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Chapter
Threaded Fasteners
OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter; you will be able to:
' Describe how a fastener functions and be familiar with the two basic
types of fasteners. (10-1)
_
0 Draw a detailed thread representation of common thread forms, a
representation of threaded fasteners in assembly, and a schematic thread
representation. (10-2)
' Understand how threaded fasteners are selected and describe the various
types of fasteners. (10-3)
0 Describe the special types of fasteners: setscrews, locknuts, captive or
self-retaining nuts, inserts, and sealing fasteners. (10-4)
Q Discuss the applications of tapping screws. (10-5)
10-1
Fig. I0-I
Fasteners.
Screw Threads
distance the threaded part would move parallel to the axis during one complete rotation in relation to a xed mating part (the
distance a screw would enter a threaded hole in one turn).
Thread Forms
Figure 10-5 (p. 272) shows some of the more common thread
forms in use today. The ISO metric thread will eventually
replace all the V-shaped metric and inch threads. As for the
other thread forms shown, the proportions will be the same
for both metric- and inch-size threads.
The knuckle thread is usually rolled or cast. A familiar
example of this form is seen on electric light bulbs and
sockets. The square and acme forms are designed to transmit
motion or power, as on the lead screw of a lathe. The buttress
thread, push or pu takes pressure in only one direction
against the surface perpendicular to the axis.
Thread Representation
True representation of a screw thread is seldom used on working drawings. Symbolic representation of threads is now standard practice. There are three types of conventions in general
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Inch Threads
In the United States and Canada a great number of threaded
assemblies are still designed using inch-sized threads. In this
system the pitch is equal to
Fig. 10-7
1
Number of threads per inch
Threaded Assemblies
For general use, the simplied representation of threaded
parts is recommended for assemblies (Fig. 10-11, p. 274). In
sectional views, the externally threaded part is always shown
covering the internally threaded part.
LEAD; P
The number of threads per inch is set for different diameters in what is called a thread series. For the Unied National
system, there is the coarse-thread series (UNC) and the nethread series (UNF). See Table 8 in the Appendix.
In addition, there is an extra-ne thread series (UNEF)
for use when a small pitch is desirable, such as on thinwalled tubing. For special work and for diameters larger than
those specied in the coarse and ne series, the Unied
National thread system has three series that provide for the
same number of threads per inch regardless of the diameter.
These are the 8-thread series, the 12-thread series, and the
16-thread series. These are called constant-pitch threads.
Thread Class
Three classes of external thread (classes 1A, 2A, and 3A)
and three classes of internal thread (classes 1B, 2B, and 3B)
are available. These classes differ in the amount of allowances and tolerances provided in each class.
The general characteristics and uses of the various
classes are as follows.
Classes 1A and 1B These classes produce the loosest t,
that is, the greatest amount of play (free motion) in assembly.
They are useful for work where ease of assembly and disassembly is essential, such as for stove bolts and other rough
bolts and nuts.
Classes 2A and 2B These classes are designed for the ordinary good grade of commercial products, such as machine
screws and fasteners, and for most interchangeable parts.
Classes 3A and 3B These classes are intended for exceptionally high-grade commercial products, where a particularly
close or snug t is essential and the high cost of precision
tools and machines is warranted.
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PART 2
While the method shown in Example 5 is used most commonly, either is acceptable.
In instances where it is preferred to use a general note
on the drawing to specify the controlling organization and
METRIC DESIGN/\TiON
NOMINAL DiAMETEFi
PITCH
THREAD COI\ITROI_Lii'\iG OFiGAi~iiZATIOii
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Fig. 10-14
drawings.
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500
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THREADS
TAPER OF THREAD
Pipe Threads
The pipe universally used is the inch-sized pipe. When pipe
is ordered, the nominal diameter and wall thickness (in
inches Or millimeters) are given In calling for the size of
thread, the note used is similar to that for screw threads.
When calling for in pipe thread on a metric drawing, the
abbreviation IN follows the pipe size (Fig. 10-16).
The designation should covermin sequencethe nominal
size in fractional inches (ti decimal inch equivalent may be
used only when the computer or other machine cannot handle fractions), the number of threads per inch, the thread
series symbol (e.g., NPT or NPS), and the thread class (if
applicable), and the thread controlling organization and standard (e.g., ASME Bl.20.l). See Fig. 10-17.
References and Source Material
1. ASME Y14.6-2001, Screw Thread Representation.
2. ASME Bl.l-2003, Unied Inch Screw Threads, UN and UNR Thread
Form.
3. ASME Bl.l3M200l, Metric Screw ThreadsM Prole.
4. ASME Bl.2lMl997, Metric Screw Tl|reridsM.] Prole.
NOMINAL SIZE
DASH on HYPHEN
nunaea or THREADS PER inei-i
THREAD SERIES sweet.
DASH on HVPHEN
THREAD CLASS (IF APPLICABLE)
[ ;=THFiEAD CONTROLLING ORGANIZATION
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2 1/2-s NPT-1, ASME B 1120.1
Fig. 10-17
10-1 ASSIGNMENTS
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Fig. 10-19
Threaded Assemblies
It is often desirable to show threaded assembly drawings in
detailed form, that is, in presentation or catalog drawings.
Hidden lines are normally omitted on these drawings, as they
do nothing to add to the clarity of the drawing (Fig. 10-20
on page 280). One type of thread representation is generally
used within any one drawing. When required, however, all
three methods may be used.
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PART 2
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Fastener Selection
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ROUND
HEAD
FLAT
HEAD
OVAL
HEAD
TRUSS
HEAD
FAN
HEAD
HEXAGON
HEAD
ar .-z_ _
the root lines are drawn to any convenient size (Fig. 10-21).
At one time the root line was shown as a thick line.
HEXAGON
WASHER
HEAD
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SQUARE HEAD
(Bi BOLTS
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DOUBLE-END STUD
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Fig. 10-23
281
_IE!-/A
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Studs Studs are shafts threaded at both ends, and they are
used in assemblies. One end of the stud is threaded into one
of the parts being assembled; and the other assembly parts,
such as washers and covers, are guided over the studs through
clearance holes and are held together by means of a nut that
is threaded over the exposed end of the stud (Fig. l0-23D).
IIl
Explanatory Data
/-say
(Di STUDS
Fastener applications.
Fastener Configuration
Head Styles
Fastener Definitions
Machine Screws Machine screws have either ne or
coarse threads and are available in a variety of heads. They
may be used in tapped holes as shown in Fig. l0-23A, or
with nuts.
Hex and Square The hex head is the most commonly used
head style. The hex head design offers greater strength, ease
of torque input, and area than the square head.
,-.
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Fig. 10-24
WASHE R
OVAL
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PART 2
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ROUND
SHOULDER
SHOULDER
Fig. 10-26
FlN NECK
sou/see
(CARRIAGE)
NECK
Fillister The deep slot and small head allow a high torque
to be applied during assembly.
Truss
._
.__.
:5?
in
(Fig. 10-26).
Point Styles
The point of a fastener is the conguration of the end of the
shank of a headed or headless fastener. Standard point styles
are shown in Fig. 10=27.
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Drive configurations.
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Point styles.
Fig. 10-25
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12--Pei! This l2sided head is normally used on aircraftgrade fasteners. Multiple sides allow for a very sure grip and
HEXCAP
=.E,
Metric Fasteners
For mechanical and material requirements, metric fasteners
are classied under a number of property classes. Bolts,
screws, and studs have seven property classes of steel suitable
for general engineering applications. The property classes are
designated by numbers, with increasing numbers generally
representing increasing tensile strengths. The designation
symbol consists of two parts: the rst numeral of a two-digit
symbol or the rst two numerals of a three-digit symbol is
approximately equal to one-hundredth of the minimum tensile
strength in megapascals (MPa), and the last numeral approximates one-tenth of the ratio expressed as a percentage of
minimum yield strength and minimum tensile strength.
a
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TABLE 10-1
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2-69
64
110
100
**
Class
(Equal to or if ' i
"Less Than)
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777i
_-
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Grade 8
133
i 150
.
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1
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"i-In-quill
105
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Grade 7
1
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, 120
115
55
0No
Requirements
1-55
t.
. t
i1
L
H
Property .
4-0-ll
1, Minimum
Tensile
Strength kips
in
.<-_G_ra_de-"*..'
283
be used:
fl\/liilimum
'
Nominal
Diameter
1'"'"T_ensile . _ . Yield
__Stre11gthv . p1Strength
MPa
MPa ,
4.6
M5 thru M36
400
240
4.8
420
340
5.8
M5 thru M24
520
420
8.8
830
9.8 8
900
660
.
720
10.9
M5 thru M36
1040
940
12.9
1220
1100
Fastener Markings
Slotted and crossed recessed screws of all sizes and other
screws and bolts of sizes .25 in. or M4 and smaller need not
be marked. All other bolts and screws of sizes .25 in. or M5
and larger are marked to identify their strength. The property
class symbols for metric fasteners are shown in Table 10-3.
The symbol is located on the top of the bolt head or screw.
Alternatively, for hex-head products, the markings may be
indented on the side of the head.
TABLE 10-3 Metric property class identification
symbols for bolts, screws, and studs.
C .
-
A - Property
lldentication Symbol
1 .
ex
'
Machine screws are available only in classes 4.8 and 9.8; other
bolts, screws, and studs are available in all classes within the
specied product size limitations given in Table 10-1.
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\_
__
-if
*_i
iii
Than M12 D
W7
if
4.6
4.6
4.8
4.8 . 9
5.8
5.8
8.8 (I)
8.8
9.8
10.9 (I)
10.9
El
12.9
12.9
9.8 (I)
l
P
1 Class, tY.*;tsssandstndss1
A property class 10-9 fastener (see Table 10-2) has a minimum tensile strength of 1040 MPa and a minimum yield
strength of 940 MPa. One percent of 1040 is 10.4. The rst
two numerals of the three-digit symbol are 10. The minimum
yield strength of 940 MPa is equal to approximately 90 percent of the minimum tensile strength of 1040 MPa. Dne-tenth
of 90 percent is 9. The last digit of the property class is 9.
'
*1
.
-:ii"i:s:i
284
PART 2
TABLE 10-4
and studs.
the extreme end of the stud. For studs with an interferencet thread the markings are located at the nut end. Studs
g.
Property v
Nuts
The customary terms regular and thick for describing nut
Class
"
; 1 ; _,
Nominal 0 .
Nut Size
M5 thru M36
M5 thru M16
M20 thru M36
10
Suggested Property
Class of Mating
5.8, 9.8
5.8, 8.8
10.9
I*i.5D1
*1
1-+o.a5o
,-
__l
l.5D
l'iE.Xi=5.L@TI'"ED
NUTS
NLJTS
HEX NUTS
-o.eso
.-|
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. l
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I
tr
lBl HEX BOLT
M.
.
._..
-__.
rt
9--i
l.85D
I I. U
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nut and bolt. Approximate nut and bolt sizes are shown in
Fig. 10-29. Actual sizes are found in Table ll in the Appendix. Nut and bolt templates are also available and are recommended as a cost-saving device for manual drafting.
Conventional drawing practice is to show the nuts and bolt
heads in the across-corners position in all views.
HEX-Fl-ANGED
-qp
Q1"
ii
V i U-
STYLE I
LSD-1-t0.9D><1D.9DT1f.O5D|>~l]_Q5[) -<-
i
i
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.0-..
_ _.4-.
_:__
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STYLEI
.1_g-;-no__
STYLE2
_._.._
Fig. 10-23
Hex-nut styles.
.- s,,
f sisit
xi} -tin
at
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e
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1.
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Z
5*
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rs
- #31,. L}
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{Al DOUBLEEND
Fig. 10-30
(Bl CONTINUOUS-THREAD
Studs.
.... ...
(A) FLAT
Studs
Double-End Studs These studs are designated in the following sequence: type and name; nominal size; thread information; stud length; material, including grade identication;
and nish (plating or coating) if required.
.=
{Bl CONICAL
Fig. 1031
Studs, as shown top right in Fig. 10-30, are still used in large
quantities to best fulll the needs of certain design functions
and for overall economy.
;-i1:jf'=.Ii
-;*I;;,:1-":f1'I V "
Washers
Washers are one of the most common forms of hardware and
perform many varied functions in mechanically fastened
assemblies. They may be needed just to span an oversize
clearance hole, to give better bearing for nuts or screw faces,
or to distribute loads over a greater area. Often, they serve
as locking devices for threaded fasteners. They are also used
to maintain a spring-resistance pressure, to guard surfaces
against marring, and to provide a seal.
I\?
Classification of Washers
Washers are commonly the elements that are added to screw
systems to keep them tight, but not all washers are locking
types. Many washers serve other functions, such as surface
protection, insulation, sealing, electrical connection, and
spring-tension take-up devices.
Flat Washers Plain, or at, washers are used primarily to
provide a bearing surface for a nut or a screw head, to cover
large clearance holes, and to distribute fastener loads over a
285
E:_=="_-3';2r1_'-3:2:
(A) PLAlN
Fig. 10-32
;,a
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are
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286
PART 2
ggggg
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Type of fastener
Thread specications
Fastener length
Material
Head style
Type of driving recess
Point type (setscrews only)
Property class
Finish
~ Inf!
-. L
DOME
Fig. 10-33
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
-2 W". .W"9z~
."&._'-._'-__;-_._ i t\\m\
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.3-.
4
I-I
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g sss,rsss
Specifying Fasteners
, i\
DISHED
(2)
(3)
In
re O
1
(5)
Fi9- 10-'34
ll
(4)
\
/ 1 \
(7)
(8)
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ll.
12.
BOLT
CAP SCREW
STUD
AS A BOLT
" !i.
'1:-~
war
%'..\\\\m.\
awe////an -__
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$3
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was
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421.406
aiso
\/ 0.34 >< 82
.i. ___
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0.531
wet-I26
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I15
4 --e_-M
COUNTERBORE
COUNTERSINK
SPOTFACE
BLIND TAPPED
TAPPED
BOTTOM / \
PLATE 1 J
0.406
0.28
8(.164)32UNC
/ \
\ I,
Fig. 10-35
10-4
TYPE 2 CONTINUOUS
THREAD STUD
M6 X I X 60. CLASS 8.8
_
.500-taunt:
pi__--
CLEARANCE
TAPPED
.500|3UNC X L50
HEX BOLT
1 .7.
CLEARANCE
I1
ii
CLEARANCE
2:
CLEARANCE
_\
.375|6UNC X 4.00
HEX BOLT. ZINC PLATED
_ ltl
287
at-3.5
SPECIAL FASTENERS
Setscrews
Setscrews are used as semipermanent fasteners to hold a
collar, sheave, or gear on a shaft against rotational or translational forces. In contrast to most fastening devices, the
setscrew is essentially a compression device. Forces developed by the screw point on tightening produce a strong
clamping action that resists relative motion between assembled parts. The basic problem in setscrew selection is to nd
the best combination of setscrew form, size, and point style
that provides the required holding power.
Setscrews can be categorized in two ways: by their
head style and by the point style desired (Table 10-5 on
page 288). Each setscrew style is available in any one of
ve point styles.
The conventional approach to selecting the setscrew
diameter is to make it roughly equal to one-half the shaft
diameter. This rule of thumb often gives satisfactory results,
but its range of usefulness is limited.
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288
PART 2
TABLE 10-5
III
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Setscrews.
_-_
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standard Fait Y
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TOOTHED
WASHER
SINGLE-THREAD
LOCKNUT GRIP SCREW
T*"_-M-
Flat
,
is necessary. Flat is usually ground on shaft for
5 I-II
better contact.
+ ----~II
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SERRATED TOOTH
Conical
Z
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PREASSEMBLED
WASHER AND SCREW
IA) FREE-SPINNING
_l,.__
Spherical
mm
;
if
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Half Dog
For permanent location of machine parts. although
. . - .='- "
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NONMETALLIC PLUG
GRIPS BOLTTHREADS
STRIP INSERT
THREAD
DEFORMATION
Standard Heads .
Hexagon Socket
Standard size range: No. 0 to 1.0 in. (2 to 24mm),
=
,
..
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IBI PREVAILING-TORQUE
Fig. 10-36
Slotted
threaded entire
len
o screw. Coarse or ne
.
..gth.f
3
i
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ll
thread series.
Locknuts
Fluted Socket
Square Head
E
e
S-l
pq-_~_
________
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2? \Y*
iseri
-as *>e<
Prevailing-Torque Locknuts
Prevailing-torque locknuts spin freely for a few turns, and
then must be wrenched to nal position. The maximum holding and locking power is reached as soon as the threads and
the locking feature are engaged. Locking action is maintained until the nut is removed. Prevailing-torque locknuts
are classied by basic design principles:
1. Thread deection causes friction to develop when the
threads are mated; thus the nut resists loosening.
2. The out-of-round top portion of the tapped nut grips the
bolt threads and resists rotation.
is Sgt "
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Free-Spinning Locknuts
TAPERED CONE
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JAM NUT
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SINGLE THREAD
Locknuts.
Jam nuts are thin nuts used under full-sized nuts to develop
locking action. The large nut has sufcient strength to elastically deform the lead threads of the bolt and jam nut.
Thus, a considerable resistance against loosening is built up.
The use of jam nuts is decreasing; a one-piece, prevailingtorque locknut usually is used instead, at a savings in
assembled cost.
Slotted and castle nuts have slots that receive a cotter
pin that passes through a drilled hole in the bolt and thus
serves as the locking member. Castle nuts differ from slotted nuts in that they have a circular crown of a reduced
diameter.
Single-thread locknuts are spring steel fasteners that can
be speedily applied. Locking action is provided by the grip
of the thread-engaging prongs and the reaction of the arched
base. Their use is limited to nonstructural assemblies and
usually to screw sizes below 6 mm in diameter (Figs. 10-37
and 10-38).
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(Al PREVAILING-TORQUE
_<__--_-.=v___..'-='-___._:-7"
________.
ELLlPTlCAL INSERT
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289
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290
PART 2
IT
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E
FOR RUBBER-INSULATED
AND cuss-now MOUNTuues wnene THE NUT
MUST BEMAFN STATIONnay
:___
C-g
r'
-Z E
USE OF LOCKNUT ON
ASPRING CLAMP
V
I
..
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.
T
_,.__,_.
USE OF LOCKNUT ON A
BOLTED CONNECTION
THAT REQUIRES F?RE=
DETERMINED PLAY
6/...a.- .
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ll
I I I Ii;-g,'.e.a
5;?!/Ias H
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FOR SPRING.-MOUNTED
CONNECTIONS WHERE
THE NUT MUST REMA!N
STATIONARY OR IS SUB
JECT TO ADJUSTMENT
They are especially good when there are blind locations, and
they can normally be attached without damaging nishes.
Methods of attaching these types of nuts vary, and tools
required for assembly are generally uncomplicated and inexpensive. The self-retined nuts are grouped according to four
means of attachment.
1- Plate Or anchor nuts: These nuts have mounting lugs that
'-
Inserts
Inserts are a special form of nut designed to serve the
function of a tapped hole in blind or through-hole locations
(Fig. l0-41).
Sealing Fasteners
Fasteners hold two or more parts together, but they can perform other functions as well. One important auxiliary function is that of sealing gases and liquids against leakage.
PILOT HOLE
WORKPIECE
II) UNIVERSAL PIERCE NUT
Pi LOT
cones T
COMPLETED CLINCH
2
I2) HIGH-STRESS PIERCE NUT
s~..,,....,
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IDI EXTERNAL-INTERNAL
THREADED INSERT
Fig. 'IO-41
-i~
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,,_.-F
Inserts.
0,
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(AI FASTENERS
SEPARATELY SEALED
Fig. 10-42
10-5
Tapping Screws
Two types of sealed-joint construction are possible with
fasteners (Fig. 10-42). In one approach, the fasteners enter
the sealed medium and are separately sealed. The second
approach uses a separate sealing element that is held in place
by the clamping forces produced by conventional fasteners,
such as rivets or bolts.
There are many methods of obtaining a seal using sealing fasteners, as shown in Fig. 10-43 (p. 292).
292
PART 2
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LIQUID PLASTIC
COATING
WU
PREASSEMBLED
NEOPRENE WASHER
Pl-l,EA>5EM.5l-ED METAL
W,Ai=I ANQ @=HlN@
MOLDED
RUBBER RING
MASTIC SEALING
COMPOUND
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ORING WITH
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ll
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INSERT
NYLON
COLLAR
NYLON
BODY
FLOWEDIN
SEALANT
%
MOLDED NYLON,
SEAL RING
MOLDED HUBEER
TOROID
LAMINATED NEOPRENE
TO METAL
Fig. 10-43
Sealing fasteners.
NYLON
SLEEVE
ORlNG
FLOWEDIN
SEALANT
*='..':'a
._. .
TYPE AB
TYPE B
Fig. 10-44
Self-tapping screws.
ii '
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TYPE U
TYPE F
293
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USE TYPES B, U, F.
*****- -7|
hm
Hr;-les may be (j"lZlQLi or cleara-
purichetl.
*1
"I '1nl||||uu-ir""1ll-all
PLASTICS
USE TYPES B, U, F.
II
Fig. 10-45
*7 i
ii 7 _
i__i_i____
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t, i
W A
:__f;,__---~---l--;~**
waif E *~
Li,
ff,
.. '._L ;,1-o-0-lL~:;r~:1nr
*_
__ ....___.._m
%/A
l-rl_:|r2s rnay be cclriaci il it is pr-'3t;tir:al to maintain close
tolerances. Otherr.-.1Ts;r=.>. blind-clriil holes to recurrif'i'\?l\Lr3ll'H;3l!$lZ{!. Fr0~./irir; E3iZ_I|=1t,il'E'jlIl(;ill(;-iE?f()l' screwin
the part to he T5151-r;trlrj:fJ. The time in the castr-gt. if it is a
blir'idhol1, should be rleeper than the iLIH.%*.f-.! penetration
to allr:-w for -ship clearar"lce.
Nrgtasi 1. liuleiiilasieinedparI!TE1'~/btiiG same size as
wr_\rl<{.>iet;e lml-.'-: for type U scra'~.'vs.
2. Type B
5l_liTIE!l'Jl: for use orrh; in Ff.)lTf:?Ff0l.lS
tlastlngs.
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294
PART 2
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SUMMARY
Fastening devices are extremely important in manufacturing and construction. The two basic kinds of fasteners
are permanent and removable. (10-1)
A screw thread is a ridge of uniform section in the form
of a helix on the external or internal surface of a cylinder.
(10-1)
The ISO metric thread will replace the V-shaped metric
and inch threads. Other types of threads are the knuckle,
square, acme, and buttress. (10-1)
Threads are represented symbolically on drawings. The
three types of conventions used for screw threads are the
simplied, detailed, and schematic. With simplied
thread representation, thread crests are represented by
a thick outline, and thread roots by a thin broken line.
(10-1)
It is assumed that threads are right-hand and that screws
have single threads, unless noted otherwise. (10-1)
For inch-size threads, there are three classes of external
threads and three classes of internal threads. Metric
threads are grouped into diameter-pitch combinations
distinguished from one another by the pitch applied to
specic diameters. ISO metric screw threads are dened
by the nominal size and pitch, both expressed in millimeters. (10-1)
Threads may be shown in a detailed representation,
which is close to actual appearance, or in schematic representation, which is done using staggered lines and
spacing. (10-2)
KEY TERMS
Chemical locking (10-4)
Clearance drill size (10-3)
Counterbored hole (10-3)
Countersunk hole (10-3)
Detailed representation (10-1)
Series (10-1)
Simplied representation (10-1)
Spotfacing (10-3)
Standardization (10-1)
Tap drill size (10-3)
M 295