasher(generallyanexternaltoothtype)thatis
integratedwith,andnotremovablefrom,thenut.Thewashermayormaynotspinfreelyforthefixedpositionwasher,thetighteninghas
tobedonefromtheboltend,whereasifthewasherspinsfreely,thenutORtheboltmaybetightened.Whenthewasherspinsfreely,this
typeisknownasa"Klock"nutora"Kep"nutThesecondisthenyloninserttypewhichhasanyloncenterinsteadofametalonethe
nyloncompressessomewhatwhenforceisappliedduringthetighteningofthebolt,thuscreatingaspringlikeforceagainstthenut.
Anothermechanismthatkeepsnutsfromvibratinglooseisthecastlenutwhichisnotnormallycalleda"locknut",justacastle
nut.Examples:

lockwasherAwasherthatinsomewaycausesthescreworboltheadtolockinplacesothatitwillnotbeaffectedbyvibrations.
Machineryparts,forexample,oftenvibrateseverelyandaboltcanjustbackrightoutofaholebecauseofthevibrationsosomekindof
pressureisneededtokeeptheboltfrommovinginthefirstplace.Lockwashersarerarelyneededinwoodbecausewoodwon'tgenerally
vibrateascrewoutofitsholethewaythreadedmetalwill.Theprimarytypesoflockwasherare:
externaltooth
internalexternaltooth
internaltooth
splitring

loosepinhingeThe"normal"typeof(hinge)pinthepinisnotpermanentlyaffixedtoanyofthe(hinge)knucklesbutratherfloats
freelyandcanberemovedsothattheknucklescanbeseparated.Themostcommontypeofhingetousethisisthestandardresidential
doorhinge.Compare/contrasttofastpinhinge
machinebolt(1)Alittleusedtermthatsimplydesignatesahexheadboltorsquareheadbolt.
machinebolt(2)[littleused]synonymouswithmachinescrew.
machinenutAtermthatisrarelyusedbecauseitiswhatmostpeopleMEANwhentheysay"nut",soratherthanbeingcalleda
machinenut,itwouldnormallyjustbecalledanut.Itisatypeofnutthatcanhaveasquareorhexagonaloutsideandisabouthalfastall
asitiswide.Themorecommonnamesforthesearebasedontheshapeandare"hexnut","hexheadnut","squarenut",and"squarehead

nut".Thereisaspecialusemachinenutcalledthejamnutwhichisjustathinhexheadmachinenut.Examples:

machinescrewThisisaVERYwidelyusedtermthatisactuallyamisnomerbutperfectlyacceptablebecauseofwideusage.Anything
thatsomeonecallsa"machinescrew"is99%+suretobeasmallboltandifitisn'tabolt,it'sascrew(nota"machine"screw).Seealso,
boltsvsscrews.Thenameseemstohavecomeaboutbecauseinearlierdaysofboltsandscrews,boltswerealwaysbiggerthanscrews,so
whensmallversionsofboltsweredevelopedwiththeadventofmoreprecisethreadingcapabilities,theywerecalledmachinescrews
insteadofbolts.Compare/contrasttowoodscrew.Example:

masonrynailAtypeofnailthatisspecificallydesignedtobedrivenintomasonry.Theseareofhardenedsteelandcomeinseveral
shankstyles.Mostdefinitionssaythatamasonrynailhasaflutedshankforextraholdingpowerinmasonry,butinpracticemanyitems
soldasmasonrynailsdoNOThaveflutedridgedshanks.Thereisatypeofmasonrynail(notshowninthecompositepicbelow)thatis
specificallydesignedforholdingdownsoftermaterial,suchascarpettackstripstoaconcretefloor,thathaveanextrawidehead.
Examples:

masonryscrewAlsocalleda"concretescrew",thisisacoarsethreadscrewthat,unlikemostscrews,hasastraight,ratherthana
tapered,shank(buttheydohavetaperedends).Itisdesignedtogodirectlyintoaholedrilledinmasonrywithamasonrydrillbit.The
coarsethreadsarenecessarytogripmansonryandtheneedforstrengthdictatesthatthesearealwaysmadeofsteel.Masonryscrewshave
varioustypesofdriveheadsbutthemostcommonisacombinationflatheaddriveslotinahexagonaltoplikethatofahexheadbolt.

Similarusefastenersincludealagscrewwithalagscrewshieldandanynormalboltusedasanexpansionanchorbolt.Suchscrews
oftenusehilothreads.Examples:

mirrorscrewAscreworaboltthathasathreadedholeinthemiddleofitshead(inadditiontothedriveslot)sothatanother,smaller
screwwithalargedecorativeheadcanbescrewedintothetopofthemirrorscrewforuseinamirror(orelsewherethat"elegance"is
desired)sothatwhatshowsdoesn'tlookatalllikeascrewhead,itlookslikeadecorativecircleordome(theseheadsaretypicallybrassor
arechromeplated).Examples:

mollyboltAcleverdeviceforfasteningstufftowalls.Itconsistofacylinderofmetallicstripswithfullhollowcylindersateachend
throughwhichasmallboltisrunandaheadwithapairofspikeflanges.Youdrillaholeinawall,insertaproperlysizedmollybolt,
tightentheboltheadwhichcausesthemetalstripstobendandpressupagainsttheinsideofthewall,thusholdingthewholethingin
place.Thespikedflangesontheheadkeeptheheadfromspinningasyoutightenthebolt.Youthenremovethebolt,putthethingtobe
mountedupagainstthemollyboltheadandreinserttheboltthroughtheobject,tightenitbackdown,andvoila!Thereareversionsthat
haveasharplytaperedplasticconeontheendsothattheycanbedrivendirectlyintodrywallwithouttheneedforfirstdrillingahole.
Examples:

mortisedhingeAnyhingethathasboththedoorleafandtheframeleafsittinginmortises.Ifonlyoneleaf(anditwouldusuallybe
thedoorleaf)issittinginamortiseandtheotherisnot,thiswouldbecalleda"singlemortisehinge".Thepurposeofusingmortisesisso
thattheobjectbeinghingedcanfullyclosethatis,somehingemountingpositionsaresuchthatifoneorbothleavesarenotmortised,
thenthethicknessoftheleaf/leaveswouldkeepthedoor(orlidorwhatever)fromfullyclosing.Compare/contrasttosinglemortisehinge
andsurfacemountedhinge.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforanillustration.
mushroomheadedboltsynonymouswithtimberbolt
nailAlong,skinny,metalfastenerusedtojoinpiecesofwoodortojoinotherobjectstowood.Therearenumeroustypesofnailsand
theycanbemadefromvarioustypesofmetal.Naillengthisnormallymeasuredfromtheundersideoftheheaddowntothepoint.The
mostbasicnailtypesarecategorizedbyshape,asopposedtocoating(forwhichseethefollowinglist),size,orothercharacteristics.These
include:
annularringhasridgesaroundthecircumferenceforextraholdingpower
bradaverysmall,thinnailwillhaveeitheracommonnailstyleheadorafinishingnailstylehead,andisatypeofwirenail.
boxsameshapeascommonbutsmallerindiameterandheadsizeforagivenlength
casingsimilartofinishingnailsbutwithaslightlylargerheadoftenusedforflooring,whereafinishingnaildoesn'thavequite
enoughholdingpowerbutacommonorboxwouldhavetoolargeahead
commonusedalmostexclusivelyforconstruction,theyhaveabroadheadforgoodholdingpowerandaheftyshankforgood
shearstrength.Normallyatypeofwirenail.
concretesameamasonry
cutstampedfromsheetsteelhasaflatendandarectangularcrosssection
duplexsameasscaffolding
drywall
finishinghasaverysmallheadandthuslimitedholdingpower,butcanbesunkintothewoodandcoveredwithwoodputty.
Finishingnailsareatypeofwirenails(seefurtherdiscussionbelowthedrawing)
flooringSometimesreferredtoas"cleats,"thesearespecialnailsusedinaflooringnailer.Theyareeither"L"or"T"shapedto
fitsnuglyintotherightangleofthetongueprotrudingfromthesideofaflooringplank
framingSamesizesascommonbutwithagroovedhead
gutterspikelongnailspecificallyusedtoattachgutters
helixthenailhasasquareshankthathasbeentwisted,makingthenailverydifficulttopulloutafteritisdriveninbecauseofthe
waythespiralsgripthewoodoftenusedindecking.
horseshoenotusedinwoodworking
lathslendernailusedtoattachlathtostuds(it'sskinnytoavoidsplittingthelath)
lostheadanothernameforfinishingnail
masonryhardenedsteelfordrivingintomasonry
horseshoenotusedinwoodworking
ringshanksameasannularring
roofinghasabroadheadsoroofshingleswon'tpullthrough
scaffoldingacommonnailbutwithtwoheadssothatthenaildoesn'tgoallthewayintothewoodanditisverysimpletoinsert
aclawhammer'sclawandremovethenailusedfortemporaryscaffolding,thusthename.
screwshank
sinkerathinframingnailwithaconicalhead
spikegeneraltermforverylargenails
spiralhasaspiralridgealongtheshankforextraholdingpower
tackshort,broadheaded,highlytapered,usedforcarpetandupholstery
umbrellaheadroofingnailexceptionallybroadhead
upholsteryshort,withabroad,fancyhead
wirecanbemanyoftheothertypesdiscussed,butsonamedbecausethefabricationprocessinvolvesusingwireasthestarting
point.Commonnails,boxnails,andbradsareallusuallywirenails.

Othernailnamesbasedonthefinishratherthantheuseandthatmayapplytomorethanonebasictypeofnail.Forexample,thereare
brightcommonnailsandbrightfinishingnails
brighthasnosurfacecoatingtoinhibitcorrosion,soit'sshiny,thusthenamenotrecommendedforweatherexposureoracidic
ortreatedlumber.Theoppositeof"galvanized"nails.
cementcoatedadhesivecoatinggivesextraholdingpower

electrogalvanizedprovidesasmoothfinishwithsomecorrosionresistancebuthaslesszincdepositedonthesurfacethat
mechanicallygalvanizednails
galvanizedtreatedforresistancetocorrosionand/orweatherexposure(theoppositeof"bright"nails)
hotdipgalvanizedfirstgivenaroughfinishthatdepositsmorezincthanothermethods,andthengalvainzed,resultinginvery
highcorrosionresistancethatissuitableforsomeacidicandtreatedlumberofteneasiertobendthanothertypesofnails
mechanicallygalvanizedprovidesmorezincdepositedthanelectrogalvanizingforincreasedcorrosionresistance
phosphatecoatedtreadedwithadarkgreytoblackfinishprovidingasurfacethatbindswellwithpaintandjointcompoundand
minimalcorrosionresistance
resincoated(andvinylcoated)givenacoatingthatmeltsfromfrictionwhenthenailisdrivensoastohelplubricatethe
insertion.Thecoatingthenhardens.Thesenailscomeinvariouscolorsfromdifferentmanufacturers(tanandpinkarecommon).
sidingnailtreatedinsomewaysoastonotleaveanystainonhomesidingduetoweather
vinylcoatedseeresincoated
wroughtheaddesignedtolooklikethehandforgednailsofthelate1700s,andusedprimarilyforantiquerestoration.

nailgunAhandoperatedpowertoolwhichdrivesnailsfromacarrierstrip."Framingnailers",whichdriveframingnailsareWidely
usedintheconstructiontradesandhasprettymuchreplacedtheframminghammer."Finishnailers"drivefinishingnailsand"brad
nailers"areforreallysmallnails/brads.Examples:

nailheadThetopofanailtheportionofanailthatisstruckbyahammer.Thetwomostfundamentalcharacteristicsofanailbeyond
thematerialitismadefrom(usuallysteel)aretheshapeofthebodyandtheshapeofthehead.Headshapesrangefromaverywideflat
cylinderonaroofingnailtoanalmostnonexistentheadonafinishingnail.
nailholdingstrengthOneofthosepoorlydefined(inprecisetechnicalterms)characteristicsthatisalwaysmentionedinanyfull
discourseonthepropertiesofwood.Itreferstothedegreetowhichthewoodtendstowardeaseordifficultyinremovingnailsoncethey
havebeeninserted.Woodthathaspoornailholdingstrengthwouldobviouslybeapoorcandidatefornailedjoints.Endgraininmost
woodshaspoornailholdingstrength,someextremelypoor.Nailholdingstrength,whenmentioned,normallyreferstofaceandsidegrain
holdingstrength,notendgrain.
nailingplateAsectionofwoodattachedtometalormasonrysothatframingmemberscanbenailedtoit.Nottobeconfusedwitha
nailplate.
nailplateAsheetmetalplatestampedsothatspikesareformedononesidetograblikenailswhentheplateispressedintotimberto
jointwopieces.Widelyusedinprefabricatedrooftrusses.Nottobeconfusedwithanailingplate.Examples:

nailsizesCommonnailsaresizedbyanarchaicsystembasedonhowmanyoldBritishpenniesittookatonepointtobuy100of
them,andthesymbolforpennyistheletter"d".Whatthe???yousay...can'ttheBritishevenSPELL?Well,yes,theycan.Theycanalso
speakLatin,orusedtobeableto,andthe"d"comesfromtheRomannameforcoin(denarius),notaBritishpenny.It'ssortoflikethe
storyaboutwhyAmericanrailroadtiesareTHISfarapartbutthat'sanotherstory.ANYWAY,ittookmorepenniestobuy100ofthe
biggeronesthan100ofthesmallerones,sobiggeroneshavebigger"pennynumbers"seethechartbelowwhichshowstheapproximate

diameterandthelengthininchesofthenormalsizes.Notethatthelengthdoesnotcountthehead.Ihavesizedthisimagesothatonmy
monitor,whichissetfor1280x800pixels,thenailsarealmostexactlyfullsize.Ihavehadnoluckformanyyearsnowinbuyingany2d
nails.Nooneseemstostockthemanymore.Therearepennysizesabove20d...I'msureIhavesome30dand40daroundandIremember
buyingsome60datonepointyearsago(althoughIcan'trememberWHYIboughtthem...damnedthingsarealmostasbigasrailroad
spikes!).Reallybignailsareinfactcalledspikes.

nomortisehingeCouldrefertoanysurfacemountedhingebutusuallyissynonymouswithbifolddoorhinge.
nutA(typically)squareorhexagonalpieceofmetalwithaholethreadedthroughittoacceptabolt.Whenthetwoarescrewed
togethertightly,compressiveforceincreasesthefrictionatthethreadssuchthatthetwodonotnormallycomeapart.Sincevibrationcan
sometimesloosenanut,asplitringlockwashercanbeusedundertheheadofthebolttomaintainthecompressivepressureinthe
threadstopreventthatfromhappening.Thereareactuallyquiteavarietyoffastenersthatarecallednutsotherthanjustthecommon
squareandhextypes.Acoupleofthemareshowninthecompositimagebelow.Theitemthatiswhatismostnormallymeantbytheterm
"nut"isformallycalledamachinenut.Seealsoboltsvsscrews.Belowisacompositepicshowingmanyofthetypesofnuts,followed
byalistofthemostcommontypesusedinwoodworkingorrelatedmetalworking,linkedtomoreextensivedefinitionsandpics.

acornnutacapnutwithanacornshaped,decorativedome
capnutahexnuttoppedbyadomeorclosedcylinder
captivewasherlocknutseelocknut
castlenutonesidelookslikecastlebattlements
couplingnutjoinstwothreadedrods
flangedcapnutcapnutwithflange
flangenuthasaflangeforextrapressuredistribution
flatspeednutseespringnut
hexcouplingnutseecouplingnut
hexheadnut/hexnutseemachinenut
insertnutsynonymouswiththreadedinsert
jamnutthinhexnutusedtojamontoanothernutforlocking
locknutvariouskindsofextraholdingpowernuts

lugnutacapnutusedtoholdcartireson,notusedinwoodworking
machinenutwhatisnormallycalledahexnutorasquarenut
nylonlocknutseelocknut
pushnutseespringnut
rodcouplingnutseecouplingnut
roundcouplingnutseecouplingnut
serratedflangenutflangednutwithserrationsonthebottonofthehead
speednutseespringnut
slottedhexnutsameascastlenut
splitnutanutthatcanbeseparatedintotwohalves(sometimeshinged)
springnutspecialtytypethathasaspringingaction
squareheadnut/squarenutseemachinenut
Tnutspecialtywoodworkingnutdoesn'tturn,grabsthewood
Unutseespringnut
wheellocknutsameasserratedflangenut
wingnuttwowinglikeprojectionsthatallowyoutoturninlikeathumbscrew

nyloninsertnutseelocknut
nylonlocknutseelocknut
ogeewasheralargecastironwasherwithanogeeshapedrim.Thisistypicallyusedinveryheavyconstructionsuchasbridge
buildingbecausethelargebearingsurfacepreventsboltheadsfrompullingintothewoodunderhighload.Thisisanevenmoreheavy
dutyconstructionwasherthanthedockwasherbecause,whileitdoesnothaveagreatedOD,itismuchthicker.Examples:

oliveknucklehingeAparticularformofHhingewherethereisasingleknuckleoneach(hinge)leafandeachisshapedlikeanacorn.
Althoughthenamederivesfromitbeingshapedlikeanolive,theshapeisreallymorelikeabacktobackpairofacorns,asyoucanseein
thecompositepicbelow.Thesearenormallymortisedintotheedgeofadoorandintotheframeandonlythe(hinge)barrelwillbevisible
whenthedoorisclosed,andtheyarenormallyaformofballbearinghinge.Examples:

openendedwrenchAtypeofwrenchthatisaflatbarwithtwoseparatedprongsononeor(usually)bothendsthatfitaroundthehead
ofaboltoraroundanuttoturnit.ThesecomeinbothEnglishandmetricsizesandaresoldbothindividuallyandinsets.
Compare/contrasttocrescentwrench.Examples:

overdrivenReferstofastenersdrivenintomaterialwithtoomuchforce,breakingorcrushingthematerialundertheheadofthe
fastener.Compare/contrasttounderdriven.
paintclearanceAspacinginahinge,thisisthedimensionbetweentheinneredgeofaleafandthesurfaceoftheopposingknuckle.
Onmanyhinges,thisspaceisjustenoughsothattheleafedgedoesn'trubagainsttheknuckleandsqueek,butifahingeisgoingtobe
paintedthenthereneedstobeenoughpaintclearancesothattherotationofthehingedoesnotcausetheinsideofedgeofaleaftoscrape
thepaintoffoftheoutsideoftheopposingknuckle.Foranillustration,seehingedimensions.
parlimenthingeAtypeofhingethatseemstobemostlyusedinGreatBritain,thisisabutthingethathashadscoopsremovedatthe
topandbottomwhichshortensthe(hinge)barrel.Thisreducesitsstrength,butsomepeoplefeelthatitprovidesamoreaesthetically
pleasingappearance,eventhoughsinceitisnormallyusedasaprojectionhinge,thescallopedleavesaremostlyhiddenwhenitisclosed.
Thesearealsocalled"butterflyhinges"inGreatBritain,buttheywouldneverbeconfusedwithwhatAmericanscallabutterflyhinge.
Althoughnormallymountedasaprojectionhinge,theyareoccasionallyfacemountedandareusedjustforthedecorativeeffect,much
liketheAmericanbutterflyhingebutlessgaudyandabitmoreelegant.Examples:

partiallyconcealedhingeAnyhingethathaspart,butnotall,ofthemechanismhiddenfromviewwhenthehingedobjectisclosed.
ThisisnotsomuchaTYPEofhingeasitisaMOUNTINGTECHNIQUEforahinge.Forexample,abutthingewhenmountedtothe
edgeofadoorandtotheframedirectlyoppositetheedge(seeedgemountedhinge)isapartiallyconcealedhinge,butifthatsamehinge
isfacemountedthenitisNOTpartiallyconcealed.Compare/contrasttofullyconcealedhinge.
partialwraparoundhingeAtypeofhingethatwrapsaroundboththeedgeandthebackofeitheradoororaframeandbuttstothe
edgeoftheother.Thisisatruncatedversionofthefullwraparoundhingeitprovidesthesame180degreerangeofmotionasthefull
wraparoundbutslightlylessmountingstrength.Thepartialwraparoundhingeistypicallyusedinaframelesscabinetwhereasthefull
wrapaoundisusedinafaceframecabinet.Examples:


particleboardscrewAsthenamesays,thistypeofscrewisdesignedforusewithparticleboard.Theyareverysimilartodrywall
screws.MostdefinitionssaythattheyareTHINNERthandrywallscrews,butthatseemsoddtomesinceparticleboardisheavierthan
drywall.Lookingatscrewsthatareactuallysoldasoneortheother,itisamixedbagastowhichisthicker.Likedrywallscrews,these
havecoarsethreadsandtheouterdiamerofthethreadsislargerthantheshank.Theyhavecountersunkheadsandareusuallymadeof
steel,butunlikedrywallscrewsthecountersinkstendtobeuncurvedinsteadofthecurved("bugle")typefoundondrywallscrewsand
alsounlikedrywallscrews,thesetendtohaveanunthreadedsectionbelowthehead.ThedriveslotismostoftenanAllenhead.These
screwsoftenusehilothreads.Compare/contrasttodrywallscrewExamples:

paumellehingeAhingethat,muchliketheoliveknucklehinge,hasonlytwo(hinge)knucklesbutwiththishinge,theknucklesare
veryelongatedandhaveamodernistic,streamlinedlook.Thesearemoreaestheticallypleasing(more"decorative")than,forexample,a
plainbutthingebuttheyaresomewhatweaker.Examples:
needtoaddpaumellehingepics
phenolicAparticulartypeofthermosettingresin,thechemicalcompositionofwhichisbeyondthescopeofthisglossary.Asasolid,it
isusedinmakingnonconductionwashers(seephenolicwasherandasachemicalcompound,itisusedinsomefinishingagents.
phenolicwasherAtypeofwasherinwhichaparticulartypeofnonconductingmaterial(phenolic)isusedtopreventelectrical
conductionbetweenascreworboltandthematerialintowhichisisinserted.Thisistopreventgalvaniccorrosion,althoughthatisalso
preventedbyseveralothertypesofnonconductingshoulderwashers.Examples:

phillipsheadAtypeofscreworboltheadrequiringadriverintheshapeofplussigninsteadoftheminussignshapeofthenormal
flatheadscrewdriver.Thephillipsheaddriveprovidesalittlemoreprotectionagainststrippingtheslotsthandoesaflatheadscrewand
driver,butnotreallyallthatmuchtheystillstripprettyreadily.Compare/contrasttoflathead.Examples:

phillipsheadscrewdriverAscrewdriverwithaheadintheshapeofaplussign,ratherthantheminussignshapeofthenormalflat
headscrewdriver.Usedtodrivephillipsheadscrews,theseprovidealittlemoreprotectionagainststrippingthedriveslotsthandothe
flatheadscrewanddriver,butnotbymuch.Examples:

pianohinge[aka"continuoushinge"]Along(sometimesVERYlong)butthinge.Thenamederives,ratherobviously,fromthefact
thatthiskindofhingeisusedonpianos,amongotherthings.Examples:

pilotholeAholedrilledinaworkpiecetoreceivethethreadedportionofascrew.Thepilotholeisjustslightlysmallerthanthe
screw'sthreaddiameter.Pilotholesaredrilledforone(orboth)oftworeasonsfirst,tomakesurethescrewtravelsontheintendedpath
inthewoodratherthanbeingdeflectedbythegrainofthewoodandsecond,topreventthewoodfromsplittingwhenthescrewisinserted

manywoodspeciesarehardenoughthattheinsertionofalargenailorscrewwillnotlocallycrushthewoodfibersawayfromthe
insertedmetalashappensinsofterwood,butratherwillcausethewoodsplitalongthegrain.
pinchdogAtypeofclampthatisarectangular"U"shapedpieceofmetalwithsharpenedwedgeshapedendsthataredrivenintothe
endsofplanksthatarebeinggluedtogethersoastopullthemtogetherwithouttheuseofotherclamps.Examples:

pinhingeAhingethatconsistsofnothingbutthe(hinge)pin.Therearetwobasicusesforthisformofhinge.Thefirstiswherethe
(hinge)knucklesarejusttheobjectbeinghingeditselfandthepinisputdirectlyintoholesdrilledinthetopandthebaseoftheobjectand
thetopthenrotatesoffofthebasewiththeroationcenteredonthepin.Theseareusedinspecialtyitemssuchassmallornamentaljewelry
boxes.Thesecondtypeiswhereaflat,inset,boxlidhasapincomingoutoftherearofeachedgeandgoingintothecarcass.Examples
needtoaddpics
pintleThe"pin"portionofapintleandgudgeonhinge.Whenusedonshipsrudders,thepintleistypicallyaUshapedstrapwiththe
pinattachedatthemiddleoftheU,butinotherapplications,othertypesareused.BelowareexamplesoftheUstraptypeandforthe
othertwocommontypes,seelagpintleandplatepintle.

pintleandgudgeonAhingetypethatiswidelyusedonshiprudders.BasicallyitisapairofUshapedstrapswithone(thepintle)
havingapinpointingdownofftheendandtheother(thegudgeon)havingaholeattheendtoacceptthepin.Thegudgeonisputonthe
sternoftheshipandthepintleisputontherudder.Althoughonshipsthepairalmostuniversallyusesthe"strap"style,otherapplications
oftenuseacoupleofotherstyles,allofwhichareillustratedwiththetermspintleandgudgeon.
pipeclamp(1)Atypeofclampinwhichametalpipeisusedtoseparatethejaws,oneofwhichisfixedandtheotherofwhichhasa
screwmechanismforapplyingpressure.Thisisexactlythesameasabarclampexceptthatbarclampsaretypicallymanufacturedtofixed
sizes(1foot,2feet,3feet)whereasonecanuseapipeofanylength.Thejawsectionscanbepurchasedfromtoolcompaniesandthepipe
fromalocalhardwarestore.Jawswithdeepthroatsareavailable.
pipeclamp(2)Aholddowndevicethatclampsapipetowoodormasonry.Generallyitisahalfcylinderwithtwoflangesforscrews,
butmaybeonlyapartialcylinderwithonlyonescrewflange(inwhichcaseitisoftencalledapipestrap).Therearenumerousother
devicesthatarecalledpipeclamps,andwhichDOperformvariousmethodsofholdingdownpipes,orholdingpipestogether,etc.,but
mostarenotrelatedtowoodworkingorhouseconstructionastheseare.Thebackofthesepipeclamps/pipestrapsmayberidgedfor
extrastrength.Examplesforbothdefinitions:

type1(portablevise)

type2(pipeholddown)
pipewrenchAtypeofwrenchthatisusedonpipes.Ithastwojawsthatareadjustableviaaknurledcylinderthatmovestheupperjaw
inadirectionparalleltothehandle(normalpipewrench)orperpendiculartoit(offsetpipewrench),andthejawshavedeepserrationsso
astograbpipesfirmly.Examples:

pivotdoorhingeAtypeofhingethatiscombinedwithaslidingmechanismsothatyoucanopenacabinetdoor90degreesandthen
sliditbackoutofthewayintothecabinet.Thisismostlyusedinentertainmentcenters,armoiresandkitchencabinets.Thereisonetype
ofthishingethatusesaahref="#rackandpinon">rackandpinonstylemechanismandthisiscalled,nottoosurprizingly,a"rackand
pinionpivotdoorhinge".Examples:

pivotdoorrunnerTheslideportionofapivotdoorhinge.

pivotdoorslideThistermisusedtomeaneitherapivotdoorhingeORtheslidingportionofapivotdoorhinge.Personally,Ithinkit
shouldjustmeantheslideportion,butI'veseenitusedbothwaysandI'mnotheretomakeupdefinitions,justreporttothem.
pivothinge(1)Onetypeofscissorhinge
pivothinge(2)seeglassdoorhinge
pivothinge(3)Atypeofhingethatismadeforusewithshowerdoors,doorsinglassdisplaycases,fullsizedglassdoors,andany
otherapplicationwhereitisdesirable(ornecessary)tohavetheweightofthehingedobjectbetakenupbyasupportonitsbottomwhich
alsoactsasthehinge.Therearenumerousdesigns,someincludeinternalspringstoclosethedoorautomatically.Thoseforglassdoors
generallyhave"U"shapedsupportbracketsatthetopandbottomofthedoor,attheedgethatistobehinges(seeglassdoorhinge),with
the(hinge)pingoingupordownoutofthebracket.Forwoodendoors,onedesignusesaheavyhorizontalplatethroughwhichthepin
projects.Sothe(hinge)leavesonpivothingesarecompletlydifferentthatthemorecommontypefoundonbutthinges.Afeaturethat
distinguishesthisfromthescissorhingeisthatwiththishinge,unlikewiththescissorhinge,one(small)partoftheitembeinghinged
rotatesintheoppositedirectionfromthemainbodyofthatitem.Examples:

plainbearinghingeahingewithnoballbearingsoroilimpregnatedorantifrictionbearings
platepintleAparticulartypeofpintleinwhichthemountingportionisaflatplate.Examples:

platewasherAheavydutywasher,usuallysquarebutsometimesround,thatisusedinattachingasillplatetothefoundation.
Examples:

ploughboltsynonymouswithplowbolt
plowboltAcarriageboltbutwiththeadditionalrequirementthattheheadbecountersunkdesignedtobeusedinthefabricationof
plows.Examples:

plugAsectionofdowelthatisinsertedintodeeplycountersunkscrewholesthencutoffandsandedflushtohidethescrewhead.
Plugsaresometimesusedtosimulateapeggedlook[seedoweljointssuchaswascommoninolderfurniture.
pocketscrewholeAholedrilledatasharpangleintoaboardorpaneltoallowittobescrewedtoanotherpieceofmaterial,generally
ata90degreeangle.Thisisapopularjoinerytechniqueandtherearecommercialjigscalledpocketscrewholejigstofacilitateit.This
holeisnormallyputataplaceontheworkpiecethatwillbehiddenfromviewinnormalusageofthepiece.Examples:

pocketscrewholejigAjig,generallymanufactured(althoughsomewoodworkersdomaketheirown)thatfacilitatestheuniform
drillingofpocketscrewholes.Becauseofthesharpangle,theseholesareprettymuchimpossibletodrillfreehand,sothesejigsarequite
useful.Examples:

pointSamemeaningasingeneralEnglishusageasharpendonsomething.Inwoodworking,itparticularlyreferstothesharpendofa
nailorscrew,butalsotothesharpendofmanytoolssuchasanawl.Onnails,thepointisoftendeliberatedbluntedbecauseablunted
pointwillcrushitswayintothewood,whichSOUNDSlikeabadthingbuthasthehappyresultofnotpushingthewoodfibersaside(asa
sharppointwould)whichisgoodbecausepushingthefibersofftoeachsideofthenailcancausethewoodtosplit.
pointsideThepieceofwoodinajointthatreceivesthepointofanailorscrewafterthatfastenerpassesthroughtheheadside.
projectionhingeAbutthinge(usuallyspecificallyadoorhingebutitdoesn'thavetobe)thathasextrawide(hinge)leavesbutwith
themountingscrewholesclusteredoutneartheedgeoftheleaves.Thisallowsthehingetobemountedsothatthe(hinge)barrelisout
awayfromthedoorandframe,thusallowingthedoortoswing180degreesevenifthereisaslightprojectiononthewallbehindthedoor
(whenit'sopen).ThefirsttimeIeversawoneoftheseIthoughitwasanormaldoorhingeinstalledbysomedoofuswhoREALLY
misjudgedwherethescrewholesoughttogo(I'mnottooobservantsometimes!).Sometimes,butnotalways,parlimenthingesareatype
ofprojectionhinge.Directlybelowismynormalcompositpicshowingexamplesofthisitem,thenbelowthatisagraphicofhowitworks
toclearaprojection.Examples:

pushnutseespringnut
pushpinAsuccessortotheoldstylethumbtack,thisisashortnailwithalargeplastic,easilygripablehead(looksalittlelikea
scaffoldnailhead),usedtoaffixpaperstobulletinboards.Examples:

quadranthingeAspecialtyhingeforuseonthingslikejewelryboxes,thisdevicecombinesthefeatureofbeingtotallyhiddenfrom
viewwhenthelidisclosedandtheabilitytoholdthelidopenatabout90degrees.ithasacurvedelementthatgoesintoadeepmortisein
theboxwhenclosed.IthastwoLshapedleavesthathavetobemortisedandthecurvedelementgoesintoadeepmortiseundertheframe
leaf.Examples:

quickreleasemechanismAnymechanismthatallowforrapidrelease(andusuallyapplicationaswell)ofasetofjawsorother
restrainingorpositioningdevice.Anexcellent,andcommon,exampleisthatfoundonmostbenchviseswherethematingpartofthe
screwmechanismcanbemovedawayfromthetighteningscrewbyalevernexttothehandleofthevise,thusallowingthejawstobe
movedinandoutfreely.Themostcommonwayofaccomplishingthis(andthisisthemethodusedwithbenchvises)isthesplitnut.
Oncethejawsareinthedesiredposition,thequickreleaseleverisitselfreleasedandthescrewmechanismonceagainengages,allowinga
pressuredclampingwiththevise.Theconceptof"releasingquickly"actuallyappliestothedeviceitself,nottotheobjectbeingretained
bythedevicethatis,whenthedeviceisholdinganobjectthequickreleasemechanismmightnotworkbecauseitisunderpressure,sothe
quickreleaseactionisoftenapplicableonlywhenthedeviceisnotyetinuse(andthatisdefinitelythecaseintheexampleofabench
vise)andanobjectunderclampingpressurecanNOTbereleasequicklybythequickreleasemechanism,ithastobereleasedslowlyby
theclampingmechanism.
rackandpinondoorhingeAparticulartypeofpivotdoorhingethatusesarackandpinionmechanism.
ratchet[verb]Tomovesomethingbysmallamountsinonlyonedirection(linearorrotary).
ratchet[noun]Amechanismconsistingofatoothedwheelorrackengagedwithapawlthatpermitsittoapplyforceinonlyone
direction(itspinsfreelyintheotherdirection),eitherlinearlyorrotationally.Numeroustighteningdevices,suchassomeformsofsocket
wrenches,useratchets.Infact,socketwrenchesaresometimescalledratchets,althoughthat'sprettysloppyusage.Micrometersusea
ratchetmechanismtodothefinalfineadjustment.
ratchetwrenchAtermthatissometimesappliedtoboxwrenchesandcombinationwrencheswhentheyhavearatchetmechanism
(whichtheydonotalwayshave).
removablehingeThistermcanrefertoeitheroftwotypesofhingesthatallowacabinetdoortoberemovedwithouttheuseofa
screwdriver.Thesearetheliftoffhingeandthecliponhinge.
residentialhingeArelativelylightdutyarchitecturalhinge"foruseinresidences(wheretheyarenotsubjecttothekindofheavy
useexperiencedbyindustrialgradearchitecturalhinges).
reversethreaddrywallscrewAscrewdesignedtoavoidpapertearinthefaceofdrywall.Ascrewenteringdrywallcancausea
slightliftingofthepaperatthesurfaceandinaseverecasecancausesmalltearsinthepaperaroundthescrew.Thesescrewshavetheir
topseveralthreadsreversedsothatasthescrewgoesinthedrywallandpaperrightattheentrypointispushedbackdownandthenthe
headseatsoverit.Compare/contrasttodrywallscrew.Examples:

ribbedneckcarriageboltAcarriageboltexceptthatratherthanthesquaregrippingsectionatthetopoftheshankthereisaribbed
sectionthatdoesthegripping.Thenormalcarriageboltisdesignedforusewithhardmetalsbutthisribbedneckversionisdesignedtobe
usedinwoodorsoftmetal.Examples:

ringshanknailsynonymouswithannularringnail
RobertsonscrewAscrewwithaheadrequiringadriverwithasquaretip(the"Robertson"drive).Thesearealsocalledsquarehead
andsockethead.Thisdrivetypeisusedonallkindsofscrewsbutitisparticularlypopularforflatheadscrews(thatisflushmount
screws),theseresistcamoutverywell.Personally,IhardlyeveruseanyotherkindofwoodscrewandwhenIDOuseanyotherkind,I
oftenfindthattheuseisaccompaniedbynumerousloudexpressionsofwordsthatwewouldnotencourageourchildrentouse.Seescrew
andboltdrivetypes

rodcouplingnutseecouplingnut
roofingnailAnailtypewithalargerheadthancommonnailssothatrelativelysoftmaterialsuchasasphaltshingleswon'tpull
throughthem.ThesearecommonlyavailableandSizedependsonthicknessofroofingmaterialbeingnaileddownandthethicknessofthe
roofsheathingtowhichitisbeingnailed.Theshankstylesvarygreatly,withsomebeingriged,somesprial,etc.Examples:

roofingscrewAscrew,usedwitharubberwasherthatcomeswithit,touseonroofshingles.Thewasheristoprovideawatertight
seal.Suchscrewsaregenerallyeitherselftappingscrewsoraugerpointscrews.Examples:

roundcouplingnutseecouplingnut
scaffoldnailAnail,usuallythesize(seenailsizes)ofa10dora16dcommonnail,whichhasbeengivenadoubleheadsothatitcan
easilyberemovedbecausethe2ndheadisnotdrivenintothewoodandprovidesaplacewhereahammerclawiseasilyinsertedtoremove
thenailusedinscaffolds,bracingandanytemporaryfasteningjobwherethenailmustlaterberemoved.Here'sadiagramofsome
commonsizesofscaffoldnails.Notethatthelengthdoesnotcounttheheads,justasistruewithsingleheadedcommonnails.Ihave
personallyfoundthesenailstoalsobeveryusefulashangersthatis,ifI'mthinkingofdrivinganailinuntiltheheadprotrudesby1/4"or
soIhaveaplacetohangsomethingbyacordintheshop(myflashlightforexample),thesenailsworkgreat.

scissorhingeAtypeofhingethattwolong,flat,parallelplatesthatarehingedinawaythatcanbeeitherinlineoroffsetandwhich
areaffixedonetothetop(orbottom)ofadoorandtheothertotheframeabove(orbelow)thedoor.Thatis,theplatesarehorizontal,
unlikethemorecommonvertical(hinge)leaves.Ifthehingepointisinlinewiththeplates,thisisatypeofpivothinge,examplesof
whichcanbeseeninthelowerleftofthecompositepicbelow.Theoffsetpivotismorecommonforthesehingesascanbeseeninallof
theotherpicsbelow.Thenamederivesfromtheratherobvioussimilaritytoscissors.Withaninlinepivot,theserequirethatthedoor
beinghingedeitherhaveagapawayfromtheframe,orthatithavearoundedbackedge,oneofwhichisneededsothatthebackdoor
edgecancleartheframewhenthedoorisopened.onefeaturethatdistinguishesthisfromthepivothingeisthatonthepivothingeone
(small)partoftheitembeinghingedrotatesintheoppositedirectionfromthemainbodyofthatitemwhereaswiththescissorhinge,the
entirehingedobjectrotatesallinthesamedirection.Examples:

screw[verb]Touseascrew(seenoundefinitionbelow)tojoinobjects.
screw[noun]Oneofthesixsimplemachines,thescrewisahelicalinclinedplane(calledthe"thread")onashaft(calledthe"shank")
thatconvertsrotationalforce(torque)intolinearforce,withaconversionfactorbasedonangleofthethreadandthediameteroftheshank.
Screwshavemanyuses,butinwoodworkingtheyareprimarilyfastenersusedtoholdobjectstowoodand/ortoholdpiecesofwoodto
eachother.Theyareoneofthetwoprimaryfastenersusedwithwood,theotherbeingnails.Screwsareparticularlywellsuitedforuse
withwoodbecausetheydonot,onmanywoods(butnotall),requireathreaded(orevenpredrilled)hole,theyjustsinkintothewoodand
grab.Somewoodsrequirepredrillingeitherbecausetheyaretoohardtoacceptthescrewwithoutaholetotakeupmostoftheshankor
becausealthoughtheywillacceptthescrewwithoutahole,theywillmostlikelysplitwithoutit.Seealsoboltsvsscrews.
Screws,evenwhenyoulimitthediscussiontoonesusedinwoodworking,comeinabewilderingvarietyofshapes,sizesandmaterialsbut
mostofthosearesomewhatendemictothedefinitionsoftheindividualscrewtypesandsoarediscussedwiththem.However,thereare
twosignificantcharacteristswhich,withafewexceptions,areusedonnumbertypesofscrewsandthesearetheheadtypeanddrivetype
soIhavegiventhemtheirownsectionsanddiscussedparticularlywithindividualscrewswhereitispertinenttodoso.Thecategorization
belowisbasedprimarilyontheUSESofscrewsbutalsoincludedsomebasedontheirheadtypesordrivetypes.Theentireissueof
nomenclatureforboltsandscrewswasperhapsthebiggestmessIencounteredincompiliingthisglossary.Seealsoscrewandboltdrive
typesandscrewandboltheadtypes
Hereisalistofsomeofthemorecommonlyusedtypesofscrews:
augerpointscrewhasasharppointandselfthreadsitselfintothewood
bugleheadscrewhasacountersunkheadshapedlikeabugle
cabinetconnectingscrewsameasconfirmatscrew
chipboardscrewsameasparticleboardscrew
coachscrewsynonymouswithlagscrew
combinationheadscrewhasaPhillipsheaddrivewithonegrooveenlarged/extendedtomakeaflatdriveslot
concretescrewsameasmasonryscrew
confirmatscrewforusewithMDFandparticleboardincabinetconstruction
countersunkscrewhasaflatheadandacountersinkunderit
deckscrewusedonexteriordecking
doubleendedscrewsameasdowelscrew
dowelscrewametalshankwithnoheadandwoodscrewthreadsonbothends
drawerfrontscrewforattatchingadrawerfronttoafalsefront
drywallscrewforusewithdrywall
eyehookthreadedononeendandbentintoacircleontheotherend
eyelagscrewalargeeyehook
eyescrewsameaseyehook
flangeheadscrewseescrewandboltheadtypes
flatheadscrew(1)hasacountersunkhead
flatheadscrew(2)anyscrewdesignedtobeusedwithaflatheadscrewdriver
framingscrewvaguetermseemstobeappliedtoanyscrewusedforframing
hangerboltashankwithscrewthreadsononeendandmachinethreadsontheotherend
hangerscrewalittleappliedalternatenameforhangerbolt
hilothreadscrewascrewthatuseshilothreads
lagscrewalargewoodscrewwithahexagonaldrivehead
masonryscrewforusewithconcreteandothermasonry
mirrowscrew(bothscrewsandbolts)forusewithmirrors
panelscrewusedinelectronicsracks,notinwoodworking
particleboardscrewforusewithparticleboard
reversethreaddrywallscrewdesignetoavoidpapertearindrywall
Robertsonscrewanticamoutsquarerecess
roofingscrewbroadheadandrubberwasher,foruseonroofshingles
securityboltvarioustypes(bothboltsandscrews),designedtodetercasualremoval
securityscrewsameassecuritybolt
selfdrillingscrewsameasselftappingscrew

selftappingmachinescrewaboltwithatapattheend
selftappingscrewhasaholeopeningscraperbelowcoarsethreads
selfthreadingscrewsameasselftappingscrew
sheetmetalscrewforusewithsheetmetal
shoulderscrewsynonymouswithshoulderbolt
slottedscrewanyscrewwithadriveslotforaflatheadscrewdriversameasflatheadscrewdefinition(2)
threadcuttingscrewthesameasselftappingmachinescrew
thumbscrewabolt(notscrew)withapaddleorknurledhead
trimscrewsmallheaded,designedtobeusedontrim
undercutscrewvarioustypes,withashallowheadusedonveryshortscrews/boltstoprovideextrathreadareaforagivenand
length
washerheadscrewascrewwithanextrawideheadthatactsasawasher
wingscrewabolt(notscrew)withawingnuthead
woodscrewgenerictermforLOTSofkindsofscrewsusedwithwood

screwandboltdrivetypesScrewsandboltshavealargenumberofdrivetypes,someofwhicharecommontoboth,someofwhich
areusedonly,ormostly,withoneortheother,andmanyofwhicharespecialtytypesnotusedinwoodworkingatall.Followingthe
compositepicbelowofsomeofthemorecommontypesisalistoftypesand,forsomeofthem,linkstoafurtherdiscussionofthem
and/orthetypeofscreworbolttheyareusedwith.Ihaveincludedonlysomeofthespecialtytypesthatarenotusedinwoodworking.
Basically,IjustgottiredofusingVISIOtoDRAWthedamnedthingswhentheydon'tevenneedtobehereanyway.Aparticulardrive
typemayormaynotbecloselyrelatedtoaheadtype

Allenhexagonalrecessheavilyusedinsetscrews
bristolspecialtytype,verygoodatnotcammingout,notusedinwoodworking
combinationhasbothphillipsandflatdrivesakacombinationphillips
doublehexshapeisthatoftwooverlappedhexagonals
flatTHEstandardinscrewdrivesbutcamsoutmoreeasilythanothersthenamecausessomeconfusionbecause"flathead"has
twomeanings:oneisascrewthathasthiskindofdriveslotandtheotherisascrewthathasaflatheadthatgoesflushwiththe
workpiece(butwilllikelybedrivenwithaPhillipsorothertypeofdrive)
hexsocketanothernameforAllenheaddrive
hexwidelyusedwithbolts,usingasockedset,crescentwrench,orplierstodrive
hexalobularsocketsameastorx
onewayclutchsecuritytypefoundonbathroomstalls,notinwoodworking
pentalobularrecessedgedby5semicirclesnotusedinwoodworking
phillipsoneofthetwomoststandardheads(theotherbeing"flat"),thisresistscamoutmorethanflatdrivesdo
polydrivespecialtytype,verygoodatnotcammingout,notusedinwoodworking
pozidriveverysimilartoPhillipsbutcamsoutlesseasily
RobertsonsquareholeisVERYresistanttocamouttheseareheavilyusedinwoodworkingandareespeciallyeffectivewith
flatheadscrews
securityvarioustypes,notusedinwoodworking
slottedanothernameforflatheaddrive
spannerheadsecuritytypewith"snakeeye"holes,notusedinwoodworking
splinedrivetherecessshapeisthesameas3overlappingsquaresnotusedinwoodworking
square(1)sometimesusedtomeanRobertson
square(2)similartohexheadbutsquareinstead,usedonboltsanddrivenwithacrescentwrenchorpliers
starsameastorx
supradrivespecialty,notusedinwoodworking
thumbseethumbscrew
torqsetspecialty,notusedinwoodworking
torx,t,tx,txspecialtytype,verygoodatnotcammingout,notusedinwoodworking
triwingspecialty,notusedinwoodworking
triplesquare(xzn)identicalinappearancetothesplinenotusedinwoodworking

screwandboltheadtypesManyscrewsandboltshaveanamethatprettymuchtotallydefinestheirconfigurationbutinadditionto
this,therearetypeofheadsthatareusedwithscrewsand/orboltsthatcanhavetwoormoredrivetypesandthenameisusuallybasedon
theshape,andlessoften,thefunction,ofthehead.Examples:

bindingheadscrew

bindingundercutundertheheadorwithextrawidehead,soastotrap
(bind)electricalwiresorconnectors.Thatis,thetypeisdefinedmoreby
functionthanbyshape,sothereareseveralheadtypesseveraldrive
types

bugleacurvedcountersink,mostlyusedtoavoidcrushingdrywall
usuallyhasaphillipsdrive

buttonlikepanbutmorecurveontopandalwayshasaAllendrive
socket

cheeselikeaflatfillisterbutthinner(abouthalfashighaswide).The
definitioncallsforacylindricalwallbutinpracticetheyaresometimes
sloped(sothewallisaconesection,notacylinder).Driveslotismost
oftenflathead.Also,inpractice,lowerprofileflatfillisters,which
SHOULDbecalledcheesehead,areinfactstillcalledfillisters
countersunkangledsidestoallowflushmount(nonprotruding
head).Thebugleheadisalsoacountersunkhead,butwhatisshownhere
isthe"standard"straight(butangledinward)wall.Drivecanbeany
style.Thistypeofheadisnot,asfarasIamaware,everusedwithlarge
bolts,justscrewsandthesmallboltsthatareoftencalledmachine
screws.
mirrorscrew

domesameasmirror(buttermisalsolooselyusedforotherdomed
heads)
fillisterhighcylindricalwalledheadwitharoundedtopanddeep
driveslotforaflatheadscrewdriverandwithlesstendencyforcamout
thannormalflatheadslots.TherearefillisterheadsthatuseanAllen
driveinsteadofaflatheadandevensomethatuseaPhillipsheaddrive,
butmostlyyouwillfindthemwithflatheaddriveslots.Typicallyused
inacounterboredhole.

flangeintegralwidewasherprovidesextraholdingsurface.Drivecan
beanytypebutseemstobemostoftenPhillipsslotorhexhead.

sameascountersunk

flatsameascountersunk
flatfillistersameasfillister,butwithouttheslightcurveontop.
Althoughtechnicallyaflatfillisterwithaheadthatisn'tveryhighis
calledacheesehead,inpracticethisdistinctionisoftennotmade.Also,
asyoucanseeinthecompositeimagetotheleft,itemssoldas"flat
fillister"haveafullsizedheadandshouldbecalledjustfillister(check
outthesilveroneontheleft).

setscrew

headlessthisisasetscrew
hexhexagonalhead,verycommon,easytodrivewithsocketset,
crescentwrench,pliers,etc.Thisisthemostcommonheadforboltsand
haslargelyreplacedtheoldersquarehead.

hexwasherlikehexbuthasanattachedwasherlikeflatflange.
Typically,theouterportionofthehexagonalpartisraisedabovethe
innerportiontoprovideextragrippingareaforthedriver.Thereisa
specifytypeofthesethatareslotted(seebelowslottedhexwasher)

knurledhasindentations,usuallyacrosshatch,soyoucanturnit
withyourthumbandforefinger.Itmayormaynotalsohaveadriveslot

lowheadsocketcapwhatitsaysasocketcapheadthatislowerthan
usual.Inpractice,Ifoundagreatmanyitemssoldas"lowhead"socket
capsthathadthesamehighheadasnormalones.
sameasspade

paddlesameasspade

mirrorscrew

mirrorscrewswithvariouskindsofseparatedecorativetopsthatgo
overtheactualscrew

ovallikeacountersunkheadbutwithshallowdomedtopinsteadof
thenormalflattopofacountersunkhead

pandomedcylindertheexactshapewillvaryafairamount
dependingonmanufacturertheremayevenbeaflatareaonthetoporit
maylookmorelikearoundhead
sameasoval

raisedsameasoval
roundhemispherical,mostlyfordecoration(similartomirror,butthe
topisintegraltothescrewnotaseparateitem)theexactshapewillvary
afairamountdependingonmanufacturerinpractice,itemssoldas
"roundhead"canlookmorelikeapanhead

roundwasherroundtopandwithanintegralwasherunderitthetop
isusuallynotasdomedasonthenormalroundhead,it'smorelikea
trusshead.

serratedflangesameasflangeheadbutthereareserrationsonthe
bottomoftheheadthatareraisedonthesideoppositetheinsertion
directionsoastoinhibitvibrationallooseningofthescreworbolt
(exactlyasonaserratedflangenut).Thisheadisfoundalmost
exclusivelyonhexheadbolts.

shoulderedspadesameasspadebutwithaflange("shoulder")above
thethreads

slottedhexwasherhexwasherheadbutalsoslottedforaflathead
screwdriver

socketcapacylindricalboltheadthattakesanAllendrive
(ocassionallyothertypesofdrive).Therimoftheheadmayhaveridges
tomakeiteasytoturnwithpliersratherthantheinserteddriver
sameassocketcap

socketheadsameassocketcap
spadeyouturnitwithyourthumbandforefingerthisisasubsetof
thethumbscrewandhasaparticularnamebecauseoftheshapeofthe
head

squaredriveswithawrenchorpliersalthoughrelativelyinexpensive
tomanufacturer,thisisprimarilytheprecursortothehexheadandhas
largelybeenreplacedbythat.
trimscrew

trimsmallhead(thescrewversionofafinishingnail)
trusshasaveryshallowdomehead.Italsohasalowedgewhich
somedefinitionssayistoinhibittampering,butsincetheyusestandard
drivetypes,thatdoesn'tmakemuchsensetheedgeisusuallylow
enoughtopreventpliersfrombeingusedonthembutnothingelse.The
SHAPEofthetrussheadisusedonsomesecurityheadtypesbutitems
soldspecificallyastrussheadareNOTsecuritytypes.Someitemssold
astrussheadarewhatwouldbemoreaccuratelycalledaroundwasher
head(seeabove).

undercutShallowheadcountersinkthatprovidesalittleextrathread
lengthforagivenscrewlength

screwdriverAhandtoolwithahandleandaspecialshapedendthatfitsintowhateverkindofscrewthatthetoolisdesignedtowork
with.Likescrewsthemselves,screwdriverscomeinaVERYwidevarietyofstyles,withthetwomostcommon(byfar)beingthedrivers
forflatheadscrewsandPhillipsheadscrews,whicharetheonlytwoshowninthecompositpicbelowalthoughtherearemorethana
dozenotherkinds.Thisisjusttogiveaverybriefexampleofsomeofthestylesofhandles.Seealsoscrewandboltdrivetypes.
Examples:

screwpocketseepocketscrewhole

screwsvsboltsseeboltsvsscrews
securityboltAtermthatdesignatesaverywidevarietyofscrewsandboltsthathavethecommoncharacteristicofbeingdesignedso
astodetercasualremoval.Themostwidelyknownoftheseistheonewe'veallseenonpublicbathroomstallswherethedesignersseem
tofeelthatsinceweallhavealotoffreetimewhilesittingontheJohn,andofcourseweallcarryscrewdriversaroundwithus,wewould
disassemblethestallswhileweweredoingourbusinesssothatbythetimewewerereadytopullourclothesbackup,itwouldbeagood
timetodososincethedisassembledstallwouldbecollapsingaroundusandwewouldnolongerhaveprivacy.Tothwartthesedevious
machinations,thestallsareassembledusingatypeofscrew(orbolt)thatcanbedrivenINwithaflatheadscrewdriverbutwhichcannot
beUNscrewedwiththesametool.Thistypeiscalleda"clutchheadscrew".Thesecurityfeaturesforthesedevicesgenerallyinvolve
modifyingastandardheadtypeorusingatotallyweirdheadtype.Modificationoftenjustconsistsofputtingapostinthemiddleofthe
headsothatanormaldriverwon'tgoinandyouhavetohaveasimilardriverthathasaholedrilledintheend.Oneofthecutestweird
headsisthe"snakeeye"headwhichhastwolittleholesandrequiresaspecialdriver.Securitybolts/screwsarelittleusedinwoodworking,
soIhavenotbrokenoutthevariouskindsinthisglossary.Thecompositepicbelowshowsmanyofthemostcommonandasyoucansee,
Ihaveincludedbothscrewsandbolts.

securitybutthingesynonymouswithsecurityhinge
securityhinge[akasecuritybutthinge].Thisisastandardbutthingebutwithanaddition.Considerastandardbutthingeonan
outwardopeningdoor.The(hinge)barrelwillnecessaritybeexposedtotheoutsidewhichmeansthe(hinge)pincouldberemovedfrom
theoutside.Ifthisisdone,thenthedoorcanbeopenedfromthehingesidebecausethe(hinge)knucklesonthedoorleafwillsimplyslip
pasttheknucklesontheframeleafoncethepinisremoved.Whatisaddedtothesecurityhingeisasetofprotrusionsoneachleafthat
mateintomatchingholesontheotherleafandevenprotrudeslightlyintothedooredgeandtheframe.Withtheseinplace,thedoorcannot
beopenedonthehingesideevenwiththepinremoved.Example:

securityscrewAtypeofscrewthatisdesignedtoresistcasualremoval.Thesearelittleusedinwoodworking.Theyareidenticalto
securityboltsexceptthattheymeetthedefinitionofascrewratherthanbolt(seeboltsvsscrews)
selfcenteringbitAspecializeddrillbitdesignedtoboreperfectlycenteredpilotholesforhingemountingscrews.Thebitusesa
standardtwistdrillbitinsidearetractablespringloadedsleeve.Ataperedendonthesleevefitsintothecountersinkonahingescrew
holetoautomaticallycenterthebitwhenyoupressthesleeveagainstthehinge.Commonlyreferredtoas"Vix"bitsafterthebrandname
oftheoriginalversion,selfcenteringbitscomeinvarioussizestoaccommodatedifferentscrewgaugesandhingeholesizes.Examples:

selfclosinghingeAnytypeofhingethathasamechanismthatcausesthehingetoautomaticallyclosethehingedobjectonceitis
released.Examplesincludethecamlifthingeandthespringloadedhinge.
selfdrillingscrewsynonymouswithselftappingscrew
selftappingmachinescrewAlsocalleda"threadcuttingscrew",thisfastenerissomewhatsimilartoaselftapping(wood)screw.It
hasaportionatthebottomthatlooks,notlikethescraperontheselftapping(wood)screwbutratheranactualmachinetapandrather
thancoarsethreads,ithasthesamerelativelyfinethreadsofamachinescrew.Thesescrewshaveastraightshankandaretypicallya
hardmetalsuchassteelthatarebeingdrivenintoaholeinasoftmetalsuchasalumninum.Theholeisdrilledinthesoftmetalbutthen
oneofthesefastenersisusedratherthantappingit.Thedriveslotscanbemostanytype,ascantheheadstyle.Asimilardeviceforusein
woodistheselftappingscrew.Examples:

selftappingscrewAlsocalledthe"selfthreadingscrew",thisisacoarsethreadedscrew,usuallymadeofsteelandwithastraight,
ratherthanatapered,shankandacuttingridgeatthebottomthatscrapesoutroominwoodforthethreadsthesearenotusedinmetal.As
thescrewisdrivenintorawwood,thescraperopensupaholeinthewoodandthenthethreadstapthemselvesin.Thesedonotworkwell
inreallyhardwoodswithoutapilothole.Thedriveslotonthesecanbemostanything,ascantheheadstyle.Thereisasmallbolt
equivalent,foruseinmetal,calledtheselftappingmachinescrew.Examples:

selfthreadingscrewsynonymouswithselftappingscrew,NOTsynonymouswithselftappingmachinescrew.
semiconcealedhingesynonymouswithpartiallyconcealedhinge

SEMSfastenersSEMSthreadedfastenersareassembliesthatcombineboltsorscrewswithwashers,collars,specializedstampings,
orothercomponents.Theycomeinawidevarietyofsizesandconfigurationsandhavetheadvantagethatthewashersandother
componentsarecaptiveandthusspeedupassemblyandalsocan'tfalloffandgetlostduringassembly.Ihavefoundonlyanecdotal
informationastowherethename"SEMS"comesfrom(itwassupposedlyfromanearlypatent)andamnotyetconfidentenoughinitto
repeatithere.OtheranecdotalinformationsaysthenameisanabbreviationofasSEMbled.Examples:

serratedflangenutAflangenutthathasridgesontheflangethatbiteintothesurfaceandareangledsuchthattheykeepthenutfrom
rotatingbackinthedirectionthatwouldloosenit.Becauseoftheserrations,suchnutscannotbeusedwithawashersincethatwould
defeattheoperationoftheserrations.AlthoughthedefinitiondoesnotrequirethatthesebehexheadnutsIhaveneverseentheminany
otherform.Alsocalleda"wheellocknut".Examples:

setboltsynonymouswithtapbolt
setscrewAheadlessbolt(whichbysomedefinitionsmakesitascrew,sinceboltshaveheads)thathasarecessedslotforaflathead
screwdriver,ormorecommonlyahexagonalrecessforanAllenwrench.Setscrewsareused,forexample,totightenmetalrods(such
asattheendofabowlgouge)intoametalhandle,whereaprotrudingheadwouldbeaseriousproblem.Thistermisbadlymisused,being
oftenusedtodesignateaboltthathasaheadsuchanobjectisNOTasetscrewevenifitisbeingusedinasimilarfunction,itisjusta
regularboltsincesetscrewsbydefinitiondon'thaveheads.Inadditiontoprovidingatighteningforceagainstapotentiallyrotatingshaft,
setscrewsarealsousedinawaythatcausesanunthreadedsectionattheendoftheshank(see"dog"below)ontheirendtobeinserted
intoaholeinsuchashafttoprovidetotalpreventionofrotation.Thetypesofendsmostcommonlyavailableonsetscrewsinclude:
cupahollowedend,thisisthemostcommonlyusedpointstyleandisusedwhenthedigginginofthepointisacceptableor
desirable.
coneapointedendthatgeneratesthehighestholdingpowerandistypicallyusedforapermanentconnection.Notthebestchoice
ifrepeatedadjustmentsarelikely.
ovalaroundedendthatistypicallyusedwhenfrequentadjustmentisrequired.Theovalendprevents/reducesindentationinthe
shaftbeingtightenedonto.
flatCauseslittledamagetotheshaftandisusedwhenfrequentadjustmentisrequired,butdoesnotprovidethebestholding
power.
dogaflatendwiththethreadsstoppingshortoftheendsothattheendconsistsofasmoothshankthatfitsintoaholeintheshaft
beingrestrained.
Examples:

sewingmachingehingeidenticaltobutlertrayhinge
sexboltAtermthatreferstoanut/boltpairwheretheboltcanbeprettymuchANYtypeofboltbutthenutisabnormalinthatrather
thanbeingarelativelyflatsectionofmetalwithinternalthreadsandnohead,itisaheadedtubewithinternalthreads.Theundersideofthe
femalenut'sheadisoftenserratedtoprovidegrippingforceandthereisusuallynodriveslotontheheadofthenut.Sometimesthehead
ofthenutisknurled.Sexboltsarefrequentlyusedinsecurityapplication(seesecuritybolt)sincewithanundrivablenutheadanda
securityheadonthebolt,itisverydifficulttoremovethewholeassemblyonceitisinplace.Althoughitistruethatmostanytypeofbolt
canbeusedwiththenutfromasexboltpair,the"true"versionmostoftenhasacylindricalunthreadedsectionatthetopoftheshank,just
underthehead,thathasthesameouterdiameterasthenut.Theboltsintheseboltnutpairsareoftenconnectorbolts.Examples:

sexnut(1)seesexbolt
sexnut(2)Anymalehuman.
shankAtermwithabewilderingvarietyofdefinitionsasregardswoodworkingthetermreferstothecylindricalshaftofanail,
screwdriver,drillbit,cuttingtool,etc.Forcuttingtoolsthathaveatanggoingintoahandle,theshankistheportionofthetoolbetween
thetangandtheblade.Forscrewsandbolts,theshankisgenerallytakentomeanthesmoothportionbelowtheheadandabovethe
threads,butisalsosometimesusedtorefertothethreadedportionaswell,especiallyinsituationswherethedistinctionbeingmadeis
betweentheheadandtherestofthefastener.Fornailstheshankiseverythingbutthehead,whetherornotitincludesringsorspiralsfor
greaterholdingpower.Forscrewdrivers,itisgenerallytakentomeantheeverythingfromtheedgeofthehandledownto(butnot
including)theendportionwiththeshapedtip(flat,Phillips,etc.).Forturningandcarvingchiselsandgougesitdesignatesaportion
startingattheedgeofthehandleandmovingmost,orall,ofthewaydowntotheworkingendofthetoolwherethecuttingedgeis.
Shankscanbebent(particularlyoncarvingandturningtools)orstraightandcanhavemostanycrosssection,althoughmostareround(as
onscrews)orrectangular(asonfiles).
sheetmetalconnector(1)Aflatrectangle(andsometimesothershapes)ofsheetmetal,perforatedsothatnailscanbedriventhrough
usedtojoinwoodinexactlythesamewayasnailplates.
sheetmetalconnector(2)Anyofahugenumberofdifferentkindsofformedsheetmetalpartsusedtojoinpiecesofductworkorother
parts.
sheetmetalscrewAsthenamesays,thistypeofscrewisdesignedtoworkwithsheetmetal.Sincethesheetmetalisalwaysthin,and
thesescrewsneverhavefinethreadsbecausetheywouldnotgrabthesheetmetalinstead,thethreadsarerelativelycoarseandverysharp.
Theyarealsothreadedallthewayuptothebottomoftheheadandoccasionallywillhaveaselfthreadingcuttingridgeattheend.Inany
case,becauseofthesharp,fullthreads,thesescrewsmakegoodselftappingscrewsforuseinwood.Theytendtoberelativelythickand
arerarelyverylong.Theirdriveslotistypicallyflatheadorphillipshead,rarelyallenhead,andtheheadstylecanbemostanythingbut
averycommonheadtypehasastraightuphexrimplusaflatheaddriveslot.Theyusuallyhaveastraightshank(rarelyataperedonelike

awoodscrew)buttheyarepointedontheend.AlthoughIhaveoccasionallyseenscrewssoldassheetmetalsscrewsthatwere
countersunk,thatdoesn'tmakesensetomesincethinsheetmetalcouldpullrightthroughacountersunkhead,soitseemstomethatthey
shouldalwayshaveaflatbottomonthehead(andmostoftheonesyouseeDOhavethat),regardlessoftheshapeofthetopofthehead.I
thinksuchcountersunk"sheetmetalscrews"aremorelikelytobeusefulwithwood.Examples:

shelfclipAsmalldeviceforholdingadjustableshelving,thispieceofspeciallybentandformedsteelworksinconjunctioniwithaset
ofuprightsteelrailsthathaveslotsintowhichthesefit.Bestdescribedwithanimage,soseebelow.Compare/contrasttoshelfpin.
Examples:

shelfpinAsmalldeviceforholdingadjustableshelving,thisconsistsofacylinderthatgoesintotheuprightsideofashelvingsystem
withaprojectionthatmaybeacylinderorsomeformofflattenedpiecethatholdstheshelf.Generally,therewillbeasymmetricalrowsof
holesupthefrontandbackofbothsidesoftheuprightsand4ofthesewillbeused,withtheshelfpins,tosupporteachshelf,whichcan
thenbemovedup/downbymovingthepins.Thesearealmostalwaysmadeofbrassorsteelbutlightuseversionscomeinplastic.The
holesarealways1/4"foralltypes.Someoftheflatprojectionversionhaveaholethatcanbeusedtoscrewtheshelfinplace,afterwhich
itisnolongeradjustablewithoutremovingthescrews.Also,youwilloccasionallyseethesesittinginarecessinthebottomoftheshelf
whichkeepstheshelffrommovingfronttobackbutweakensthesupportsinceithalvestheamountofwoodbeingsupportedbythepin
(seethelowerleftcornerofthecompositepicbelowforanexample).Compare/contrasttoshelfclip.Examples:

ShookAmetalrodthathasbeenbentintotheshapeoftheletter"S".Theendsmayormaynotbeclosed.Oneusefortheseistoattach
asolidlinkchaintosomething,andtheyareusedforotherhookingandfasteningoperations.Often,onewillopenuponeorbothendwith
pliersandthenclosethemagainonanotherobject(suchasachainlink).Examples:

shoulderboltSometimes(technicallyincorrectly)calleda"shoulderscrew",thisisabolt(NOTascrew)thathasanunthreaded
shoulderbelowtheheadandthenathreadedportion.Dependingontheapplicationforwhichitisdesigned,ashoulderboltmayhaveathe
outerdiameteroftheshoulderlargerthantheouterdiameterofthethreadsorthesameasthethreads.Shoulderboltsaredesignedfor
variousmetalworkingapplications,notwoodworking(althoughtheyareusedinvariouswoodworkingpowertools).Seeboltsvsscrews.
Examples:

shoulderscrewsynonymouswithshoulderbolt
shoulderwasherAtypeofwasherthatislikeaflatwasherwitha"shoulder"thatphysicallyinsulatesascreworboltfromthearea
justbelowitshead.Theseareusedprimarilywhenaffixingthinsheetsofonemetaltosomethingusingascreworboltofadifferentmetal.
Theshoulderkeepsthethinmetalfromtouchingthescreworboltandbecauseshoulderwashersarenormallyaformofelectrical
insulator,thethephysicalinsulationisaccompaniedbyelectricalinsulationandpreventsgalvaniccorrosion.Simpleelectricalinsulation
isthereasontheyareoftenusedinelectricalsystems(suchascomputers)whenscrewingdownprintedcircuitboardswithmetalscrews.
Examples:

showerdoorhingesynonymouswithpivothinge

sideplayInahinge,thisistheamountthat(hinge)leavescanmoverelativetoeachotherandperpendiculartothe(hinge)pin.Thisis
essentiallyameasureofhowlooselythepinsitsinsidethe(hinge)barrel.Seehingedimensions.
sillanchorAthreadedmetalboltthathasitsheadandupperportionmountedupsidedownembeddedintheconcreteofawood
framehousefoundation.Itprojectsthroughholesinthesillplatewhichitthenholdsdownwithwashersandnuts.
sillplate(1)Thelowesthorizontalmemberofthestructuralframework.Itsitsonthefoundation,isnormallyboltedtoitwithsill
anchors,anditsupportsthelowerstructuralbeamsandframeuprights(studs,etc)aboveit.Aka"soleplate"and"mudsill".Oftento
protecttheplatetimberfromsplitting,theattachingboltwillbeusedwithaplatewasher.
sillplate(2)Thebottomframingmemberofawindowframe.
Examples

singlecrankedhingeAhingethathasacrankinone(hinge)leaf.Thereisaspecialtytypecalled(appropriately)theflushcranked
hingethatisshowninthe4smallerpiecesinthemiddleofthecompositeimagedirectlybelow.Ifbothleaveshavethecrank,thenitisa
doublecrankedhinge.Seehingepartsforadiscussionofthepartsthatmakeupthehinge.Examples:

singledemountablehingeThisisasomewhatcomplextypeofhingethathasthetabmechanismthatisfullyexplainedelsewhere(see
doubledemountablehinge)butonlyonthedoorleafnottheframeleafwhichisamoretraditionalstyleandmayuseonewoodscrew
butmoreoftenusestwoofthemandtheyusuallygothroughovalclearanceholessoastoallowforup/downadjustmentoftheleaf
positioning.Thisisapartiallyconcealedhingebecauseonlythebarrelandpartoftheframeleafareexposed,anditisatypeofflush
hingeasyoucanseeinthepicsbelow.Asshowninthemountingpicintheupperrightsome(butNOTall)ofthesehingescanbe
mountedonlyiftheentirebackedgeofthedoorbegivenareveal(anedgerabbet).Thesecondhingefromtheleftbelowisonesuch.The
term"demountable"inthenameissomewhatmisleadingsinceitwouldnormallyimplythatnoscrewdriverisrequiredtodemountthe
hinge(seeliftoffhinge),butthatisnotthecasewiththishinge.Examples:

singlemortisehingeAnyhingethathasonlyone(hinge)leafsittinginamortise.Thiswouldnormallybetheedgehinge(whetherit's
ontheedgeofthedoorortheedgeoftheframe)becauseitwouldn'tmakesensetomortiseafacemountandleavetheedgemountproud
sincethatwouldleaveagapbetweenthedoorandtheframe.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforanillustration.
sinkernailAtypeofframingnailbutthinnerthanacommonnail(somewhatlikeaboxnail),andcoatedwithadhesive(theyarea
typeofcementcoatednail)toenhanceholdingpower.Theyusuallyhaveaslightlycountersunk,funnelshaped,headsoastosinkflat
withthesurfaceoftheframingmemberintowhichtheyaredriven.Theyoftenhaveagridstampedonthetopoftheheadexactlylikea
framingnail.Examples:

slipjointhingesynonymouswithliftoffhinge
slottednut(also,slottedhexnut)synonomouswithcastlenut
slottedscrewAnyscrewdesignedtobeusedwithaflatheadscrewdriver.Seealsoflatheadscrewdefinition(2).
socketcapscrewsynonymouswithallenheadbolt
socketheadcapscrewsynonymouswithallenheadbolt
socketscrewsynonymouswithallenheadbolt
socketwrenchAtypeofwrenchwithacylinderontheend(the"socket")thathasaninternalhexagonalshapecomesinmany
differentsizestofitnumerousdifferentsizesofnuts,bolts,andotherfasteners.Thesewrenchesgenerallycomeinsetswithavarying
numberofsocketsincludedandareavailableinbothmetricandEnglishunits.Mostsuchwrencheshavearatchetmechanismandinfact
aresometimescalledjust"ratchetwrenches",buttherearemanystyles,notallinsetsandnotallwithratchets.Also,theterm"socket
wrench"isappliedtobothboxwrenchesandcombinatinonwrencheswhentheyhavearatchetmechanism.Examples:

SOSShingeSOSSisactuallyabrandname.Theseare,likethebarrelhinges(type1),atypeofconcealedhingeandhavethesame
multipleflatplatesasthebarrelhingesbutgenerallymoreofthemandthemountingportionrequireselongatedmortisesratherthana
roundonesandtheyuseheftiermountingscrews,allofwhichmakesthistype,unlikethebarrelhinges,usefulforloadbearing
applications.NotethattherearenumerousstylesofhingesthataresimilartoSOSShinges,particluarlyinbodyshape,buttheyare
differentandarelistedinthe2ndcompositepicunderconcealedhinge.ThemaindifferenceisthattheSOSShinges,asyoucansee
below,havemultipleflatplatesthatmakeupthemovingpartofthemechanismwhereasthelookalikeshaveslightlydifferent
mechanisms.NotethatsomeoftheexamplesbelowarenotsoldbySOSStheyareknockoffsthataresoldasSOSSbyothercompanies.
Examples:

speednutseespringnut
spikeAlargenail,usuallyover4"biggerthana20dnail.Seealsonailsizes.Oneexampleisagutterspike.Notethatinthe
woodworkingsense,thetermspikeisnotusedtomeana"railroadspike"whichhasaparticularkindofheadandisgenerallyrectangular
incrosssectionandisnotatalllikewoodworkingnails.
spiralnailAnailwithaspiralridgedowntheshank,somewhatlikethethreadsofascrewbutwithaMUCHlowerangle.Theyare
usedespeciallyforhardwoodflooringbecausetheholdingpowermakesthemmuchmoresqueakfreethanregularnails.Theyarealso
usedforsiding,fencing,andsometimesforprebuiltraftersalthoughwithtodaysnailgunsallkindsofframingaremorelikelytobedone
withcoatedstraightnailsratherthanspiralnails.Examples:

splitnutAnutthatis,asthenamesuggests,splitononesideorontwooppositesides,suchthateither(1)thesidesofthenutcanbe
movedawayfromtheboltsothattheboltcanslidefreelypastthenut,or(2)thenutcanbetightenedontheboltandthepressurecanbe
releasedusingthesamemechanismthatisusedtotightenit.Thefirsttypeisused,forexample,onbenchvisessothatthejawscanbe
openedwidelyveryrapidlybyopeningthesplitnutandthenwhenthesplitnutisclosed,thejawscanbeadjustedwithfinegranularityto
clampdownonaworkpiece.Similarly,itisusedonpositioningsystemssuchasinametallathewheretheuseofasplitnutallowsfor
rapidmovementtoacoarsegranularitypositioningandthenthefinegranularitypositionisachievedafterthesplitnutisclosedupagain.
Thesecondtypeseemstobeusedonlyinplumbinganddoesnotrelatetowoodworking.Therightmostpicinthecompositebelowisthe
firsttypeandalltheothersarethesecondtype.Examples:

splitringlockwasherAwasherthatissomewhatlikeacommonflatwasherexceptthatthereisaradialsplitinthewasherandone
sideofthesplitisraised.Thiscausesaspringlikeactionthatexertspressureagainstthebottomofthescreworboltheadastheraisedpart
iscompressedbytheheadandthistensionisdesignedtopreventthescreworboltfromcominglooseduetovibration.Splitringlock
washersarerarelyusedwithwoodscrewstheyaredesignedforuseagainstmetalsurfacesandareusedwithbolts.Splitringlock
washersCANbeusedeffectivelyonwoodsurfacesifaflatwasherisputbetweenthelockwasherandthewoodsurface,butlockwashers
arerarelyneededinwoodbecausewoodwon'tgenerallyvibrateascrewoutofitthewaythreadedmetalwill.Thereisanextrathick
versionofthesplitringlockwasheranditiscalledthehighcollarlockwasher.Splitringlockwasheriswhatiscommonlymeantbythe
term"lockwasher"butthereareseveralothertypes.Itisalsocalleda"splitwasher".Seelockwashertypes".Examples:

splittingnutTheconditionwhenacutterordrillroughlybreaksthroughthebottomorbackofaworkpiece.Ihavethisdefinitionfrom
onlyonesourceandhavenofaithinitbutitcouldberight.Ihaveneverseenitused.
splitwashersynonymouswithsplitringlockwasher
springloadedhingeAnytypeofselfclosinghingethatusesspringstodotheclosing.Examples:
needtoaddspringloadedhingepics
springnutThereareanumberofdifferentstyledevices,allusedtocapturebolts,thatarereferredtoinvariousintermixedandonly
looselydefinedways.Themostcommonnamesarepushnut,speednut,flatspeednut,springnut,andUnut,dependingontheshape(but,
again,thenamesarenotappliedconsistently).Theyallhavethreecommoncharacteristics:(1)theyworkpartiallyonaspringingaction
whichcausesthemtoputpressureonthethreadsoftheboltandthushelpsholdtheboltinplace,(2)theyarenotamenabletotightening
onthenutsidebecauseunlikeamachinenut,forexample,theypresentlittleornosurfaceonwhichawrenchcanwork,and(3)theycan
beputontotheboltquicklybecausethespringingactionallowsthemtobeslippeddownovertheendoftheboltandthenthefinal
tighteningisdonebyturningthebolt.Whentheyconsistoffoldedoverflaps,theyarecalledUnutsandbecauseoftheirabilitytogoon
theboltquickly,theyarealsocalledspeednuts.Somelookabitlikeaninternaltoothlockwasherwithinternalprongs,buttheprongs
pointUPsothattheboldthreadswillgrabthem,ratherthanpointingdownsothattheygrabtheobjectbeingclamped.Examples:

springpivotsynonymouswithfloorcloser
squareheadboltAboltwitha4sidedheadthatcanbeeasilyturnedwithacrescentwrench.Suchboltsmaybethreadedalltheway
alongtheshankornot.Examples:

squareheadnut(also"squarenut")Amachinenutwitha4sidedouterrim.
squarewasherAwasherthatisjustasquareofmetalwithaholeinthecenter.Sometimescalleda"squareflatwasher"whichdoesn't
reallymakesensetome,sincea"flatwasher"isroundsothat'slikesayinga"squareroundwasher".Also,Iamquitesurethatsome
vendorssellplatewashers,evenheavydutyones,underthenamesquarewasherbutIdon'tthinkthatasmall,thinsquarewasherwould
everbesoldasaplatewasher.Examples:

standingboltsynonymouswithstudbolt
starterholeAsmall,shallowholecreatedasaguideforascreworascrewtypeelementsuchasaneyehook.Adeeperholewouldbe
calledapilothole.
stepbolt(1)aheavydutyboltusedonthecornersoftowers(egaradiotower)toprovidesomethingtosteponasaworkerclimbsthe
towerthisisnotawoodworkingitem.
stepbolt(2)synonymouswithcarriagebolt
stitchboltAlongboltthroughmechanicallylaminatedtimber(similartoglulambutusingboltsinsteadof,orinadditionto,glue)
thatholdsthelaminationstogether.Thatis,thisisnotaTYPEofbolt,itisatypeofUSEforbolts.
stoveboltReferstoanyfastenerofthevarioustypesthatwouldmostoftenbecalledamachinescrewsbutwhichareinthiscaseused
aspartofthefabricationofawoodburningstovetoattachsheetmetalparts.InalloftheexamplesI'veseen,thereisonecommon
characteristic,whichisthattheseneverhaveanunthreadedshoulderbutarethreadedalongthefulllengthoftheshank.
strapclampAtypeofclampwhereastrap,oftencanvas,wrapsallthewayaroundaworkpiece(suchasapictureframe)andthe
clampingforceisexertedbyeitherascrewmechanismoratogglemechanismatapointwherethestrapcomesbackonitself.WHenused
onrectangularitems,strapclampsarefrequentlyusedwithspeciallymadepadsthatprotectthewood'scornersandprovideevenpressure
onthecornerjoint.Examples:

straphingeAtypeofhingethatwasoneofthefirsttypesused.Itmosttypicallyconsistoftwolongheavy(hinge)leaves,oneof
whichattachestoaheavydoororgateandtheotherofwhichattachestoanadjacentwall.Designedtobebothornamentalaswellas
functional,earlyversionsoftenhadelaborateleaves.Althoughmostdefinitionssaytwolongleaves,modernusagehascorrodedthat
definitionandthetermnowincludehingesthathaveonlyonelongleaf(whichitemisthenmorecorrectlycalledaThinge)andalso
manynowarequiteplain.Smallerversionsareusedfordecorativepurposesoncabinets.Seehingepartsforadiscussionofthepartsthat
makeupthiskindofhinge.Examples:

structuralboltAlargehexheadboltusedinheavydutystructuralapplicationssuchasinbridgesandbuildings.Oneknowledgeable
definitionalsostatedthatsuchboltshaveacontroledthreadlength(andtherearesometechnicalreasonswhy,basedonspecificuse)but
whileIcanbelievethatthatisacorrectformaldefinition,Ithinkithighlylikelythatthetermisgenerallyusedmorelooselyjustmeaning
anylargehexheadboltintendedforheavydutystructuraluse.
studboltAshortthreadedrodthatmayormaynothaveanunthreadedsectioninthemiddleandwhichisgenerallyintendedtobe
permanentlyfixedtoanobjectononeendbybeingscrewedintothreadsinthatobjectandthenhavinganutplacedovertheotherendto
attachsomethingtotheobjecttowhichtheoneendisfixed.Alsocalleda"standingbolt".Examples:

surfacemountedForahingeleafthismeansitismountedonthesurface(ofadoororframe,edgeorface)withnomortisebeing
used.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesforanillustration.
surfacemountedhingeAnyhingethatusessurfacemountingforbothofthe(hinge)leaves.IfoneleafISsittinginamortiseand
theotherisn't,thenitisasinglemortisehingeandifbotharethenitisamortisedhinge.Seehingemountingpositionsandstylesfor
anillustration.
swingclearhingesynonymouswithdoublecrankedhinge
tapseetapanddie
tapanddieTapsanddiesarenormallyusedwithmetal,notwood,butitisnotunheardoftoseetapsusedwithveryhardwoodsandin
anycase,woodworkerssometimeshaveoccasiontousethemoresimplemetalworkingtoolssuchasthesesoI'veincludedtheminthis
glossary.Tapsareusedtoputinternalthreadsintoaholedrilledinmetal,thuscreatingaplacethatamachinescrew,forexample,canbe
screwedinto,anddiesareusedtoputexternalthreadsonmetalcylinders,thuscreatingathreadedboltend.Thesearegenerallysoldin
setsbutcanbepurchasedindividually.Theyareturnedbywhatarecalled,variously,taphandles/tapwrenchesanddiehandles/die
wrenches.Diesgenerallyhavecylindricaloutsidesbutsometimesarefoundwithhexagonaloutsides,asshownintheexamplesbelow.
Cylindricaldiesrequireaspecialhandlebuthexshapeddiescanbeturnedwithacrescentwrench.Diescanbeturnedwithasocket
wrench,oraboxwrench,orwiththespecialhandlesthataregenerallyprovidedwithtapanddiesets,whichcomeintwostylesasshown
below.Examplesoftaps,dies,handles/wrenches,andsets:

tapanddieset

taps

tapwrenchs/handles

dies

diewrenchs/handles
tapboltAnyfullythreadedboltwithnoblank(unthreaded)portionjustbelowtheheadasiscommononsometypesofbolts.
Examples:

tappeddescribesaholethathashadthreadscutinitwithatap
tappingUsingataptocreatethreadsinaholeinmetaltoacceptabolt.
teehingeseeThinge
teenutseeTnut
ThingeAhingethatlooksliketheletterTwhenitisopened.AThingeissimilartoastraphinge,andinfactisoftenusedinthe
sameapplications,exceptthatonestraphasbeenreplacedbya(hinge)leafthatislikethatofabutthingesothatitdoesnotrequirethe
widthofafullstraphingeleaf.Notethatmanymanfacturerssellteehingesasstraphingeseventhoughthatistechnicallyincorrect.See

hingepartsforadiscussionofthepartsthatmakeupthistypeofhinge.Examples:

thread(1)Thehelicalspiralprojectionsaroundtheshaftofascreworontheinsideofatappedhole(usuallyinmetal,notwood).
Technically,thethreadisahelicalinclinedplaneandmakesscrewsoneofthesixsimplemachinesdefinedbyclassicalmechanics.
thread(2)Averyfinestring,usedtosewclothitems.
threadcuttingscrewsynonymouswithselftappingmachinescrew
threadedHavingthreads
threadedinsertadevicetoallowmachinescrewstoconnecttowood.Itisametalcylinderwiththreadsontheoutsidethatscrewinto
thewoodandthreadsontheinsidethatacceptamachinescrew.Therearequiteafewvariations,basedonthefollowingcharacteristics:
materialnormallysteelorbrass
drivetypecanbeslotted,hex,ormanual
selftapping(sometimescalled"knifethreads")ornot
flangedornot
depthnormalor"lowprofile"
Someofthesenamesaremisleading."Lowprofile"reallyshouldbecalled"shallowdepth"sincethatistheactualfunction."Selftapping"
ismisleadingbecause,really,theyareALLselftappingNooneevertapsthewood,it'sjustthat"selftapping"aremoredesignedtocut
intothewoodlikeaselftappingmachinescrewcutsintometal.Onevarietyhas"interruptedthreads"whichstickoutmorethannormal
(seepicsbelow)tomakethemparticularlysuitableforuseinparticleboardandothercompositematerials.Belowarevarious
combinationsofthecharacteristics,andIhavenotedinresearchingthisthatflangesseemtobeusedonlyontheselftappingstylesand
neverwiththeslotteddrivestyle.Thereareseveraldifferenttypesofdriverthatcanbeusedwiththeseseethreadedinsertdrivers

threadedinsertdriveradeviceusedtoinsertthreadedinserts.Therearebasically4typesmanual,slotted,hex,andhomemade.The
manualdrivercanbeusedwithanyofthevarioustypesofthreadedinsertsbutisrequiredforthetypethathasnodriveslot.Theslotted
driveisacylinderthatgoesintotheinsideoftheinsert,thenapartthatisexactlyliketheendofaflatheadscrewdriver,thenahexdrive
head.ThetypeofinsertthattheseworkonCOULDbeinsertedusingaflatheadscrewdriver,butIcantellyoufromexperiencethatthatis
anexceptionallybadideaunlessyouarearobot.TheHexdriverisajustanormalhexdrivebutwithawidecylinderabovethedrivehead
thatsitsontopoftheinsert(which,withthistypeofdrive,isnormallyflanged,sothecylindersitsontheflange).Homemadestylesare
basedoneitherusingamachinescrewwithajamnutoramachinescrewjustscrewedintotheinserttheexamplesbelowshowone
suchwithahexheaddrive,mainlybecausethat'smyownpreference.Examples:

threadedrodsteelorothermetalrodthathasbeenthreadedforitsentirelength.Commonlyavailableinhardwarestoresinsizesfrom
about1/8"to1"indiameterand3feetor4feetlong,threadedrodcanbeusedtomakecustomlengthfastenersandcanalsobeusedwith
turnbuckles.Examples:

threading[noun]synonymouswiththreads
threading[verb]Theprocessofcreatingthreadsonametalshaft.Compare/contrasttotapping.
thrumbscrew[alsothumbscrew]Thistermislooselyusedtodescribeanybolt(notscrew)thathasaknurledknobthatisintendedto
betightenedwiththethumbandfirstfingerbutitveryspecificallyappliestoabolt(again,notascrew)thathasaflatovaltopthatclearly
isdesignedforusethethethumbandfirstfinger.Compare/contrasttowingscrewwhichissimilar(sometimesthelinebetweenthetwo
getsalittleblurred).Although,asstated,thisgenerallyreferstoabolt,notascrew,thereareafewsimilaritems(there'sanexampleinthe
upperrightofthecompositepicbelow)thatactuallyAREscrews.Examples:

thumbtackThepredecessortothemodernpushpin,thisisashortnailwithaverybroadflathead,usedmainlytoaffixpaperstoa
corkboard.Examples:

timberboltAlsocalleda"mushroomhead"bolt,thisisaverylargeheadedboltthatisusedtojointimbers.Thelargeheadprevents
thehighforcesonsuchboltsfrompullingthemthroughtthewoodandobviatesawasher.Usuallythereare4wedgesangleddownfrom
theundersideoftheheadontotheshankandthesepreventtheboltfromrotatingwhilethenutistightened.Analternativetothewedges
areshortspikescomingdownoutofthebottomofthehead.Examples:

TnutAninternallythreadedcylinderwithaflattopandsharpmetalprongsrisingoffofthetop.Thesearedesignedtobedriveninto
aholeinonesideofapieceofwoodandaboltisputthroughfromtheotherside,attachinganobjecttothewood.Thesearesometimes
usedforknockdownjoints.OftenthesurfaceofthewoodaroundtheheadoftheTnutwillbecountersunk(aflatdepression,notangled,
donewithaForstnerbit)sotheheaddoesnotprotrudeabovethesurfaceofthewood.Examples:

toenailingdrivingnailsatananglefromoneframingmemberthatisbuttedupagainstanotheratarightangle,mostoftenthrougha
verticalstudintoabasestudasshowninthedrawingbelow(inwhichthenailsarenotyetdrivenallthewayin).Thetermcanalso
describetheuseofscrewsforthesamepurpose.Whennailsaredrivenfrombothsidesoftheverticalmember,asisthebesttechniqueif
bothsidesareaccessible,itissometimescalled"crosstoenailing".Compare/contrasttofacenailingandendnailing.

toggleboltAspecialtyfasteningdevice,primarilyforusewithwallboard.Ititanormalbolt,butthe"nut"isaspringloadedpairof
wingsthatarepressedtogethertogetthroughthewallboardandthatthenspringopenbehindthewallboardandholdtheboltinplace
whenitistightened.Likeamollybolt,itcannotberemovedonceputinplace,butcanonlybefullydrivenintothewallboardsoastofall
intothespacebehindthewallboard.Ifdrivendirectlythroughasolidobject,thewingshavetoberemovedandthenreinsertedontheback
sideoftheobjectandthendriventhroughthewallboard.Examples:

toothedwasherseeexternaltoothlockwasher,internaltoothlockwasher,andinternalexternaltoothlockwasher
torquewasherAwasherusedonlyundertheheadofacarriageboltandtypicallyinheavydutyapplications,andwhichhastwo
functions.First,itpreventsthebolt'sheadfromspinningwhenthenutisbeingtightenedandsecond,itprovidesagreaterloadareaunder
theboltheadsoitdoesn'tdigintothewood.Thewasherhasasquarecenterwhichfitssnuglyaroundthesquareshankjustbelowthe
bolt'sheadandthismeanstheboltheadandthewasherhavetoturntogether,thenthewasheras4littlepointynubsonitsundersideandas
thenutistightened,thesedigintothewood,keepingthewasher(andthusthebolthead)fromspinning.Theyworkbestwithsoftwoods
andmanmadecompositelumberandarenotlikelytogivegoodresultswithreallyhardwoodsbecausetheywillnotseatwell.Theyare
widelyusedinheavydutyconstructionsuchasswingsets,docksanddecks.Examples:

torquewrench(1)Awrenchthatshowstheamountoftorquethatisbeingapplied,sothatyoucantellwhenyouhavetightened
somethingtoagivenamountoftorque.Thesearenotmuchusedinwoodworking.
torquewrench(2)Awrenchthathasaninternalslipmechanismthatcanbesettoaspecifiedtorqueandthenthewrenchwillnot
tightenbeyondthattorque,butwillsimplyslipandclick.Thesearenotmuchusedinwoodworking.
torxheadAscrewheadrequiringadriverintheshapeofastar.
TPIThreadsPerInchameasureofthedensityofthreadsonascreworbolt.
trimheadscrewsynonymouswithtrimscrew
trimscrewThisisthescrewversionofafinishingnail.Ithasaverysmallhead(it'sreallythesizeofhead,nottheshapeofthehead
thatdistinguishesatrimscrew)soastobeunobtrusiveandhasthenametrimscrewbecauseitwasdesignedtobeusedwith,amoung
otherthings,woodtrim.Itnormallyhasacylindrial(notatapered)butpointedshankandcoarsethreads.ThedrivetypemaybeAllen
head,phillipshead,Robertsondrive,orstardrive.Itmayormaynotbecountersunk.Examples:

trussheadscrewAscrewthathasaverylowdomedheadandverylowedges.Therearepicturesandafurtherdiscussionintheentry
withthetermscrewandboltheadtypes.
turnbuckleAdevicefortensioningcables,ropes,tierods,etc.Itconsistsofametalcenterpiecewiththreadedholesineachend,one
lefthandthread,onerighthandthread,intowhicharescrewedeyeletsorhooks.Whenthecenterpieceisturned,botheyeletsaremoved
inoroutsimultaneously,thusincreasingordecreasingthetensiononwhateverishookedtothem.Inlargeuses,you'llseetheminguy
wiresontelephonepoles,theriggingonsailingships,etc.Examples:

twistdrillbitThisisthe"normal"drillbit,theonethatfolksareprobablythinkingofwhentheysay"drillbit".Itisalongmetalshaft
withhelicalflutedcuttingedgesandafairlybroadpoint.Thesebitsaregoodforbothwoodandsoftermetals.IntheUSA,thesedrillscan
bepurchasedindividuallybysizeandalsocomeinnumeroussets.Themostcommonsetsarethe"AtoZ"set(A=.234",Z=.413"),the"#1
to#60set(#1=.228",#60=.040"),andthe"1/64to1/2"in1/64"incrementsset.Thereisalsoalesserknownsetofmicrobits#61to#80
(#61=.039",#80=.0135")andtherearevariationsonthe"normal"twistbit,includingtheverypopularbradpointbits.Examples:

twoleafhingeThistermhastwounrelatedmeanings.Thefirstisasasynonymforthetypeofbifolddoorhingethathasoneleaf
abovetheother.Manytypesofhingeshavetwoleaves,sowhytheterm"twoleafhinge"shouldapplyjusttothatoneIdonotknow,but
that'swhatIhavefoundtobethecase.Theseconddefinitionreferstoaspecialtyhingethatisusedprimarilyforfreestandingmirrors
(generallycalleda"vanitymirror")thatswivelinsideaverticalframe,asshowninthecompositepicbelow:
needtoaddtwoleafhingepics
UboltAlengthofrodthatisthreadedonbothendsandthenbentintoa"U"shapewhichmightbeaverycurvedUoramore
rectangularU.Thecurvedvarietyinparticularisusedasapipeholddown.Examples:

umbrellaheadroofingnailAformofroofingnailwithanexceptionallylargeheadtopreventpullthroughofroofshingles.As
nearlyasIcantell,thesearewidelyusedinAsiabutnotmuchintheUSA.Examples:

undercutscrewAshallowheadcountersunkscreworbolt,thepointofwhichistoreducetheprofileoftheheadandthusprovidea
littleextrathreadlengthforagivenlengthofscrew.Examples:

underdrivenDescribesafastener,suchasascrew,notfullydrivenflushtothesurface.Compare/contrasttooverdriven.
Unutseespringnut
upholsterynailAlsocalled"upholsterytack",thisisasmall,thinbodiednail,usually1/2"to3/4"longandwithaverybroadhead.
Theheadmostoftenisdomedandfrequentlyhassomesortofdesignonit,sometimesquiteelaborate.Sometimestheheadisintheshape
ofapyramidorothershapethatwouldnotbefoundonanyotherkindofnailbecausethesenailsareusedtoaffixupholsterytochairsand
otherpaddedfurnitureandthusareasmuchdecorativeasfunctional.Examples:

variablespeedreversibledrillApowerdrillthathasaspeedcontrolandtheabilitytoreversethedirectionofspin.VERYhandyfor
puttinginandtakingoutscrews(usingascrewdriverbitinsteadofadrillingbit).Thesetendtobealittlemorepowerfulthanthestandard
powerdrillandalsousuallyhaveasecondhandlerodthatprojectsoutofthesidetogiveyouaveryfirmtwohandedgripwhenusingthe
tooltotightennutsorscrewsorwhenusinglargeboringbits.Examples:

washerAdevice,usuallymetal,withaholeinthemiddle,usedundertheheadsofboltsandscrewstodistributeforcemoreevenly
andwidelyfromtheheadofontothesurfaceunderthehead.Othershapesandmaterialsforwashersareusedtoprovideseals,locking
mechanismsandvibrationreduction.TypicalwashershaveanODabouttwicetheirID,butfenderwashersareanotableexceptiontothat
ruleofthumb,andmosttypesoflockwasherhaveasmallerODthanothers.SimilardevicesarethegasketandtheOring.Typesof
washerlikelytobeencounteredbywoodworkersinclude:
countersunkforcountersunkscrews
countersunklockwasheranexternaltoothlockwasherbutconeshapedtoconformmtothebottomofacountersunkscrew
cupwashersameasfinishwasher
dishednotusedinwoodworking
dockveryheavydutyfenderwasherforheavyconstruction(suchasmarinedocks)
externaltoothlocklockwasherwithteethpointingoutwardformaximumsurfacegrab
finishwasherusedwithcountersunkboltsandscrewsbutwithoutthecountersunkhole
flat"common"type,likeafeaturlessdimewiththecenterpunchedout
fenderverylargeODforusewiththinmaterial(likeacarfender,thusthename)
flangedcountersunklikeacountersunkbutwithaflangetodistributethepressureevenmore
flushlikeaflatwasherbutthecenterispresseddownintoaconeshapetoconformtotheundersideofacountersunkscrew
internalexternaltoothlocktoothedlockwasherwithbothinternalandexternalteeth
internaltoothlocklockwasherwithteethpointinginwardforappearance
lockseesplitringlock,externaltoothlock,internaltoothlock,andinternalexternaltoothlock
mudguardsameasfender(mudguardsarethinmaterial,thusneedafenderwasher)
ogeewide,thick,castiron,ogeeshapedwasherusedinheavyconstruction
phenolicinsulating,foruseinelectricalconnections
platewasherusedinattachingsillplates
roundplateseeplatewasher
serratedsynonymouswithtoothed
shoulderanelectricallyinsulatingbushing
splitringlockaflatwashersplitandbenttoprovidethelockingpressure
splitwashersameassplitringlockwasher
springgenerallysynonymouswithsplitlockbutmaybeusedassynonymouswithwave
squareplateseeplatewasher
squarelikeaflatwasherbutwithasquarerim
staralittleusedsynonymforexternaltoothed,becauseoftheappearance
torquewasherforusewithcarriageboltsonly
toothedseeinternaltooth,internalexternaltooth,andexternaltooth
trimwashersameasfinishwasher
wavelockingtypewithawaveshapetoprovideaspringlikeholdingaction
multitoothsynonymouswithinternalexternaltooth
starsynonymouswithexternaltoothlock(becauseoftheshape)

washerheadscrewAtypeofwoodscrewthathasanextrawideheadthatactsasbothawasherandahead.Thesearesometimes
seeninmachinescrewsaswell,butaremuchmorecommoninwoodscrewswhichneedtheextraholdingpower.Examples:

wavewasherAtypeoflockwasherthathasasthelockingmechanismthefactthatthewasher(whichisotherwiseathinflatwasher)
isbentinawavyfashionsothatitcreatesaspringlikeclampingpressurebetweenthebottomoftheboltorscrewandthesurfacebeing
clamped.Examples:

wheellocknutsynonymouswithserratedflangenut
wideswinghingeAbutthingethathasoneextrawideleafandismountedwiththebarreloffsetfromthedoor/framejointsothatthe
doormovesoutoflinewiththeframewhenopened,thusgivingextraclearance.Oftenusedinhospitalroomsandsomeindustrialsettings,
thepointbeingthatitprovidesunobstructedaccessthroughtheentirewidthofthedoorframe.Examples:
needtoaddwideswinghingepics
widethrowhingesynonymouswithwideswinghinge
wingnutAnutthathas"wings"(upsweepingflanges)onthesidessothatitcanbeturnedwithfingersinsteadofneedinganykindof
wrenchorpliers.Seealsothumbscrewandwingscrew.Examples:

wingscrewExactlywhatyouwouldhaveifyoutookawingnut(whichismuchmorefamiliartomostpeople)andsuperglueditto
theendofathreadedrod.It'sabolt(NOTascrew)thathasa"wingnutlike"head,althoughthetermissometimesusedtodescribeitems
thatshouldbecalledthumbscrews.Examples:

wirenailAnailthatstartsoutasalengthcutfromastrandofwire.Thiscanbeanyofseveraltypesofnail.Commonnails,boxnails,
andbradsareallusuallywirenails,includingeventhelargersizes,becauseautomatedconstructiontechniquesmakeveryeffectiveuseof
wire.
wirenutAsimplebutincrediblyusefuldevicethatrivalsthepaperclipiningenuity,thisisaplasticconewithaspiralofconductive
wireinsideyoujamtwostrippedelectricalwiresintoitandthenyoutwistitandthewiresarephysically(andthereforeelectrically)
matedwithastrongbondthatcanbereleasedlaterbyjustreversetwistingthecap.Itdoeshavethedrawbackthatalotofvibrationcan
loosentheconnection,sothereareapplicationswhereitisstillbettertorelyonasolderingironand/orelectricaltape.Examples:

woodscrewAscrewdesignedforwoodorasimilarmaterial,withapointed,taperedshank,relativelycoarsethreads,andsometimes
anunthreadedportionjustunderthehead.Woodscrewsaredesignedtofastenobjectstowoodortofastentwopiecesofwoodtogether.
Thepointedshaftisoftendrivendirectlyintowood,butdependingonthehardnessofthewood,apilotholemayberequired.Therearea
hugenumberofdifferentheadstylesanddrivetypesandothercharacteristicsoffastenersthatmayhaveotherspecificnamesbutarealso
whatismeantbytheterm"woodscrew",includingmanythatdoNOThaveataperedshankbutratherhaveastraight,threaded,shank
withapointedend.Materialsincludesteel,brass,andaluminum.Seealsoboltsvsscrews.Compare/contrasttomachinescrew.
Examples:

wraparoundhingeAtypeofhingethateitherpartiallyorfullywrapsaroundboththeedgeofaframeandthematchingdoor.The
twotypesareshowninthisglossaryat:
fullwraparoundhinge
partialwraparoundhinge

zeroclearancehingeAlthoughtechnicallythistermisproperlyappliedtoanyhingethatallowsunobstructedaccessforpullout
shelvesordrawersonceacabinetdoorisopenedto90degreesormore,itisusuallyappliedtoaspecificstyleofhingethatisalsocalleda
Europeanhinge.Thepointisjusttomakesurethatthedoorwillnotprotrudeintotheareaofthecabinetopeningwhenopensothatany
drawerorshelfthatisbeingpulledoutthroughtheopeningwillnotbeobstructedbythebackedgeofthedoor.Withthepropermounting
intherightkindofdoorsetup,abutthingecouldservethisfunction,ascouldawraparoundhingeandothers,mostparticularlythe270
degreehinge.Another,lessused,namefortheseis"zeroprotrusionhinge".TheexamplesshownherearealloftheEuropeanhingetype:

zeroprotrusionhingeAnapparentlylittleusedtermthatissynonymouswithzeroclearancehinge
#oftermsinthissubglossary:418