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• Line loads: loads distributed
along a narrow strip of the
structure.
Examples: (weight of a
p ( g
member itself, weight of wall
or partition)
• Surface loads: loads that are
distributed over an area.
E
Examples: (floor loads and
l (fl l d d
roof loads)
Dead Load
Dead Load
• Definition: Dead loads are those that act on the structure as a result of
Definition Dead loads are those that act on the structure as a result of
the weight of the structure itself and of the components of the system
that are permanent fixtures.
• Dead loads are characterized as having fixed magnitudes and positions.
• The dead loads associated with the structure
The dead loads associated with the structure can be determined if the
can be determined if the
materials and sizes of the various components are known.
• Unit weights of typical building materials can be found in codes and
Unit weights of typical building materials can be found in codes and
standards.
• The loads associated with service equipment
The loads associated with service equipment are normally
are normally available from
available from
the manufacturers.
Live Loads
Live Loads
• Definition: Live loads are the loads
produced through the construction, use,
occupancy of the structure excluding
f h l d
environmental or dead loads.
• These loads are not fixed either in
These loads are not fixed either in
magnitude or in position.
• If the load has a dynamic significance, it
y g ,
is considered as moving load.
– Examples: vehicular loads on bridges or
crane loads on industrial building.
• If the load value changes over a period
of time, it is considered as a movable
load.
– EExamples: stored materials in a warehouse
l d i l i h
or movable partitions in an office building.
• Recommended live load magnitudes are
g
available in building codes, design
specifications, and research reports.
Live Loads (CONT)
Live Loads (CONT)
• Occupancy Loads for Buildings
– The
The values of these loads are
values of these loads are
available in the ASCE‐7 (American
Society of Civil Engineers)
publication titled “Minimum
D i L d f B ildi
Design Loads for Buildings and d
Other Structures”
• Traffic Loads for Bridges
– Th
These loads are specified by the
l d ifi d b th
American Association of State
Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) in their
publication LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications.
• Impact Loads
– Loads that are applied over a very
short period of time.
– These loads have a greater effect
on the structure that would occur
on the structure that would occur
if the same loads were applied
statically.
Environmental Loads
Environmental Loads
• Structures experience numerous
p
loading conditions as a result of the
environment in which they exist.
• Snow and Ice Loads:
– The procedure for establishing the static
snow loads on a building is normally
based on the ground snow loads and an
appropriate ground‐to‐roof conversion.
• Rain Loads:
– Roof loads that result from accumulation
f i t fl t f d
of rainwater on flat roofs can produce
podding.
– The real danger is that as podding occurs
the roof deflects into a dished
configuration, which can accommodate
fi i hi h d
more water, and thus greater loads result.
– The best way to prevent the problem is to
provide a modest slope to the roof (2%)
and to design an adequate drainage
system.
Wind Loads
Wind Loads
• The wind loads that acts on the
The wind loads that acts on the
structure result from the
movement of the air against the
g
obstructing surfaces.
• Wind effects induce forces,
,
vibrations, and in some cases
instabilities in the overall
structure as well as its non‐
structural components.
• These wind effects depend on
the wind speed, mass density of
the air location and geometry of
the air, location and geometry of
the structure, and vibrational
characteristics of the system.
Earthquake Loads
Earthquake Loads
• Definition: a common dynamic
loading that is associated with
that is associated with
ground movement that structures
must resist.
• g
This loading affects the base of the
structure.
• When the base is affected, the
upper portion of the structure
resists the motion because of its
h b f
inertia.
• A deformation is induced in the
that produces a horizontal
structure that produces a horizontal
vibration that in turn produces
horizontal shear forces throughout
the structure.
• The resulting earthquake loads are
dependent on the nature of the
ground movement and the inertia
response characteristics of the
h i i f h
structure.