6ITSVXIHF]%'-'SQQMXXII

*MVWX4VMRXMRK
.YRI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
%HZERGMRKGSRGVIXIORS[PIHKI

'ST]VMKLXF]XLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-%PPVMKLXWVIWIVZIH8LMWQEXIVMEPQE]RSXFI
reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage
QIHME[MXLSYXXLI[VMXXIRGSRWIRXSJ%'-
8LIXIGLRMGEPGSQQMXXIIWVIWTSRWMFPIJSV%'-GSQQMXXIIVITSVXWERHWXERHEVHWWXVMZIXSEZSMHEQFMKYMXMIWSQMWWMSRW
and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information
SVVIUYMVIQIRXWXLEXQE]FIWYFNIGXXSQSVIXLERSRIMRXIVTVIXEXMSRSVQE]FIMRGSQTPIXISVMRGSVVIGX9WIVW[LS
LEZIWYKKIWXMSRWJSVXLIMQTVSZIQIRXSJ%'-HSGYQIRXWEVIVIUYIWXIHXSGSRXEGX%'-ZMEXLIIVVEXE[IFWMXIEX
[[[GSRGVIXISVKGSQQMXXIIWIVVEXEEWT4VSTIVYWISJXLMWHSGYQIRXMRGPYHIWTIVMSHMGEPP]GLIGOMRKJSVIVVEXEJSV
XLIQSWXYTXSHEXIVIZMWMSRW
ACI committee documents are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance
ERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJMXWGSRXIRXERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWERH[LS[MPPEGGITXVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIQEXI
VMEPMXGSRXEMRW-RHMZMHYEPW[LSYWIXLMWTYFPMGEXMSRMRER][E]EWWYQIEPPVMWOERHEGGITXXSXEPVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLI
ETTPMGEXMSRERHYWISJXLMWMRJSVQEXMSR
%PPMRJSVQEXMSRMRXLMWTYFPMGEXMSRMWTVSZMHIHwEWMWx[MXLSYX[EVVERX]SJER]OMRHIMXLIVI\TVIWWSVMQTPMIHMRGPYH
ing but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose or non-infringement.
%'-ERHMXWQIQFIVWHMWGPEMQPMEFMPMX]JSVHEQEKIWSJER]OMRHMRGPYHMRKER]WTIGMEPMRHMVIGXMRGMHIRXEPSVGSR
sequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may result from the use of this
TYFPMGEXMSR
It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety practices appropriate to the specific
GMVGYQWXERGIWMRZSPZIH[MXLMXWYWI%'-HSIWRSXQEOIER]VITVIWIRXEXMSRW[MXLVIKEVHXSLIEPXLERHWEJIX]MWWYIW
ERHXLIYWISJXLMWHSGYQIRX8LIYWIVQYWXHIXIVQMRIXLIETTPMGEFMPMX]SJEPPVIKYPEXSV]PMQMXEXMSRWFIJSVIETTP]MRK
XLIHSGYQIRXERHQYWXGSQTP][MXLEPPETTPMGEFPIPE[WERHVIKYPEXMSRWMRGPYHMRKFYXRSXPMQMXIHXS9RMXIH7XEXIW
3GGYTEXMSREP7EJIX]ERH,IEPXL%HQMRMWXVEXMSR37,% LIEPXLERHWEJIX]WXERHEVHW
4EVXMGMTEXMSRF]KSZIVRQIRXEPVITVIWIRXEXMZIWMRXLI[SVOSJXLI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXIERHMRXLIHIZIPST
QIRXSJ-RWXMXYXIWXERHEVHWHSIWRSXGSRWXMXYXIKSZIVRQIRXEPIRHSVWIQIRXSJ%'-SVXLIWXERHEVHWXLEXMXHIZIPSTW
3VHIVMRJSVQEXMSR%'-HSGYQIRXWEVIEZEMPEFPIMRTVMRXF]HS[RPSEHSR'(631XLVSYKLIPIGXVSRMGWYFWGVMTXMSR
SVVITVMRXERHQE]FISFXEMRIHF]GSRXEGXMRK%'-
1SWX%'-WXERHEVHWERHGSQQMXXIIVITSVXWEVIKEXLIVIHXSKIXLIVMRXLIERRYEPP]VIZMWIH%'-1ERYEPSJ'SRGVIXI
4VEGXMGI1'4 

-7&2

%'-6
+YMHIXS'EWXMR4PEGI%VGLMXIGXYVEP'SRGVIXI
4VEGXMGI
6ITSVXIHF]%'-'SQQMXXII
'LVMW%*SVWXIV'LEMV

/IMXL%LEP
+ISVKI*&EX]
)YKIRI,&SIOI.V
(ERMIP4(SVJQYIPPIV
8LSQEW.+VMWMRKIV
+EVHRIV4,SVWX
.EQIW17LMPWXSRI.V

1MGLEIP77QMXL
(EZMH17YGLSVWOM
'PEYHI&8VYWX].V
+VIKSV]6;EKRIV
8LIGSQQMXXII[SYPHPMOIXSXLEROXLIPEXI0SYMW8EPPEVMGSJSVLMWGSRXVMFYXMSR
XSXLMWKYMHI

8LMWKYMHITVIWIRXWVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWJSVTVSHYGMRKGEWXMRTPEGI
architectural concrete. The importance of specified materials,
JSVQMRKGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXGYVMRKEHHMXMSREPXVIEXQIRXMRWTIG
tion, and their effect on the appearance of the finished product are
HMWGYWWIH %VGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI VIUYMVIW WTIGMEP GSRWXVYGXMSR
XIGLRMUYIW QEXIVMEPW ERH VIUYMVIQIRXW XLEX EVI YRMUYI XS IEGL
project. The specific recommendations and information presented
MRXLMWKYMHIWLSYPHFIYWIHEGGSVHMRKP]

'328)287
'LETXIV{-RXVSHYGXMSRT
Chapter 2Definitions, p. 2
'LETXIV{%VGLMXIGXYVEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWT
{%VGLMXIGXYVEPJIEXYVIW
{%VGLMXIGXYVEPHIWMKR
{'SEXMRKWERHWIEPIVW
{.SMRXWIEPERXW
3.5Specifications

/I][SVHW EHQM\XYVI EKKVIKEXI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI FIEQ FYWL

hammer; cement; coating; column; consolidation; cracking; curing; deflec
tion; exposed-aggregate finish; finish; form lining; formwork; joint; joint
WIEPERX QM\XYVI TVSTSVXMSR TMKQIRX TPEGMRK UYEPMX] GSRXVSP VIPIEWI
EKIRXVITEMVVIXEVHIVWIEPERXXI\XYVI[EPP

'LETXIV{7XVYGXYVEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWT
{7TEPPMRK
4.2Deflections
{'VEGOMRK
{.SMRXW
{&IEQWERHWPEFW
{'SPYQRW
{;EPPW

%'- 'SQQMXXII 6ITSVXW +YMHIW ERH 'SQQIRXEVMIW EVI

MRXIRHIHJSVKYMHERGIMRTPERRMRKHIWMKRMRKI\IGYXMRKERH
MRWTIGXMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR8LMWHSGYQIRXMWMRXIRHIHJSVXLIYWI
of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance
ERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJMXWGSRXIRXERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWERH[LS
[MPPEGGITXVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIQEXIVMEPMX
GSRXEMRW8LI%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXIHMWGPEMQWER]ERH
EPPVIWTSRWMFMPMX]JSVXLIWXEXIHTVMRGMTPIW8LI-RWXMXYXIWLEPP
RSXFIPMEFPIJSVER]PSWWSVHEQEKIEVMWMRKXLIVIJVSQ
6IJIVIRGIXSXLMWHSGYQIRXWLEPPRSXFI QEHIMRGSRXVEGX
HSGYQIRXW -J MXIQW JSYRH MR XLMW HSGYQIRX EVI HIWMVIH F]
XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIVXSFIETEVXSJXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
XLI]WLEPPFIVIWXEXIHMRQERHEXSV]PERKYEKIJSVMRGSVTSVEXMSR
F]XLI%VGLMXIGX)RKMRIIV

'LETXIV{*SVQWT
{+IRIVEP
{1EXIVMEPW

%'-6WYTIVWIHIW%'-6ERHFIGEQIIJJIGXMZI.YRI
'ST]VMKLX%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
%PPVMKLXWVIWIVZIHMRGPYHMRKVMKLXWSJVITVSHYGXMSRERHYWIMRER]JSVQSVF]ER]
QIERWMRGPYHMRKXLIQEOMRKSJGSTMIWF]ER]TLSXSTVSGIWWSVF]IPIGXVSRMGSV
QIGLERMGEPHIZMGITVMRXIH[VMXXIRSVSVEPSVVIGSVHMRKJSVWSYRHSVZMWYEPVITVS
HYGXMSRSVJSVYWIMRER]ORS[PIHKISVVIXVMIZEPW]WXIQSVHIZMGIYRPIWWTIVQMWWMSR
MR[VMXMRKMWSFXEMRIHJVSQXLIGST]VMKLXTVSTVMIXSVW

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

{)GSRSQMGW
{*SVQ[SVOEGGYVEG]
{*SVQNSMRXW
{8I\XYVIWERHTEXXIVRW
{*SVQ[SVOEGGIWWSVMIW
{*SVQGSEXMRKWERHWIEPIVW
{*SVQVIPIEWIEKIRXW
{*SVQVIQSZEP
'LETXIV{6IMRJSVGIQIRXT
{+IRIVEP
{'PIEVWTEGI
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXWYTTSVXWERHWTEGIVW
{8MI[MVI
{>MRGGSEXIHKEPZERM^IH WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
{)TS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
'LETXIV{'SRGVIXIQEXIVMEPWERHQM\XYVI
TVSTSVXMSRMRKT
{+IRIVEP
{1EXIVMEPW
{4VSTSVXMSRMRKQM\MRKERHXIQTIVEXYVIGSRXVSP
'LETXIV{4PEGMRKERHGSRWSPMHEXMSRT
{'SRZI]MRKERHTPEGMRK
{'SRWSPMHEXMSR
'LETXIV{'YVMRKT
{+IRIVEP
{'YVMRKMRJSVQW
{1SMWXGYVMRK
{1IQFVERIGYVMRK
{,SX[IEXLIVGYVMRK
'LETXIV{8VIEXIHEVGLMXIGXYVEPWYVJEGIWT
{7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVW
{,MKLTVIWWYVI[EXIVNIX
{%GMH[EWL
{%FVEWMZIFPEWXMRK
{8SSPMRKSVSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXVIEXQIRXW
Chapter 11Finishing and final cleanup, p. 26
{+IRIVEP
{8MILSPIW
{&PIQMWLVITEMV
{7XEMRVIQSZEP
{7IEPIVWERHGSEXMRKW
'LETXIV{6IJIVIRGIWT
%TTIRHM\%{%VGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXITLSXSWT
',%48)6{-2863(9'8-32
8LMW KYMHI TVIWIRXW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW JSV GEWXMRTPEGI
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIXLEXMWI\TSWIHXSZMI[%VGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXI VIUYMVIW WTIGMEP GEVI MR XLI WIPIGXMSR SJ GSRGVIXI
materials, forming, placing, and finishing to achieve the
HIWMVIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP ETTIEVERGI 6IJIV XS XLI TLSXSW MR

%TTIRHM\ % JSV I\EQTPIW SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP GEWXMRTPEGI

GSRGVIXI :EVMSYW TVSGIHYVIW EVI VIGSQQIRHIH JSV HIXIV
QMRMRK VIUYMVIQIRXW SJ XLI EVGLMXIGX GSRXVEGXSV GSRGVIXI
TVSHYGIV ERH MRWTIGXSV 'VMXMGEP EVIEW EVI MRHMGEXIH JSV
WTIGMEPEXXIRXMSRERHQIERWJSVTVIZIRXMSRSVGSVVIGXMSRSJ
defects are discussed. Specific surface treatments and special
forming techniques are presented. Applicable codes, specifi
GEXMSRWERHVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWEVIKMZIR%KSSHVIWSYVGIJSV
KIRIVEPMRJSVQEXMSREFSYXEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIGERFIJSYRH
MRWIZIVEPTETIVWTYFPMWLIHMR'SRGVIXI-RXIVREXMSREPE 
XSM E XSL EW[IPPEWXLI 'SRGVIXI'SRWXVYGXMSR
)RKMRIIVMRK,ERHFSSO/IRR]ERH*VIIHQER 
8LIMRJSVQEXMSRTVIWIRXIHMRXLMWKYMHIMWFVSEHERHGSZIVW
several special conditions for specific architectural concrete.
-RJSVQEXMSRXLEX QE] FI ETTPMGEFPIJSVYWIMRTVSHYGMRK E
specific result may not be applicable to another. The user
WLSYPHEPWSFIE[EVIXLEXVIGSQQIRHEXMSRWMRXLMWKYMHIEVI
WYFNIGXMZIXSXLIQIERWERHQIXLSHWYWIHJSVEGGSQTPMWLMRK
a specific task for a specific level of architectural effect, and
WLSYPH FI XIWXIH FIJSVI YWI XS IRWYVI MX [MPP TVSHYGI XLI
VIUYMVIHVIWYPX*YVXLIVVIWIEVGLMWRIIHIHXSTVSZMHIEHHM
XMSREPMRJSVQEXMSRSRWYVJEGIEMVZSMHWERHSXLIVGSRWXVYG
XMSRTVSFPIQW8LMWKYMHIHSIWRSXEHHVIWWEPPXLITVSFPIQW
EWWSGMEXIH[MXLEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI
',%48)6{()*-2-8-327
ACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions through
ER SRPMRI VIWSYVGI w%'- 'SRGVIXI 8IVQMRSPSK]x LXXT
terminology.concrete.org). Definitions provided herein
GSQTPIQIRXXLEXVIWSYVGI
FPIQMWLany superficial defect that causes visible varia
XMSR JVSQ E GSRWMWXIRXP] WQSSXL ERH YRMJSVQP] GSPSVIH
WYVJEGISJLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI
GLIGOMRK{HIZIPSTQIRX SJ WLEPPS[ GVEGOW EX GPSWIP]
WTEGIH FYX MVVIKYPEV MRXIVZEPW SR XLI WYVJEGI SJ TPEWXIV
GIQIRXTEWXIQSVXEVSVGSRGVIXI
GSRGVIXI EVGLMXIGXYVEP{GSRGVIXI XLEX [MPP FI TIVQE
RIRXP] I\TSWIHXSZMI[ ERHXLIVIJSVIVIUYMVIWWTIGMEPGEVI
MRXLIWIPIGXMSRSJXLIGSRGVIXIQEXIVMEPWJSVQMRKTPEGMRK
and finishing to obtain the desired architectural appearance.
GSRGVIXI GEWXMRTPEGI{GSRGVIXI XLEX MW HITSWMXIH ERH
EPPS[IHXSLEVHIRMRXLITPEGI[LIVIMXMWVIUYMVIHXSFIMR
XLIGSQTPIXIHWXVYGXYVIEWSTTSWIHXSTVIGEWXGSRGVIXI
GSRGVIXI I\TSWIH{GSRGVIXI WYVJEGIW JSVQIH WS EW XS
yield an acceptable texture and finish for permanent expo
WYVIXSZMI[6IJIVXSGSRGVIXIEVGLMXIGXYVEP
finish, exposed-aggregatea decorative finish for
GSRGVIXI [SVO EGLMIZIHF]VIQSZMRK KIRIVEPP]FIJSVIXLI
GSRGVIXI LEW JYPP] LEVHIRIH XLI SYXIV WOMR SJ QSVXEV ERH
I\TSWMRKXLIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXI
finish, rubbeda finish obtained by using an abrasive to
VIQSZIWYVJEGIMVVIKYPEVMXMIWJVSQGSRGVIXI6IJIVXSWEGOVYF
QSXXPMRK{YRIZIR GSPSV WLEHMRK SV FPSXGLMRIWW EGVSWW E
WYVJEGI
UYEPMX] GSRXVSP{EGXMSRW XEOIR F] ER SVKERM^EXMSR XS
TVSZMHIGSRXVSPERHHSGYQIRXEXMSRSZIV[LEXMWFIMRKHSRI
ERH[LEXMWFIMRKTVSZMHIHWSXLEXXLIETTPMGEFPIWXERHEVHSJ

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

KSSHTVEGXMGIERHXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXWJSVXLI[SVOEVI
JSPPS[IH
WEGOVYFa finish for formed concrete surfaces, designed
to produce even texture and fill pits and air holes; after damp
IRMRK XLIWYVJEGI QSVXEV MWVYFFIH SZIVXLIWYVJEGI XLIR
FIJSVIXLIWYVJEGIHVMIWEQM\XYVISJHV]GIQIRXERHWERHMW
VYFFIHSZIVMX[MXLIMXLIVE[EHSJFYVPETSVEWTSRKIVYFFIV
float to remove surplus mortar and fill voids.
WERHFPEWX{E W]WXIQ SJ GYXXMRK SV EFVEHMRK E WYVJEGI
WYGLEWGSRGVIXIF]EWXVIEQSJWERHINIGXIHJVSQERS^^PI
EXLMKLWTIIHF]GSQTVIWWIHEMVSJXIRYWIHJSVGPIERYTSJ
LSVM^SRXEPGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWSVJSVI\TSWYVISJEKKVIKEXIMR
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI
WRETXMI{ETVSTVMIXEV]GSRGVIXI[EPPJSVQXMIXLIIRHSJ
[LMGL GER FI X[MWXIH SV WRETTIH SJJ EJXIV XLI JSVQW LEZI
FIIRVIQSZIH
XI\XYVIthe pattern or configuration apparent in an
I\TSWIHWYVJEGIEWMRGSRGVIXIERHQSVXEVMRGPYHMRKVSYKL
ness, streaking, striation, or departure from flatness.
',%48)6{%6',-8)'896%0
'327-()6%8-327
{%VGLMXIGXYVEPJIEXYVIW
 +IRIVEP EGGITXERGI GVMXIVME{%VGLMXIGXYVEPP]
EGGITXEFPIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWWLSYPHFIEIWXLIXMGEPP]GSQTEX
MFPI [MXL QMRMQEP GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI ZEVMEXMSRWERH WYVJEGI
HIJIGXW [LIR ZMI[IH EX E HMWXERGI SJ ETTVS\MQEXIP]  JX
Q SVQSVIEWEKVIIHYTSRF]XLIEVGLMXIGXS[RIVERH
contractor, or as otherwise specified.
 1IEWYVIQIRX{-XMWFI]SRHXLIWGSTISJXLMWKYMHIXS
establish precise or definitive rules of measurement. Within
ER] HMWGVIXI FYMPHMRK IPIQIRX SV WIVMIW SJ PMOI IPIQIRXW
LS[IZIV E LMKL HIKVII SJ ZMWYEP YRMJSVQMX] MW KIRIVEPP]
I\TIGXIH ERH VIUYMVIH 8LI TVIGSRWXVYGXMSR QSGOYT TERIP
[SYPH RSVQEPP] FI YWIH XS IWXEFPMWL EGGITXERGI GVMXIVME
7IGXMSR 
 :EVMEXMSRW MR GSPSV ERH WLEHMRK{:EVMEXMSRW MR
GSPSVERHWLEHIW[MXLMREGSPSVGERFII\TIGXIHHYIXSXLI
QER]ZEVMEFPIWIRGSYRXIVIH[MXLGEWXMRTPEGIEVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXI8LIWIEVIQMRMQM^IHF]
5YEPMX] GSRXVSP SJ MRKVIHMIRXW GSRGVIXI QM\XYVIW ERH
GSRWMWXIRG]7IGXMSRWERH 
9RMJSVQGSRGVIXIHIPMZIV]WGLIHYPIW7IGXMSR 
9RMJSVQMX]SJJSVQWYVJEGIJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRXETTPMGE
XMSRVEXIERHJSVQ[SVOVIYWEKIIVIGXMSRERHWXVMTTMRK
7IGXMSRWXS 
9RMJSVQVEXIWSJTPEGIQIRXERHGSRWMWXIRXQIXLSHWSJ
TPEGIQIRXERHGSRWSPMHEXMSRSJGSRGVIXI'LETXIV 
4PEGIQIRXWGLIHYPIWXSQMRMQM^II\XVIQIZEVMEXMSRWSJ
EQFMIRXGSRHMXMSRW7IGXMSR 
'SRWMWXIRXGYVMRKTVSGIHYVIERHQEXIVMEP'LETXIV 
ERH
Properly timed or executed finishing operations
'LETXIV 
 *MRMWLIW{7YVJEGI XI\XYVIW EVI KVSYTIH MRXS X[S
KIRIVEPGPEWWIW

Fig. 3.2.2.1(a) Difficult-to-achieve consolidation at acute

GSVRIVWERHF XLIYWISJ7''EPPS[WJSVTVSTIVGSRWSPMHE
XMSREXXLIEGYXIGSVRIV
9RXVIEXIH WYVJEGIW [LIVI XLI QSVXEV MW XLI TVMRGMTEP
ZMWMFPI GSRWXMXYIRX ERH XLI XI\XYVI MW XLEX [LMGL MW
MQTEVXIHF]XLIJSVQ[SVOWLIEXLMRKSVJSVQPMRIVERH
7YVJEGIWXLEXEVIQIGLERMGEPP]SVGLIQMGEPP]XVIEXIHMR
TPEGIF]VIQSZEPSJWYVJEGIQSVXEVXSI\TSWIXLIYRHIV
P]MRKEKKVIKEXIXLYW[LSPP]SVTEVXMEPP]SFWGYVMRKXLI
XI\XYVISJXLIJSVQWLIEXLMRKSVJSVQPMRIV
,MKLFYMPHTSP]QIVGSEXMRKWERHGIQIRXMXMSYWSVTSP]QIV
modified coatings that obscure both color and texture are not
MRGPYHIHMRXLMWKYMHI
{%VGLMXIGXYVEPHIWMKR
 +IRIVEP GVMXIVME{%VGLMXIGXYVEP HIWMKR GVMXIVME JSV
VIEHMP]SFXEMREFPIERHEGGITXEFPIVIWYPXWWLSYPHMRGPYHI
-WSPEXMSRSVHMZMWMSRSJGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWXSEPPS[VIYWI
SJ JSVQ[SVO QSHYPIW F] XLI MRGSVTSVEXMSR SJ VYWXMGE
XMSRSVNSMRXTEXXIVRWSVF]XLIIQTPS]QIRXSJETERIPIH
IJJIGX
7]WXIQEXMGTPERRMRKSJGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWXLEXEPPS[WE
VIYWEFPIJSVQ[SVOQSHYPI ERHGSRJSVQWXSWXVYGXYVEP
VIUYMVIQIRXW
9WI SJ XI\XYVIH JSVQ WLIEXLMRK JEGI WLIIXW  SV JSVQ
PMRIVW QIGLERMGEPP] SV GLIQMGEPP] XI\XYVIH GSRGVIXI
finishes, or other relief features; and
0MQMXEXMSRWSRXLIWM^ISJTERIPWFSYRHIHF]VYWXMGEXMSR
SVNSMRXTEXXIVRWPEVKIWQSSXLYRMRXIVVYTXIHI\TERWIW
SJGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH
 (IXEMPWSJEVGLMXIGXYVEPHIWMKR
 9RGLEQJIVIHGSVRIVW{%PXLSYKLEGYXIERHVMKLX
angle corners can be obtained, they are difficult to construct
ERHQEMRXEMRIWTIGMEPP]HYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSR4VSTIVGSRWSP
MHEXMSR SJ XLI GSRGVIXI MW IWWIRXMEP ERH WIPJGSRWSPMHEXMRK
GSRGVIXI 7''  QE] FI VIUYMVIH XS EGLMIZI E GVMWT IHKI
*MK *SVQWWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHERHWIEPIHXSVIWMWX
GSRGVIXITPEGMRKTVIWWYVIWERHJEFVMGEXIHWYGLXLEXXLI]GER
FIWXVMTTIH[MXLSYXHEQEKMRKXLIGSRGVIXI)\XIRHIHWXVMT
TMRKXMQI[MPPTVSFEFP]FIRIGIWWEV]XSTVIZIRXHEQEKIXS
WLEVTGSVRIVWXLEXHITIRHMRKSRXLIWM^ISJXLITVSNIGXQE]
VIUYMVIEHHMXMSREPJSVQW)\XIRHIHWXVMTTMRKXMQIGSYPHEPWS
EJJIGX GSPSV FIGEYWI ZEVMEXMSR MR JSVQ WXVMTTMRK XMQIW [MPP
MRGVIEWIXLIGSPSVHMJJIVIRXMEP

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK{8]TMGEPGSRXVEGXMSRNSMRXHIXEMP

*MK{(VMTHIXEMP
 'LEQJIVIHGSVRIVW{;LIVIGLEQJIVWEVITEVXSJ
XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP JIEXYVI XLI GLEQJIVJSVQ WXVMT WLSYPHFI
GSRXMRYSYWP]XMKLXXSEPPJSVQWYVJEGIWXLI]GSRXEGX4PEWXMG
SVQIXEPGLEQJIVWXVMTWEVIEZEMPEFPIXLEXLEZIMRXIKVEPQIERW
SJWIEPMRKXSXLIJSVQGSRXEGXWYVJEGIW;SSHGLEQJIVWXVMTW
are difficult to maintain continuously tight, unless a sealant
MWYWIH[LIREXXEGLMRKXSJSVQ[SVO
 .SMRXW{4ERIPEVIENSMRXWQE]FIVIGIWWIHMRXSXLI
GSRGVIXIWYVJEGIF]ETTP]MRKVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWSRXLIJSVQIH
WYVJEGIW8LIWIGEREPWS FI YWIHJSVGSRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXWEW
RIIHIH F] XLI GSRXVEGXSV ;EXIVWXSTW OI][E]W ERH NSMRX
WIEPERXWQE]FIMRGPYHIH[LIVIVIUYMVIH6IJIVXS 7IGXMSR
 JSVVIGSQQIRHIHNSMRXHITXLW
*SVQ[SVO VYWXMGEXMSR WXVMTW WLSYPH LEZI E HVEJX SJ EX
least 15 degrees to facilitate removal. Draft is defined as a
WQEPP ERKPISV XETIV MR XLI JSVQ[SVO JSVVIIRXVERX JSVQIH
WYVJEGIXLEXJEGMPMXEXIWVIPIEWI[LIRXLIJSVQMWWXVMTTIH*MK
  %PWS [SSHIR WXVMTW WLSYPH FI HIITP] WE[GYX SV
OIVJIHSRXLIFEGOWMHIXSTVIZIRXFMRHMRKHYIXSI\TERWMSR
JVSQEFWSVFIH[EXIV

%PP VYWXMGEXMSR WXVMTW SV SXLIV MRWIVXW WLSYPH FI MRWXEPPIH

GSRXMRYSYWP] XMKLX XS XLI JSVQ GSRXEGX WYVJEGI &EGO
WGVI[MRKXLIWXVMTWSMXGERFIVIPIEWIHFIJSVIWXVMTTMRKQE]
LIPTSFXEMREXMKLXWIEP2EMPMRKXLIWXVMTWXSXLIJSVQJEGIJSV
WSQIEVGLMXIGXYVEPXVIEXQIRXWQE]FIEGGITXEFPIFYX[MPPRSX
attain a tight seal. Insufficient nailing of the form strip will
YWYEPP] VIWYPX MR PIEOEKI ERH PIEZI XLI VIZIEP ZSMH VEKKIH
ERHHMWGSPSVIH
6YWXMGEXMSR WXVMTW WLSYPH FI YRMJSVQ MR HMQIRWMSRW
nonabsorbent, and of sufficient stiffness to maintain align
QIRX HYVMRK GSRGVIXI TPEGIQIRX STIVEXMSRW -R EVIEW SJ
possible deflection of the sheathing, a method of treatment
XSTVIZIRXQSVXEVPIEOEKIWLSYPHFIYWIH
1IXEPGLEQJIVSVVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWERHSXLIVQEXIVMEPWSJ
WMQMPEV WXMJJRIWW WLSYPH LEZI E QMRMQYQ [MHXL SJ  MR
QQ ;MHXLWSJ[SSHIRVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWWLSYPHFIEX
PIEWXIUYEPXSXLIMVHITXLW.SMRXWWQEPPIVXLERVIGSQQIRHIH
EFSZIGERFIEXXEMRIH[MXLWTIGMEPJSVQHIXEMPMRKYWMRKWXIIP
MRWIVXWXVMTWMRWXEPPIHFIX[IIRXLIJSVQW
-RXIVWIGXMSRW SJ GLEQJIV SV VYWXMGEXMSR WXVMTW WLSYPH FI
mitered or coped to fit snugly. Chamfer, rustication, or isola
XMSRWXVMTWQE]FITPEGIHWSEWXSGSZIVJSVQNSMRXW
 SoffitsA drip should be installed in soffits near
ZIVXMGEP WYVJEGIW [LIVI XLIVI MW E TSXIRXMEP JSV HS[R[EVH
QSZIQIRX SJ VEMR[EXIV SR XLI ZIVXMGEP GSRGVIXI JEGI *MK
  8LI HVMT QSPHW WLSYPH FI TPEGIH EW RIEV XS XLI
I\XIVREPZIVXMGEPJEGIEWTVEGXMGEFPIFYXRSXGPSWIVXLERMR
(25 mm) from the finished concrete surface. Note that the
HVMTMR*MKMWMRXIVVYTXIHEXIMXLIVIRHSJXLIYRHIV
WMHILSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIXSXSLIPTJEGMPMXEXIHS[R[EVHQSZI
QIRXSJ[EXIVFIJSVIMXVIEGLIWXLIMRWMHIZIVXMGEPJEGI
 7PSTIHWYVJEGIW{%GGYQYPEXMSRSJEMVFSVRIWSPMHW
SR LSVM^SRXEP WYVJEGIW GER FI QMRMQM^IH F] WPSTMRK WYGL
WYVJEGIW7MPPWWLSYPHLEZIEWPMKLXHS[R[EVHWPSTIERHXLI
YTTIVWYVJEGIWSJVIGIWWIWWLSYPHLEZIERYT[EVHWPSTIJVSQ
XLILSVM^SRXEPVIPEXMZIXSXLIMRWMHIJEGISJXLIVIGIWW7PSTIW
QE]ZEV]JVSQJSVWQSSXLWYVJEGIWXSJSVXI\XYVIH
WYVJEGIW*MKE ERHF 

*MKE {7YKKIWXMSRWJSVHIXEMPXLEX[MPPTVSQSXIWIPJ
cleaning by facilitating the downward flow of water.

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK F {(IPIXIVMSYW EMVFSVRI WSPMHW WLSYPH RSX

FI EJJSVHIH ER] LSVM^SRXEP WYVJEGIW SR [LMGL XS GSPPIGX%
WPSTIHWYVJEGIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH
3R TEVETIXW XLI WPSTI WLSYPH FI E[E] JVSQ XLI JEGI
9RWPSTIHLSVM^SRXEPSJJWIXWMRZIVXMGEPVIGIWWIWERHXLIYWI
SJ XI\XYVIW SR LSVM^SRXEP WYVJEGIW WLSYPH FI EZSMHIH -J E
LSVM^SRXEPVIGIWWMWJSVQIH[MXLSYXEHVMTRIEVXLII\XIVMSV
JEGI E WPMKLX YT[EVH WPSTI VIPEXMZI XS XLI I\XIVMSV JEGI
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIH*MKG 
7PSTIH ERH LSVM^SRXEP WYVJEGIW GEWX EKEMRWX E JSVQ [MPP
XVETEMVFYFFPIWEWXLIGSRGVIXIMWGSRWSPMHEXIH7TIGMEPXIGL
RMUYIWERHQEXIVMEPWQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSVIHYGIXVETTIHEMV
WYGLEWEREFWSVFIRXJSVQJEGI6IJIVXS%'-6JSV
QSVIMRJSVQEXMSR
 'SQFMREXMSR [MXL TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI{'EWXMRTPEGI
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIERHTVIGEWXIPIQIRXWQE]FIWYGGIWW
JYPP]GSQFMRIHYWMRKSRISJX[SWMXISTXMSRW
3RWMXI{'SPSVERHXI\XYVIQE]FIVIEWSREFP]QEXGLIH
F]SRWMXITVIGEWXMRKEXXLIWEQIXMQIGEWXMRTPEGI[SVOMW
HSRIYWMRKXLIWEQIGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIQEXIVMEPWJSVQ[SVO
XIGLRMUYIWERHGYVMRKJSVFSXLX]TIWSJGSRGVIXISV
3JJWMXI{'SRXVEWXMRKGSPSVWERHXI\XYVIWMRXLIHIWMKR
FIX[IIR SJJWMXI TVIGEWX GSRGVIXI ERH GEWXMRTPEGI EVGLM
XIGXYVEP IPIQIRXW EVI TVSZMHIH -R WSQI GEWIW GSPSV ERH
XI\XYVI GER FI GPSWIP] QEXGLIH YWMRK HMWWMQMPEV QEXIVMEPW
%QSGOYTTERIPGERFIYWIHXSHIQSRWXVEXIXLIQEXGLJSV
ETTVSZEPF]XLIEVGLMXIGX
8V]MRKXSEGLMIZIER I\EGXQEXGLSJGEWXMRTPEGIGSRGVIXI
with precast units cast off-site is extremely difficult and may not
FIEGLMIZEFPI2IZIVXLIPIWWFSXLSRWMXIERHSJJWMXIGSQFMRE
XMSRW[MXLTVIGEWXGSRGVIXIVIUYMVIHIXEMPIHIJJSVXSRXLITEVXW
SJXLIS[RIVEVGLMXIGXGSRXVEGXSVERHMRWTIGXSV*MK 
{'SEXMRKWERHWIEPIVW
 4YVTSWI{6IXIRXMSR SJ SVMKMREP GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI
QE] FI TVSPSRKIH F] WYVJEGI ETTPMGEXMSR SJ GPIEV TIRI
XVEXMRKZETSVXVERWQMXXMRK WIEPIVWXLEXVIHYGIWYVJEGIQSMW
XYVIEFWSVTXMSRERHGSRWIUYIRX[IEXLIVWXEMRMRK
7XEMRWQE]FIETTPMIH[LIVIMXMWHIWMVIHXSEPXIVXLIREXYVEP
GSPSV SJ XLI GSRGVIXI ERH XS VIXEMR MXW XI\XYVI 4MKQIRXIH

*MKG {%WPMKLXYT[EVHWPSTI[MPPIRGSYVEKIVEMR
[EXIVXSHVMTJVIIMJRSHVMTMWYWIH

*MK {%VGLMXIGXYVEP GEWXMRTPEGI [EPP [MXL TVIGEWX

[MRHS[WTERHVIPWXSQEXGL
GSEXMRKWHVEWXMGEPP]VIHYGIZETSVXVERWQMWWMSREVIRSXTIRI
XVEXMRKERHSJXIREPXIVFSXLGSPSVERHXI\XYVI8LI]WLSYPH
FI [EVVERXIH F] XLI QERYJEGXYVIV EKEMRWX GLERKMRK GSPSV
EJXIVI\TSWYVI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK {4VIGSRWXVYGXMSR QSGOYT JSV XLI +IXX] :MPPEW

1EPMFY'%
{.SMRXWIEPERXW
4EWWEKISJQSMWXYVIXLVSYKLGSRWXVYGXMSRERHGSRXVEGXMSR
joints should be prevented by filling the joints with seal
ERXW EW VIGSQQIRHIH MR%'- 6 *SV EVGLMXIGXYVEP
VIEWSRW XLI WIEPERX WLSYPH FI ETTVSZIH F] XLI EVGLMXIGX
QEXGL [IPP MR GSPSV ERH WLETI [MXL XLI EHNEGIRX GSRGVIXI
WYVJEGIFIRSRWXEMRMRKERHFIGLIQMGEPP]GSQTEXMFPI[MXL
GPIEVTIRIXVEXMRKWIEPIVW
3.5Specifications
 +IRIVEPSpecifications are customarily prepared
EWIMXLIVTIVJSVQERGITVIWGVMTXMZISVEGSQFMREXMSRSJFSXL
&IPP 
Performance specificationThe quality of the end
product is specified and, in this case, full responsibility
MW TPEGIH SR XLI GSRXVEGXSV 6IGSQQIRHIH QIXLSHW
QE]FIWYKKIWXIH
Prescriptive specificationDetailed methods, materials,
and procedures are specified and, in this case, responsi
FMPMX]MWWLEVIHF]XLIHIWMKRIV ERH GSRXVEGXSV[MXLXLI
purpose of the mockup being to confirm the specified
QEXIVMEPWERH QIXLSHW ERH XS HIQSRWXVEXIXLI GSRXVEG
tors ability to produce the desired architectural finish.
1SWX I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI TVSNIGXW YWI E GSQFMREXMSR SJ
performance and prescriptive specifications, where aggre
KEXI TVSTSVXMSRW GIQIRX WSYVGI ERH QMRMQYQ ZMFVEXMSR
frequency are specified to ensure success without specifying
EGXYEPQIXLSHWSJGSRWXVYGXMSR
 (IWMKR VIJIVIRGI WEQTPI{7YVJEGI UYEPMX] ERH
ETTIEVERGI VIUYMVIQIRXW WLSYPH FI VIJIVIRGIH JSV FMHHMRK
TYVTSWIW XS ER EGXYEP WEQTPI SV WEQTPIW I\LMFMXMRK XLI
HIWMVIHWYVJEGIWGSPSVERHXI\XYVI
8LI WEQTPI WLSYPH FI TVITEVIH YRHIV XLI EVGLMXIGXvW
HMVIGXMSRERHPEFIPIHEWXLIHIWMKRVIJIVIRGIWEQTPI(67 
%QMRMQYQ WM^ISJ\\ MR\\ QQ 
provides sufficient area for display and thickness for surface
XSSPMRK ERH EPPS[W JSV IEW] LERHPMRK 8LI WEQTPI WLSYPH

*MKE{*YPPWGEPITVIGSRWXVYGXMSRQSGOYTYWIHJSVXLI
'SRXIQTSVEV]%VXW'IRXIV'MRGMRREXM3,
FI GEWX ZIVXMGEPP] SV LSVM^SRXEPP] WMQMPEV XS XLI TSWMXMSR MR
which the final concrete will be cast.
(IWMKRVIJIVIRGIWEQTPIWSJ[EPPWSVSXLIVVITVIWIRXEXMZI
FYMPHMRK IPIQIRXW WLSYPH FI EZEMPEFPI JSV MRWTIGXMSR ERH
I\EQMREXMSR F] TVSWTIGXMZI FMHHIVW 1M\XYVI TVSTSVXMSRW
TPEGIQIRXQIXLSHERHWSYVGIWSJQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHEPWSFI
provided. The samples should be confirmed in writing by
FSXL XLI S[RIV ERH EVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV WS EW XS LEZI IUYEP
PIKEPWXEXYW[MXLXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW
-RWTIGMEPGEWIWWYGLEWFYMPHMRKEHHMXMSRWSVEHHMXMSREP
WXVYGXYVIW [MXLMR E TVII\MWXMRK KVSYT SV GSQTPI\ MX QE]
FIEGGITXEFPIXSYWIERI\MWXMRKFYMPHMRKJSVVIJIVIRGIXLEX
GSRXEMRWIPIQIRXWSJXLIHIWMVIHUYEPMX]ERHETTIEVERGI
 1ERHEXSV]TVIFMHGSRJIVIRGI{%QERHEXSV]TVIFMH
GSRJIVIRGI WLSYPH FI LIPH FIX[IIR XLI EVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
ERHXLITVSWTIGXMZIFMHHMRKGSRXVEGXSVW[LIVII\TIGXEXMSRW
and requirements are explained and clarified. An acceptable
architectural finish should be presented as established by the
GSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW%XXLMWXMQIXLIGSRXVEGXSVW[MPPLEZI
an opportunity to discuss aspects of the specifications that
make it difficult or impossible to achieve the desired effect.
1MRYXIWSJXLITVIFMHGSRJIVIRGIWLSYPHFIMWWYIHEWTEVXSJ
XLIFMHHSGYQIRXW
 4VIGSRWXVYGXMSR QSGOYT{8LI TVIGSRWXVYGXMSR
QSGOYT *MK   MW E JYPPWGEPI WEQTPI SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXIGSRWXVYGXIHSRWMXIF]XLIGSRXVEGXSV[MXLTVSTSWIH
IUYMTQIRX QEXIVMEPW ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR TVSGIHYVIW 8LI
contractor should obtain written approval of the finished
TVSHYGX JVSQ XLI WTIGMJ]MRK EKIRG] ERH XLI S[RIV EJXIV
ZMI[MRKEXXLIEKVIIHYTSRHMWXERGIFIJSVIGSRWXVYGXMRKXLI
QEMRWXVYGXYVI
8LITVIGSRWXVYGXMSR QSGOYT MW RSVQEPP] GSRWXVYGXIH SR
XLINSFWMXIF]XLIWYGGIWWJYPGSRXVEGXSVFIJSVIGSQQIRGMRK
XLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPTSVXMSRSJXLI[SVO3RGIVXEMRTVSNIGXWER
I\XVEQSGOYTQE]FI GSRWXVYGXIHYRHIVEWTIGMEP GSRXVEGX
XSHIXIVQMRIXLIJIEWMFMPMX]SJZEVMSYWQEXIVMEPWXVIEXQIRXW
ERH TVSGIHYVIW XLEX EVI XS FI MRGPYHIH MR XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP
specifications for the project (Fig. 3.5.4.a).

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

8LI SZIVEPP LIMKLX ERH [MHXL SJ XLI JYPPWGEPI QSGOYT

should allow the demonstration of floor, column, and wall
GSRWXVYGXMSR8LIQSGOYTWLSYPHMRGSVTSVEXIFSXLLSVM^SRXEP
ERH ZIVXMGEP JSVQ SV JSVQ PMRIV NSMRXW TPEGMRK QIXLSH ERH
equipment, and all of the specified reinforcement, accesso
VMIW ERH GYVMRK QEXIVMEPW ERH IUYMTQIRX %PP GSRWXVYGXMSR
QEXIVMEPWJSVXLIQSGOYT WLSYPHFI XLIWEQI EW XLSWIYWIH
HYVMRKXLIEGXYEPGSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLITVSNIGX-HIEPP]XLIQEMR
vibrator operator for the concrete in the final structure should
EPWSSTIVEXIXLIZMFVEXSVHYVMRKGSRWXVYGXMSRSJXLIQSGOYT
8LIQSGOYTWLSYPHEPWSMRGPYHIEVITEMVIHEVIEXSHIXIV
QMRIELIEHSJ XMQI ER EGGITXEFPI GSPSV ERHXI\XYVIQEXGL
JSVYWIMJVIQIHMEP[SVOMWRIIHIH-RIZEPYEXMRKXLMWI\TIVM
QIRXEPP]VITEMVIHEVIEXLIVITEMVWLSYPHFIEKIHEXPIEWX
QSRXLXSEPPS[IRSYKLXMQIJSVEXVYIMRHMGEXMSRSJMXWGSPSV
To expedite construction of the project, a minimum of five
ZEVMEXMSRWSJQM\XYVIGSPSVWLSYPHFIQEHIJSVWIPIGXMSRSJ
XLIFIWXQEXGL4IVJIGXMRKEVITEMVTVSGIHYVIGERWEZIFSXL
time and money in the final outcome of the project.
;LIVIJIEWMFPIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXXVIEXQIRX
ERHTVSGIHYVIWGERFIIZEPYEXIHSRTSVXMSRWSJXLIWXVYGXYVI
IZIRXYEPP]LMHHIRJVSQZMI[WYGLEWFEWIQIRX[EPPW
 7LSTHVE[MRKW{7LSTHVE[MRKWYFQMXXEPWEVIIJJIG
XMZIXSSPWJSVVIZMI[MRKXLIGSRXVEGXSVvWTPERWJSVGSRWXVYG
XMSR8LIWLSTHVE[MRKWWLSYPHMRGPYHI
(IXEMPWSJXLIJSVQ[SVOEWTIGXWSJXLITVSNIGXMRGPYHMRK
JSVQFYXXNSMRXWVYWXMGEXMSRWSVVIZIEPWERHGSRWXVYGXMSR
NSMRXW 8LI] WLSYPH GSRZI] XS XLI EVGLMXIGX XLI QIERW
ERH QIXLSHW XLI GSRXVEGXSV [MPP FI YWMRK XS JEFVMGEXI
ERH IVIGX XLI JSVQ[SVO ERH WLS[ LS[ XLI JSVQW [MPP
FI QEMRXEMRIH XS IRWYVI XMKLXRIWWEKEMRWX PIEOEKI ERH
EPMKRQIRXHYVMRKGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRX
'SZIVSJVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPERH
(IWGVMTXMSR SJ XLI TPEGMRK STIVEXMSR MRGPYHMRK XLI
QIXLSHSJGSRZI]MRKGSRGVIXIXSXLIJSVQW[EPPTPEGI
ment lengths and lift heights, soffit deposit sequences,
ERHZMFVEXMSRXIGLRMUYIW
 -RWTIGXMSRERHUYEPMX]GSRXVSP
 +IRIVEP{8LI EVGLMXIGX GSRXVEGXSV TVSNIGX
MRWTIGXSV WYTTPMIVW ERH SXLIV TEVXMIW MRZSPZIH [MXL XLI
TVSHYGXMSR SJ XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI QE] MRXIVTVIX XLI
results of the finished product differently. These interpreta
XMSRW QE] ZEV] HYVMRK TVSKVIWW SJ XLI [SVO IWTIGMEPP] MR
GMVGYQWXERGIW [LIVI I\TIGXEXMSRW SJ XLI SYXGSQI ETTIEV
MQTSWWMFPI XS EGLMIZI MJ QEMRXEMRMRK XLI I\MWXMRK TVEG
XMGI SJ GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH QEXIVMEPW 8S EZSMH EQFMKYMXMIW
QMH[E] XLVSYKL XLI TVSNIGX XLI MRWTIGXSV WLSYPH VIZMI[
the specifications early on, meeting with the architect/engi
RIIVERHGSRXVEGXSVEJXIVXLIQSGOYTLEWFIIRGSRWXVYGXIH
and confirming established criteria for evaluating the final
TVSHYGX%'-74 7IGXMSREHHVIWWIWEHHMXMSREP
GSRGIVRWRSXGSZIVIHMR%'-74 
 Qualification of the inspector{8LI MRWTIGXSV
WLSYPH LEZI I\TIVMIRGI MR XLI MRWTIGXMSR SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXISJIUYMZEPIRXGSQTPI\MX]ERHWGSTI8LII\XIRXSJ
XLIMRWTIGXSVvWVIWTSRWMFMPMX]MWHIXIVQMRIHF]XLIEVGLMXIGX
engineer. Confirmation of this responsibility is developed at

XLITVIFMHERHTSWXFMHGSRJIVIRGIW[MXLXLIGSRXVEGXSVW8LI
EVGLMXIGXERHMRWTIGXSVWLSYPHLSPHTIVMSHMGGSRJIVIRGIWXS
HMWGYWWXLITVSKVIWWERHUYEPMX]SJXLI[SVO3RQENSVTVSN
IGXW[LIVIHMJJIVIRXSTIVEXMSRWEVITVSGIIHMRKGSRGYVVIRXP]
QSVIXLERSRIMRWTIGXSVQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSMRWTIGXXLI[SVO
 (YXMIWSJXLIMRWTIGXSV{8LIHYXMIWERHVIWTSRWM
FMPMXMIWSJXLIMRWTIGXSVWLSYPHMRGPYHI
6IZMI[MRK TVSNIGX HSGYQIRXW MR EHZERGI SJ XLI TVIFMH
GSRJIVIRGIERHEHZMWMRKXLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIVSJGLERKIW
XLEXQE]FIVIUYMVIHXSTVSHYGIXLIHIWMVIHVIWYPXW
-RWTIGXMRKERHTIVWSREPP]SFWIVZMRKXLIQERYJEGXYVISJ
XLITVIFMHWEQTPIW8LMW[MPPTVSZMHIXLIMRWTIGXSV[MXL
MRZEPYEFPI ORS[PIHKI ERH I\TIVMIRGI VIKEVHMRK XLI
QM\XYVIWPYQTGSPSVERHTPEGMRKGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLI
GSRGVIXI (YVMRK XLI GSRXVEGX TIVMSH XLEX JSPPS[W ER]
ZEVMEXMSR[SYPHMQQIHMEXIP]FIGSQIETTEVIRX
%XXIRHMRKXLITVIFMHGSRJIVIRGIXSEWWMWXXLIEVGLMXIGX
engineer in clarifying the intent of the specifications;
&IMRK TVIWIRX HYVMRK GSRWXVYGXMSR SJ XLI TVIGSRWXVYG
XMSRQSGOYTXSSFWIVZIERHIZEPYEXIXLIQEXIVMEPWERH
XIGLRMUYIW YWIH XS TVSHYGI ERH VITEMV XLI TERIP 8LI
MRWTIGXSV EJXIV GSQTPIXMSR SJ XLIWI IJJSVXW [MPP FI
VIEH] XSEWWMWX XLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV MR IZEPYEXMRK XLI
UYEPMX]SJXLIGSQTPIXIHEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI[SVO
4VSZMHMRK MRWTIGXMSR SJ QEXIVMEPW YWIH JSV GSRGVIXI
QM\XYVI JSVQMRK SV XI\XYVMRK JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRXW ERH
XLIMV ETTPMGEXMSR JSVQ EPMKRQIRX XMKLXRIWW SJ XLI JSVQ
NSMRXWVYWXMGEXMSRJEWXIRMRKTPEGIQIRXSJVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
VIPEXMZIXSXLII\TSWIHJEGIGYVMRKFIJSVIERHWYFWIUYIRX
to the form stripping, required repairs, and final cleanHS[R)EGLSJXLIWIGSRXVMFYXIWXSXLIETTIEVERGISJXLI
finished surface of the architectural concrete; and
3FWIVZMRK ERH VIGSVHMRK XLI GSRHMXMSR SJ XLI EVGLM
XIGXYVEP JSVQW EJXIV IEGL VIYWI ERH GSRWYPXMRK [MXL
XLIGSRXVEGXSVERHEVGLMXIGX[LIRXLIJSVQWRIIHXSFI
VITPEGIH SV VIJYVFMWLIH XS EGLMIZI YRMJSVQMX] SJ XLI
EVGLMXIGXYVEPWYVJEGI
 *MREP EGGITXERGI{-J XLI TVSGIHYVIW HIXIVQMRIH
F]XLIETTVSZIHSRWMXIQSGOYTEVIGSRXMRYIHXLVSYKLSYXXLI
project, final acceptance at the agreed-upon distance should
RSX FI E TVSFPIQ (YI XS XLI MRIZMXEFPI RSRYRMJSVQMX] SJ
GSRWXVYGXMSRTVEGXMGIWWSQIVITEMVW[MPPFIVIUYMVIH8LIMV
final acceptability will depend on the contractors blending
XIGLRMUYI ERH WOMPP 4IVMSHMG VIZMI[ F] XLI MRWTIGXSV ERH
XLI EVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV XS EPPS[ TEVXMEP EGGITXERGI GVIEXIW
goodwill and confidence with all concerned. After final
EGGITXERGI XLI MRWTIGXSVvW VIGSVHW WLSYPH FI GSQTPIXIH
and filed. If later additions are made or adjoining buildings
GSRWXVYGXIHXLIWIVIGSVHW[MPPFILIPTJYPJSVGSRWXVYGXMSR
',%48)6{7869'896%0'327-()6%8-327
7XVYGXYVEPERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPHIWMKRWLSYPHJYRGXMSRXSKIXLIV
XSTVSHYGIEWXVYGXYVIGETEFPISJ[MXLWXERHMRKWIVZMGIPSEHW
and stresses without excessive cracking, spalling, or deflec
XMSR XLEX QE] HIXVEGX JVSQ XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP ETTIEVERGI SJ
XLIWXVYGXYVI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

{7TEPPMRK
-R XLIMV HIWMKR XLI EVGLMXIGX ERH IRKMRIIV WLSYPH TE]
WTIGMEPEXXIRXMSRXSETTPMIHPSEHWEXNSMRXW[LIVIQSZIQIRX
GERSGGYVERHGEYWIWTEPPMRK
4.2Deflections
8LIYWISJWXVIRKXLHIWMKRVIUYMVIWWXVMGXMRZIWXMKEXMSRJSV
undesirable deflections in beams or spandrels exposed as
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI8LIHIWMVIHGEQFIVWLSYPHFIWTIGM
fied to compensate for the deflection of the completed struc
XYVEPQIQFIV'SRWMHIVEXMSR WLSYPH EPWS FIKMZIRXS EHHM
tional long-term deflection due to creep of concrete under
TIVQERIRX PSEHW %VGLMXIGXYVEP VIUYMVIQIRXW QE] HMGXEXI
that the engineer design for deflections less than normally
EGGITXEFPI 8LI] QE] EPWS VIUYMVI EHHMXMSREP GEQFIV XS
EZSMH XLI MQTVIWWMSR SJ WEKKMRK MR PSRK WTERW )\GIWWMZI
GEQFIVGERMRWSQIGEWIWFIEWSFNIGXMSREFPIEWWEK
{'VEGOMRK
'VEGOMRK MR EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI GER FI YRWMKLXP]
4VEGXMGIW XS VIHYGI ERH GSRXVSP GVEGOMRK XS QMRMQM^I XLI
IJJIGXSRETTIEVERGIERHHYVEFMPMX]WLSYPHFIYWIH
Factors that influence concrete cracking are:
+VEZMX]SVPEXIVEPPSEHWXLEXTVSHYGIXIRWMSRWLIEVSV
XSVWMSRMRQIQFIVW
6IWXVEMRXSJHV]MRKWLVMROEKI
'VIIT
%FVYTXGLERKIMRKISQIXV]WYGLEWGSRGVIXIXLMGORIWW
%\MEPSVFIRHMRKWXVIWWIWHYIXSXLIVQEPIJJIGXWERH
*SYRHEXMSRWIXXPIQIRX
'VEGOMRKQE]FIVIHYGIHF]
%HHMRKVIMRJSVGIQIRXGPSWYVIWXVMTWERHSXLIVQIXLSHW
EXFIEVMRKWSVWPMTNSMRXWEWRIIHIHXSGSVVIGXE\MEPWLSVX
IRMRKERHVSXEXMSRHYIXSTSWXXIRWMSRMRK
Limiting the flexural tension stress in reinforcement;
Distributing flexural reinforcement when appropriate
%'- 
9WMRK WTIGMEP QEXIVMEPW WYGL EW WLVMROEKIVIHYGMRK
EHQM\XYVIW WLVMROEKIGSQTIRWEXMRK GIQIRXW ERH
EKKVIKEXIW [MXL PS[ WLVMROEKI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SV
WIPIGXIHTVSTSVXMSRWSJXLIWI%'-6 
1MRMQM^MRK XLI XSXEP [EXIV GSRXIRX EPSRK [MXL XLI
[EXIVGIQIRXMXMSYWQEXIVMEPVEXMS[GQ SJXLIGSRGVIXI
QM\XYVI F] STXMQM^MRK XLI EKKVIKEXI KVEHMRK 7SQI
[EXIVVIHYGMRK EHQM\XYVIW QE] MRGVIEWI WLVMROEKI
HIWTMXIEVIHYGXMSRMR[EXIV
1MRMQM^MRK XLI GLERKI MR QIQFIVXSQIQFIV KISQ
IXV]SVQEWW
)ZEPYEXMRK XVMEP FEXGLIW [MXL ZEVMSYW GSQFMREXMSRW SJ
EKKVIKEXIWGIQIRXWERHEHQM\XYVIWERHGLIGOMRKJSV
WLVMROEKIYWMRK%781''1
-RGVIEWMRKXLIWLVMROEKIERHXIQTIVEXYVIVIMRJSVGIQIRX
EFSZIXLIQMRMQYQVIUYMVIQIRXWMR%'-
1MRMQM^MRK XLIVQEP WXVIWWIW F] GSRXVSPPMRK LIEX SJ
L]HVEXMSRERHGSSPMRKERH
4VSZMHMRKNSMRXWSVGVEGOMRHYGMRKHIZMGIWXSVIPMIZIWXVIWW
-R EHHMXMSR XS XLI EJSVQIRXMSRIH QIXLSHW GVEGOMRK GER
SJXIRFIQMRMQM^IHF] EXXIRXMSR XS NSMRXTPEGIQIRX[LMGL

*MK{6YWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWYWIHXSFVIEOYTEPEVKII\TERWI
SJGSRGVIXI
VIPMIZIW XLI WLVMROEKI WXVIWWIW ERH HMVIGXW XLI GVEGOMRK XS
NSMRXW XLEX EVI MRXIKVEP [MXL XLI HIWMKRIH WYVJEGI TVIWIRXE
XMSR 8LMW MW SJXIR EGLMIZIH XLVSYKL VYWXMGEXMSR SV VIZIEPW
SRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI[MXLMRXIVREPHIZMGIW[LMGL[IEOIR
XLI GSRGVIXI EX TVIHIXIVQMRIH PMRIW XS MRHYGI XLI GSRGVIXI
XSGVEGOEXXLEXPSGEXMSR%RMRHYGIHGVEGOWLSYPHFIWIEPIH
[LIRI\TSWIHXS[IEXLIVXSTVIZIRX[EXIVTIRIXVEXMSR8LMW
MW HSRI F] ETTP]MRK WIEPERX MR XLI WYVJEGI VYWXMGEXMSR SV
VIZIEP ZSMH SV F] TPEGMRK E [EXIVWXSTX]TI MRXIVREP GVEGO
MRHYGMRKHIZMGIMRXLIGSRGVIXI
{.SMRXW
'SRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWHMZMHIXLIWXVYGXYVIMRXSWIKQIRXWXLEX
can be constructed in a logical and efficient manner; contrac
XMSRNSMRXWEVIYWIHMR[EPPWERHWPEFWSRKVSYRHXSGSRXVSP
GVEGOMRK ERH MWSPEXMSR NSMRXW EVI YWIH MR WPEFWSRKVSYRH
XS WITEVEXI XLIQ JVSQ [EPPW GSPYQRW SV SXLIV WXVYGXYVEP
IPIQIRXW(IXEMPWWLSYPHFIWLS[RMRXLITVSNIGXHVE[MRKW
6YWXMGEXMSRWXVMTW*MK TVSZMHIXLIWMQTPIWXQIXLSH
SJEVGLMXIGXYVEPP]XVIEXMRKNSMRXW[LIVIWYVJEGIWMRXLIWEQI
TPERIEVINSMRIH8LI]VIHYGIFSXLXLIIJJIGXMZIWM^ISJXLI
QIQFIVWERHXLIGSZIVSZIVXLIVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP%HHMXMSREP
GSQTIRWEXMRKGSZIVSVETVSXIGXMZIGSEXMRKSRXLIVIMRJSVGI
QIRXWLSYPHFITVSZMHIH*MK 
6IGSQQIRHIHNSMRXHITXLWJSPPS[
7QEPPVYWXMGEXMSRSVTEXXIVRKVSSZIWMRQQ 
.SMRX HITXLW XS MRMXMEXI GVEGOMRK %TTVS\MQEXIP] 
TIVGIRXSJXLIQIQFIVXLMGORIWWXLEXMWMR
QQ HIITJSVERMRQQ XLMGO[EPPSVWPEFERH
.SMRXWFIX[IIRTERIPHMZMWMSRWWLSYPHFIEXPIEWX
MRQQ HIIT
% PEVKI WXVYGXYVI GSRXEMRMRK HVEWXMG GLERKIW MR WIGXMSR
WM^ISVI\TSWYVIWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIH[MXLIMXLIVI\TERWMSR
SV HIPE]IH TSYV NSMRXW XS GSRXVSP GVEGOMRK ERH EPPS[ JSV
QSZIQIRX%PP NSMRXW ERH VYWXMGEXMSRW WLSYPH FI WLS[RSR
XLIGSRXVEGXHVE[MRKW6IJIVXS%'-6JSVHIXEMPIH
MRJSVQEXMSRVIKEVHMRKNSMRXWMRGSRGVIXIGSRWXVYGXMSR
{&IEQWERHWPEFW
8LIWXVYGXYVEPERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPHIWMKRSJFIEQWERHWPEFW
VIUYMVIW GEVIJYP GSRWMHIVEXMSR FIGEYWI EPP XLI JEGXSVW XLEX

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

TVSHYGI XIRWMSR MR GSRGVIXI QE] FI TVIWIRX MR TSVXMSRW SJ
XLIQIQFIV
6YWXMGEXMSRHITXLWWLSYPHFIOITXXSXLIQMRMQYQVIGSQ
QIRHIH WM^I EX XLI XST ERH FSXXSQ SJ FIEQW MR VIKMSRW SJ
flexural tension. When the typical concrete cover on the steel
MWMRGVIEWIHI\GIWWMZIP]F]XLIHITXLSJXLIVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMT
any cracks that occur in the flexural tension zone will also be
MRGVIEWIHMR [MHXL7ERHFPEWXMRK EGGIRXYEXIW XLI [MHXLSJ E
crack due to rounding of its edge, especially at soffits of beams
ERHWPEFW'SRRIGXMSRWXLEXEVIMRXIRHIHXSEPPS[WYFWXERXMEP
VSXEXMSRSVHMWTPEGIQIRXWLSYPHFIHIWMKRIHERHHIXEMPIHXS
TVIZIRXWTEPPMRKERHPIEOMRKJVSQ[IEXLIVI\TSWYVI
3TIRMRKWMRWPEFWMRHYGIGVEGOWJVSQXLIGSVRIVWSJXLI
STIRMRKW (MEKSREP FEVW TPEGIH MR XLI GSVRIVW SJ XLI WPEF
STIRMRKW EVI IJJIGXMZI MR TVIZIRXMRK SV QMRMQM^MRK GVEGO
width at these locations. The slab should have sufficient
XLMGORIWW XS EGGSQQSHEXI XLIWI FEVW ERH XLI HIWMKR VIMR
JSVGIQIRX8LIIJJIGXSJSTIRMRKWSRXLIWXVYGXYVEPGETEGMX]
SJWPEFWQYWXFIVIZMI[IHF]XLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
{'SPYQRW
8]TMGEPP]GSRGVIXIGSPYQRWHSRSXLEZIXLILMKLXIRWMPI
WXVIWWIWTVIWIRXMRFIEQW8LIPEXIVEPHMQIRWMSRWEVIYWYEPP]
WQEPP ERH XLIVI MW PIWW XIRHIRG] JSVZIVXMGEP GVEGOMRK8LI
WQEPPPEXIVEPHMQIRWMSRWEPWSEPPS[JSVVETMHGSRGVIXITPEGI
QIRX GSQTEVIH XS SXLIV IPIQIRXW 8LMW XIRHW XS IPMQMREXI
WSQISJXLITVSFPIQWEWWSGMEXIH[MXLWPS[GSRGVIXITPEGI
QIRXWYGLEWGSPHNSMRXWERHQSVXEVWTPEXXIV'SPYQRWEWWS
GMEXIH[MXLPSRKWTERFIEQWQE]LEZIEXIRHIRG]XSI\LMFMX
LSVM^SRXEP GVEGOMRK EW XLI] FIGSQI PSEHIH FIGEYWI PSRK
WTERFIEQW[MPPKIRIVEPP]MRHYGIKVIEXIVFIRHMRKQSQIRXW
MR GSPYQRW XLER GSQTEVEFPI WLSVXIV WTER FIEQW 8LIVQEP
QSZIQIRXW ERH QSZIQIRX HYI XS GSRGVIXI WLVMROEKI GER
EPWS GEYWI LSVM^SRXEP GVEGOMRK MR GSPYQRW 8LI IRKMRIIV
WLSYPH XEOI XLIWI EHHIH IJJIGXW MRXS GSRWMHIVEXMSR [LIR
HIWMKRMRKXLIGSPYQRVIMRJSVGMRK
{;EPPW
8LI X]TMGEP [EPP MW VIPEXMZIP] PSRK ERH QE] FI XEPP
GSQTEVIHXSMXWXLMGORIWW 2SVQEPP] MR GSQTVIWWMSR ZIVXM
GEPP] LSVM^SRXEP GVEGOMRK MW KIRIVEPP] RSX E TVSFPIQ
FYX LSVM^SRXEP GVEGOW QE] HIZIPST [LIVI E [EPP VIGIMZIW
significant lateral loading or supports other elements that
TVSHYGIZIVXMGEPFIRHMRKQSQIRXW,SVM^SRXEPGVEGOMRKGER
SGGYV[LIRXLIGSRGVIXIJYVXLIVGSRWSPMHEXIWWYFWIUYIRXXS
ZMFVEXMSRSJXLMGO[EPPW8LIWIGVEGOWGERFITVIZIRXIHF]
IRWYVMRKXLEXIEGLPMJXMWMRXIKVEXIH[MXLXLITVIZMSYWPMJXF]
YWMRKEKSSHZMFVEXSVWTEGMRKERHMRWIVXMSRXMQI8LIQSWX
GSQQSR GVEGOMRK MR [EPPW MW KIRIVEPP] ZIVXMGEP SV RIEVP]
ZIVXMGEP 8LI TVMQEV] GEYWI SJ ZIVXMGEP GVEGOW MR [EPPW MW
E\MEPXIRWMSRGEYWIHF]VIWXVEMRIHHV]MRKWLVMROEKIXIQTIV
EXYVIWXVIWWIWSVFSXL
'SRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW EVI RSVQEPP] TVSZMHIH EX XLI FSXXSQ
ERHXST SJWPEFW EX XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR SJXLI[EPPWERHWPEFW
'SRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW WLSYPH EPWS FI TVSZMHIH EX SXLIV PSGE
XMSRW RIGIWWEV] JSV GSRWXVYGXMSR ERH XS GSRXVSP GVEGOMRK
8LIWI NSMRXW WLSYPH FI GSRGIEPIH VYWXMGEXIH SV IQTLE

WM^IH.SMRXWVIUYMVIHJSVGSRWXVYGXMSRWLSYPHFIGSSVHMREXIH
FIX[IIRXLIGSRXVEGXSVERHXLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
:IVXMGEP GSRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW MR PSRK [EPPW QE] FI RIGIW
WEV]EXQMHWTERSVEXWSQIQYPXMTPISJXLIFE]PIRKXL%R
EVGLMXIGXYVEPETTVSEGLMWXSTVSZMHIJSVZIVXMGEPVYWXMGEXMSRW
EXEYRMJSVQWTEGMRKMREPPFE]W8LMWTVSZMHIWXLIGSRXVEGXSV
greater flexibility in planning the construction operation.
:IVXMGEPGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW[MXLVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWGERFI
HIXEMPIH EW NSMRXW XS EGGSQQSHEXI ZSPYQIGLERKI QSZI
QIRXW ERH XS VIHYGI XLI LSVM^SRXEP I\XIRX SJ XLI GEWXMRK
STIVEXMSR SV GER FI HIXEMPIH EW GVEGOGSRXVSP NSMRXW 8LMW
TIVQMXWXLIEGGIPIVEXMSRSJXLIZIVXMGEPVEXISJGEWXMRKXLEX
TEVXMGYPEVP]MRLSX[IEXLIV[MPPIPMQMREXISVQEOIQEREKI
EFPI XLI TVSFPIQW EWWSGMEXIH [MXL WYVJEGI EMV ZSMHW JSVQ
WTEXXIV GSPH NSMRXW ERH PMJX PMRIW *SVQ WTEXXIV MW QSVXEV
WTPEWLIHSRJSVQWXLEXMWEPPS[IHXSHV]FIJSVIGSZIVMRK[MXL
GSRGVIXI8LMWGVIEXIWERSRYRMJSVQWYVJEGIXLEXTSWMXMZIP]
EJJIGXWXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPETTIEVERGI8LIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI JSVQ[SVO TERIP WM^I MR TPERRMRK XLI
NSMRX PSGEXMSRW JSVQJEGMRK QEXIVMEP NSMRXW QE] FI ZMWMFPI
SRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIIZIRXLSYKLWYFWIUYIRXQIGLERMGEP
finishing is performed on the hardened concrete surfaces.
%R IJJIGXMZI QIXLSH JSV GSRXVSPPMRK ZIVXMGEP GVEGOMRK MW
TVSZMHMRK GSRXVEGXMSR NSMRXW EX E YRMJSVQ WTEGMRK SJ RSX
QSVIXLERJXQ SRGIRXIVF]TPEGMRKHIITXMQIW
XLI QE\MQYQ EKKVIKEXI WM^I  REVVS[ VYWXMGEXMSR WXVMTW SR
FSXL[EPPJEGIWXSMRHYGIGVEGOMRK%R]SJXLIGSRXVEGXMSR
NSMRXPSGEXMSRWGEREPWSFIYWIHJSVGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXW
'SRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPHFIKMZIRXSVIHYGMRKXLIVIMRJSVGI
QIRX GVSWWMRK GSRXVEGXMSR ERH GSRWXVYGXMSR NSMRXW XLEX EVI
YWIH JSV GVEGO GSRXVSP 7YKKIWXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX GVSWWMRK
IMXLIVX]TISJNSMRXWLSYPHRSXI\GIIHSJXLILSVM^SRXEP
VIMRJSVGIQIRX IPWI[LIVI MR XLI [EPP 8LI QMRMQYQ LSVM
^SRXEPVIMRJSVGIQIRXVIUYMVIHMR[EPPWF]%'-QE]
FIMRGVIEWIHXSQMRMQM^IXLI[MHXLWSJGVEGOWXLEXQE]SGGYV
FIX[IIRNSMRXW
Consideration may also be given to the use of fiber rein
JSVGIQIRXEWEQIERW SJ VIHYGMRK XLI [MHXL SJXLIZMWMFPI
GVEGO *MFIVW QE] FI WIIR EX XLI WYVJEGI ERH WLSYPH FI
ETTVSZIHMRXLIQSGOYT
3TIRMRKWMR[EPPWMRHYGIGVEGOWJVSQXLIGSVRIVWSJXLI
STIRMRKW ;LIR LSVM^SRXEP WXIIP MW MRXIVVYTXIH F] STIR
MRKWEHHMXMSREPWXIIPIUYMZEPIRXXSXLEXMRXIVVYTXIHWLSYPHFI
TPEGIHEFSZIERHFIPS[XLISTIRMRK[MXLEQMRMQYQ
WXIIP I\XIRWMSR  XMQIW XLI HIZIPSTQIRX PIRKXL FI]SRH
XLISTIRMRK(MEKSREPFEVWTPEGIHMRXLIGSVRIVWSJXLI[EPP
STIRMRKW EVI EPWS IJJIGXMZI MR TVIZIRXMRK SV QMRMQM^MRK
crack width at these locations. The wall should have suffi
GMIRXXLMGORIWWXSEGGSQQSHEXIXLIWIFEVWERHXLIRSVQEP
LSVM^SRXEPERHZIVXMGEPVIMRJSVGIQIRX:IVXMGEPSVLSVM^SRXEP
NSMRXW TPEGIH EX XLI NEQFW SV EX XLI XST ERH FSXXSQ SJ XLI
STIRMRKVIWTIGXMZIP]GEREPWSIJJIGXMZIP]FIYWIHXSGSRXVSP
GVEGOWIQEREXMRKJVSQGSVRIVWSJSTIRMRKW*MK 
-JRSRWXVYGXYVEP[EPPWEVIYWIHF]XLIEVGLMXIGXEWTEVXSJ
XLIHIWMKRWXVYGXYVEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWWLSYPHFIVIZMI[IHERH
MRHMGEXIHMRXLIGSRXVEGXHSGYQIRXW

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK{)MXLIVZIVXMGEPSVLSVM^SRXEPVYWXMGEXMSRNSMRXWGER
GSRXVSPGVEGOMRKEXSTIRMRKWMRE[EPP
',%48)6{*3617
{+IRIVEP
Through general drawings, specifications, samples, and
mockups, the architect defines the structure and the desired
ETTIEVERGI SJ XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI 8LIWI HIWMKR
GSRHMXMSRWMQTSWIPMQMXEXMSRWSRXLIWIPIGXMSRSJJSVQWERH
JSVQMRKQEXIVMEPW7EXMWJEGXSV]VIWYPXWEVIQSVIPMOIP][LIR
XLIEVGLMXIGXYRHIVWXERHWXLIGETEFMPMXMIWERHPMQMXEXMSRWSJ
XLIJSVQMRKQEXIVMEPWERHXLIJSVQMRKW]WXIQvWMQTSVXERGI
XSXLITVSNIGXvWWYGGIWW*MK %PWSZMXEPXSXLIWYGGIWW
SJXLITVSNIGXMWXLIGSRXVEGXSVvWYRHIVWXERHMRKSJXLIQIERW
ERHQIXLSHWVIUYMVIHXSTVSHYGIXLIVIUYMVIHEVGLMXIGXYVEP
TVSHYGX*SVQ[SVOWLSTHVE[MRKWMRGPYHMRKEJSVQPE]SYX
HVE[MRKMJQSVIXLER SRI TPEGIQIRX SJJSVQ[SVO MW XS FI
YWIH ERH QSGOYTW WLSYPH FI TVSHYGIH ERH WYFQMXXIH JSV
ETTVSZEPXSIWXEFPMWLXLEXXLIQEXIVMEPWPSKMWXMGWERHTVSGI
dures will meet the specified results.
*SVQ[SVO ERH JSVQ[SVO PEFSV GER EGGSYRX JSV QSVI
XLERLEPJSJXLISZIVEPPGSWXSJXLIGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVI,YVH
 ERHSJXIRQSVIMREREVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIWXVYGXYVI
'SQQYRMGEXMSR ERH YRHIVWXERHMRK FIX[IIR XLI EVGLMXIGX
GSRXVEGXSVERHS[RIVEVIXLIJSYRHEXMSRSJEGSWXIJJIGXMZI
XVSYFPIJVIITVSNIGX
%RSXLIVRIGIWWEV]MRKVIHMIRXMWXLIMRKIRYMX]ORS[LS[
and the ability of the contractor to interpret the specifications
ERHWIPIGXXLIW]WXIQXLEX[MPPFIWXEGGSQTPMWLXLIHIWMVIH
VIWYPX[MXLMRXLIS[RIVvWFYHKIX
-RERIPIZEXMSRZMI[VIYWEKISJJSVQ[SVOLEWXLVIIZEVMEXMSRW
-HIRXMGEPVIYWEKI{&SXLXLILSVM^SRXEPERHXLIZIVXMGEP
configuration of the forming module never change. The
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRGSRWXVYGXMSRNSMRXWEWELSVM^SRXEPHIXIVQM
RERXERHXLI[EPPLIMKLXEWXLIZIVXMGEPHIXIVQMRERXYWYEPP]
HIXIVQMRIWXLIJSVQMRKQSHYPI8SFIMHIRXMGEPMXMWRIGIW
WEV]XSLEZIW]QQIXV]SRIMXLIVWMHISJFSXLXLIZIVXMGEPERH
LSVM^SRXEPE\IWSJXLIJSVQMRKQSHYPI
 7MQMPEV VIYWEKI{3RP] SRI SJ XLI JSVQMRK QSHYPI
configurations is identical and the other varies; and
3. NontypicalBoth forming module configurations vary.
Opposite hand means that the configuration must be
VSXEXIH  HIKVIIW XS FI MHIRXMGEP 3TTSWMXI LERH QE]
RIGIWWMXEXIEWWIQFP]ERHHMWEWWIQFP]SJJSVQ[SVOJSVIEGL

*MK{*SVQPE]SYXHVE[MRKWWLS[MRKWIEQWVYWXMGEXMSR
WXVMTWERHHMQIRWMSRWJSVXLI'EXLIHVEPSJ3YV0EH]SJXLI
%RKIPW0SW%RKIPIW'%
TPEGIQIRXSJGSRGVIXI;LIVITSWWMFPIKERKJSVQMRKWLSYPH
be designed to allow for opposite-hand configurations.
9RPIWWWTIGMEPGSPSVMRKERHXI\XYVIIJJIGXWEVIHIWMVIH&&
TP][SSH MW RSX VIGSQQIRHIH JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP TSVXMSRW SJ
XLIWXVYGXYVI)ZIRPS[HIRWMX]SZIVPE]0(3 ERHQIHMYQ
HIRWMX]SZIVPE]1(3 TP][SSHWMQTEVXYRI\TIGXIHGSPSV
ZEVMEXMSRW YRPIWW PMQMXIH XS SRI YWI SRP] ,MKLHIRWMX]
SZIVPE],(3 TP][SSHWTVSZMHIXLIQSWXTVSXIGXMSRJVSQ
YR[ERXIHGSPSVERHXI\XYVIZEVMEXMSRW6IJIVXS,YVH 
ERH4IYVMJS]ERH3FIVPIRHIV JSVQSVIHIXEMPIHMRJSV
QEXMSRSRJSVQW
{1EXIVMEPW
%KVIEXZEVMIX]SJQEXIVMEPWLEZIFIIRYWIHJSVJSVQWJSVQ
PMRIVW ERH WLIEXLMRK 8LI PMWX MRGPYHIW PYQFIV TP][SSH
GSEXIH ERH TPEWXMG SZIVPEMH TP][SSH QIXEPW WYGL EW WXIIP
EPYQMRYQ ERH QEKRIWMYQ VIMRJSVGIH ERH RSRVIMRJSVGIH
TPEWXMGW TPEWXIV [EWXI QSPHW XLIVQSWIXXMRK TPEWXMGW ERH
elastomeric liners of both rigid and flexible plastics, such as
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), fiberglass (glass-rein
JSVGIHTSP]IWXIV *MK), and both filled and pure polyure
XLERIIPEWXSQIVW)EGLSJXLIQEXIVMEPWLEWEHZERXEKIWERH
PMQMXEXMSRW7TIGMEPTVIGEYXMSRWWLSYPHFIXEOIR[MXLXLIYWI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK{*MFIVKPEWWJSVQPMRIV

*MK {9WI SJ VSYKLWE[R PYQFIV XS TVSHYGI E FSEVH

JSVQXI\XYVI8LI+IXX]:MPPEW1EPMFY'%
SJ EPYQMRYQ QEKRIWMYQ ERH ^MRGGSEXIH JSVQW VIJIV XS
7IGXMSR 
8LI EVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV WLSYPH GSRWMHIV XLI IJJIGX SJ
MQTIVZMSYW ERH EFWSVTXMZI JSVQ WYVJEGIW )EGL PIEZIW MXW
S[RTEVXMGYPEVGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW8LIMQTIVZMSYWJSVQWYVJEGI
[MPPYWYEPP]VIWYPXMREQSVIYRMJSVQETTIEVERGI)\EQTPIW
SJMQTIVZMSYWJSVQWYVJEGIWEVIQIXEPTPEWXMGWLMKLHIRWMX]
SZIVPEMHTP][SSHERHSXLIVQEXIVMEPW[MXLETTPMIHGSEXMRKW
*SVQWERH PMRIVW XLEX LEZI E QSMWXYVI GSRXIRX FIPS[ XLIMV
WEXYVEXMSRTSMRX[MPPEFWSVF[EXIV JVSQXLIJVIWLGSRGVIXI
VIWYPXMRKMREHEVOIVGSRGVIXIGSPSV8LIGSPSV[MPPZEV][MXL
XLI EFWSVTXMZI GETEGMX] SJ XLI JSVQ *SVQ VIPIEWI EKIRXW
[MPP RSX WSPZI XLMW TVSFPIQ8LI QSWX IJJIGXMZI QIXLSH SJ
TVIZIRXMRKTVSFPIQWSJXLMWX]TIMWXSWIEPXLIWYVJEGISJXLI
EFWSVTXMZIJSVQWYVJEGIW7IGXMSR 
 0YQFIV{0YQFIV MW E VIEHMP] EZEMPEFPI JSVQMRK
QEXIVMEP XLEX GERLEZI E WQSSXL WYVJEGI SVFI VSYKLWE[R
*MK SVWERHFPEWXIHXSXVERWJIVHMWXMRGXMZIXI\XYVIWXS
XLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI8LIVIYWEFMPMX]ERHHYVEFMPMX]GLEVEG
XIVMWXMGW SJ PYQFIV HITIRH SR XLI [SSH WTIGMIW XMQI ERH
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0YQFIVJSVQWGEREJJIGXXLIGSPSVSJXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
% QSXXPIH IJJIGX MW EGLMIZIH XLVSYKL ZEVMEXMSRW MR [EXIV
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[EXIVJVSQXLIWYVJEGISJJVIWLGSRGVIXIPS[IVMRKXLI[GQ



SJXLIGSRGVIXI[LMGLGEYWIWEHEVOIVWYVJEGIGSPSV3VKERMG
WYFWXERGIWMRXLI[SSHGERVIWYPXMREHMWGSPSVIHGSRGVIXI
WYVJEGIERH[SSHWYKEVWGERGEYWIHYWXMRK6IPIEWIEKIRXW
GERRSXTVIZIRXXLIWI GSRHMXMSRW'EVIMRWIPIGXMRK[SSHMW
VIGSQQIRHIHEW[SSHWTPMXWERH[EVTWHYVMRKYWIGEYWMRK
GLERKIWMRWYVJEGITVIWIRXEXMSR
;MXLIEGLVIYWISJXLIJSVQXLIHEVOIRMRKIJJIGXSJXLI
PYQFIVSRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIFIGSQIWPIWW*MKE 
;LIR JSVQW EVI VIYWIH WIZIVEP XMQIW YRPIWW XLI [SSH MW
XVIEXIHGSRWMHIVEFPIZEVMEXMSRMRGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIGSPSVERH
XI\XYVIGERFII\TIGXIHJSVIEGLYWI
Dusting, caused by wood sugar, is significant only in the
first use. It is possible to simulate a first use by coating a new
JSVQ JEGI [MXL E GIQIRX WPYVV] [EWLMRK MX SJJ ERH VIET
TP]MRKXLIJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRX*SVEYRMJSVQWYVJEGIGSPSV
EPPJSVQPYQFIVWLSYPHFISFXEMRIHJVSQXLIWEQIWSYVGI
ERHEJSVQGSEXMRKSVWIEPIVWLSYPHFIYWIH7IGXMSR 
-J GSRXVSPPIH ZEVMEXMSRW MR GSPSV EVI HIWMVIH XLMW QE] FI
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WLSYPH FI EZSMHIH XS EZIVX ZEVMEXMSRW MR GSPSV GEYWIH F]
HMJJIVIRXEQSYRXWSJ[EXIVEFWSVTXMSR*MK -JEVEMWIH
KVEMRMWHIWMVEFPIJSVVIZIVWIXVERWJIVXSXLIGSRGVIXIMQTIV
ZMSYWGSEXMRKW WLSYPH FI EZSMHIH%HHMXMSREP VIPMIJGERFI
SFXEMRIHF]WERHFPEWXMRKXLITP][SSHWYVJEGIXSI\TSWIXLI
KVEMRXI\XYVI8LMWX]TISJVSYKLWYVJEGIHSIWRSXEPPS[JSV
QER]VIYWIW
 1IXEPW{1IXEPWYVJEGIWEVIMQTIVZMSYWERHTVSZMHI
YRMJSVQ GSPSV XS XLI GSRGVIXI MJ GPIERIH SJ EPP VIEGXMZI SV
TSXIRXMEP WXEMRMRK QEXIVMEPW FIJSVI YWI ERH MJ XLI JEGI MW
QEMRXEMRIH JVII SJ VYWX TMXXMRK [IPH LIEX EVIEW ERH HMVX
8LIQIXEPWOMRWLSYPHFIXLMGOIRSYKLXSWYTTSVXXLIPSEH
between its support members to keep deflections within
EGGITXEFPIPMQMXW
8STVIZIRXWXEMRMRKWXIIPWOMRWJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI
WLSYPHFIQEHISJGSPHVSPPIHWXIIPWSXLEXXLIVIMWRSQMPP
WGEPI&PYMRKEGSEXMRKYWIHMRWXIIPQEOMRKWLSYPHFIEHHIH
XSXLIGSPHVSPPMRKTVSGIWWXSHIGVIEWIXLITSXIRXMEPJSV[EXIV

Fig. 5.2.1.aColor variation from the first use of forms to

XLIRI\X

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK {%FWSVTXMSRSJ QIHMYQHIRWMX] TP][SSH 1(3 

SRPIJXGSQTEVIHXSVIKYPEVTP][SSHSRVMKLX
marking or staining in general. Bluing, which can be fieldapplied over welded sections, has been found beneficial to
EZSMHWXEMRMRK6IPIEWIEKIRXWXLEXGSRXEMREVYWXMRLMFMXSVXS
VIHYGIXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJWXEMRMRKEVIVIGSQQIRHIH
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SJ YWI [MXL XLI WEQI GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI JSVQW ERH GYVMRK
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QEXIVMEP MR GSRGVIXI PMFIVEXMRK L]HVSKIR KEW XLEX GEYWIW
WXMGOMRKERHFYFFPMRKSRJSVQWGSRXEMRMRKXLIWIQIXEPW(YI
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IJJIGXWXLIWIQEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH
 4PEWXMGW{4PEWXMGW FSXL VIMRJSVGIH ERH YRVIMR
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XSQSPHMRXSER]TEXXIVRSVXI\XYVI8LI]HSRSXGEYWIXLI
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SJJSVQMRKQEXIVMEPW8LIYWISJWQSSXLJSVQMRKQEXIVMEPW
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;LIRI\TSWIHXSXLI[IEXLIVXLI][MPPWSSRPSWIWSQISJ
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and thawing. Repairs may be difficult to match when the
EWGEWXWYVJEGIMWKPSWW]
Some reinforced plastics contain glass fibers in various
forms that increase the flexural strength of the resin mate
VMEPW 7YGL TPEWXMGW LEZI JSYRH GSRWMHIVEFPI EGGITXERGI MR
GYWXSQ JSVQW JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI 8LI ETTVSTVMEXI
VIWMRKIPGSEX WLSYPHFIYWIHSRXLIWYVJEGIXSSZIVPE]XLI
glass fiber mat and to ensure good performance through a
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fibers are used, deterioration can be expected when in
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MWQERHEXSV]JSVWYVJEGIYRMJSVQMX]-XGERFIEGGSQTPMWLIH

F]GEVIJYPGPIERMRKXLIYWISJJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRXWSVSGGE
WMSREPXSYGLYTSJXLIWYVJEGI
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[MXLWQSSXLSVXI\XYVIHWYVJEGIW0MKLXP]XI\XYVIHTEXXIVRW
XVERWJIV XS XLI GSRGVIXI ERH GLERKI XLI GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ
E WQSSXL WYVJEGI 7LIIX TPEWXMGW RIIH ETTVSTVMEXI FEGOYT
XS VIWMWX XLI GSRGVIXI TVIWWYVI 9RVIMRJSVGIH TPEWXMGW EVI
RSVQEPP]YWIHEWPMRIVW[MXLEJSVQMRKW]WXIQHIWMKRIHXS
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GSRXEMRQIRX9RVIMRJSVGIHTPEWXMGWEVIYWIHSRP]XSGLERKI
XLI GLEVEGXIVMWXMG SJ XLI GSRGVIXI WYVJEGI 8LIVQSTPEWXMG
GSEXMRKWERHJSVQPMRIVWQE]I\TERHSVGSRXVEGXERHGLERKI
HMQIRWMSRWHYIXSHMVIGXWYRPMKLXSVIPIZEXIHEQFMIRXLIEX
4VIJSVQIH JSEQIH TSP]WX]VIRI GER FI YWIH EW JSVQW
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JSV HIIT VIPMIJ ZEGYYQJSVQIH TPEWXMG JSVQ PMRIVW [LIVI
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 4PEWXIV[EWXIQSPHW{,MKLP]HIXEMPIHJSVQWGERFI
QEHISJTPEWXIV8LIGSRGVIXIMWGEWXEKEMRWXXLIWIQSPHWERH
the plaster is then broken away from the finished concrete.
7MRKPIYWIJSVQWEVISJXIRYWIHJSVRSRVITIXMXMZIJSVQMRKSV
where intricate shapes are difficult to form by more conven
XMSREP QIXLSHW %R IJJIGXMZI QIQFVERIJSVQMRK FSRH
FVIEOIV WLSYPH FIYWIH [MXL TPEWXIV [EWXI QSPHW8LI YWI
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EHIJIGXMZIVIPIEWI
{)GSRSQMGW
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tion on construction speed, influencing overall project cost;
8LIVQEPMRWYPEXMRKIJJIGXSJJSVQMRKQEXIVMEPW
7EPZEKIZEPYIEXGSQTPIXMSRSJYWIERH
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The number of reuses of formwork is a significant factor
MRXLIXSXEPGSWXSJJSVQ[SVO2SVQEPP]JSVQ[SVOW]WXIQW
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{*SVQ[SVOEGGYVEG]
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GSRGVIXI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI VIUYMVIW TEVXMGYPEV GEVI
in formwork design to minimize deflection, deformations,

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+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

pillowing, offsets, and mortar leakage. Conflicts between

VIZIEPWXVMTWERHVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPWLSYPHFIVIWSPZIH7TIGM
fied clearances between reinforcing steel and formwork
WLSYPHFIQEMRXEMRIH
 &VEGMRKERH[EPIVW{-RQSWXGEWIWJSVQWLIEXLMRK
deflections will govern design. The form face should be
HIWMKRIHEWEWXEFPIIRZIPSTIXSGSRXEMRXLIJVIWLGSRGVIXI
Extra walers may be required to satisfy face sheet deflec
XMSRVIUYMVIQIRXW%HHMXMSREPERGLSVWERHFVEGMRKQE]EPWS
FI VIUYMVIH XS QEMRXEMR EPMKRQIRX MJ XLI JSVQW EVI I\XIV
REPP]ZMFVEXIH8LIWIGSRHMXMSRWGSYPHVIUYMVIQSVIXMIWERH
[EPIVWXLERVIUYMVIHF]%'-)\XIVREPZMFVEXMSREPWS
VIUYMVIWERGLSVEKISJXLIJSVQ[SVOXSXLITVIZMSYWTPEGI
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MRXLIWXVYGXYVISJXLIJSVQ[SVO
Deflections of sheathing, studs, and walers no greater than
XMQIWXLIWTEREVIKIRIVEPP]WEXMWJEGXSV]JSVEVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXIJSVQ[SVO;LIVIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRWMHIVEXMSRWEHNE
cent work, or special effects are critical, lesser form deflec
tions may be required. As form deflections may increase with
each use, deflection criteria may govern the number of allow
able reuses. Where deflections are to be limited, locations and
deflection criteria should be included in the project specifica
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ORS[WMREHZERGI[LEXMWVIUYMVIH
 8SPIVERGIW{8LI HMQIRWMSR ERH TSWMXMSR XSPIVERGIW
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tect/engineer specifically calls for closer tolerances for
TEVXMGYPEV[SVOMXIQW
{*SVQNSMRXW
 4VIZIRXMSRSJPIEOEKI{%WYVJEGIHIJIGX[MPPVIWYPX
when the formwork experiences fluid loss. The resulting
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ETTIEVERGI EW E VIWYPX SJ PIWW [EXIV EZEMPEFPI JSV L]HVE
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FI RSXMGIEFPI EJXIV EHHMXMSREP WYVJEGI XVIEXQIRX 0IEOEKI
WLSYPH FI QMRMQM^IH [LIVI YRMJSVQ GSPSV ERH XI\XYVI EVI
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will reduce the tendency for fluid to escape through fine
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difficult to vibrate and consolidate and may cause entrapped
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concrete, consideration should be given to the difficulty of
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fluidized concrete such as self-consolidating concrete (SCC)
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0MRMRKJSVQW[MXLEWITEVEXIJEGMRKQEXIVMEPERHWXEK
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ZMFVEXSV
To minimize leakage, specifications should require form
NSMRXWXSFIWIEPIH*MK 'LEQJIVERHVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTW
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when significant paste removal, such as medium sandblast
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HMWTPEGIQIRXSJXLIXETISVKEWOIXWHYVMRKGSRGVIXISTIVE
tions, as this results in blemishes that are difficult to remove.
&VYWLETTPMIH KYQ EHLIWMZI SZIV XLI XETI GER WYGGIWW
JYPP]WXEFMPM^IMXEKEMRWXQSZIQIRX8ETIHNSMRXWWLSYPHFI
MRWTIGXIHFIJSVIGEWXMRKXSFIWYVIXLIXETILEWRSXQSZIH
%QSGOYTTERIPWLSYPHFIYWIHXSZIVMJ]XLIIJJIGXMZIRIWWSJ
EGLMIZMRKXLIHIWMVIHVIWYPXW[MXLXETIHNSMRXW
 *MRW{*MRWEVIXLMRTVSNIGXMSRWSJLEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI
I\XIRHMRKJVSQXLIJEGISJEJSVQIHGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIQSWX
GSQQSRP] HYI XS PIEOEKI EX NSMRXW%PXLSYKL XLI] GER FI
knocked off and stoned smooth, fins are generally consid
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uniform appearance of the finished surface and possible
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In some cases, fins are desired by the designer for a specific
IJJIGX8LMW IJJIGXGERFIEGGSQTPMWLIH F]PMRMRKXLIJSVQ
with planks, boards, or plywood kept at specific distances
apart or randomly placed. Such fins can be left as stripped or
FVSOIRFEGO4VSZMWMSRWWLSYPHFIQEHILS[IZIVXSQMRM
QM^IQSVXEVPIEOEKIFIX[IIRXLIPMRIVERHWXVYGXYVEPJSVQXS
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{8I\XYVIWERHTEXXIVRW
 *SVQQEVOW{%PPJSVQW[MPPLEZIWSQIGLEVEGXIVMW
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to the finished surface, including:
7M^ISJXLIYRMXSJJSVQMRKQEXIVMEPSVTVIJEFVMGEXIHTERIP
4PERO[MHXLW
:EVMEXMSRWMREFWSVTXMZIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWSJXLIJEGIXLEX
GLERKI XLI [GQ SR XLI WYVJEGI SJ XLI GSRGVIXI ERH
GSRWIUYIRXP]GLERKIXLIGSRWMWXIRG]SJMXWGSPSV

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

Special perimeter configurations found in proprietary

X]TITERIPW
;SSHKVEMR
;SSHKVEMRVMWIHYIXSQSMWXYVI
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ERH
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 *SVQPMRIVW{8I\XYVIWERHTEXXIVRWGERFISFXEMRIH
by specific design through the use of form liners. The use of
PMRIVWMWETVEGXMGEPETTVSEGLXSQER]HIWMVIHVIWYPXWMRXLI
finished wall because the facing can be designed separately
ERHEPPS[EGLSMGISJEFEGOYTJSVQMRKW]WXIQ8LIQIXLSH
SJ EXXEGLMRKJSVQ PMRIVWWLSYPHFI WXYHMIH JSV MXW VIWYPXMRK
ZMWYEPIJJIGX
;SSHPMRIVWGERFIYWIHXSJIEXYVITPEROWKVEMRVYWXMGE
XMSRWXVMTW SVYWIHMRE GLIGOIVFSEVHJEWLMSR F]GLERKMRK
XLIHMVIGXMSRSJXLIKVEMRSVTPEROWMREHNEGIRXTERIPW7XVM
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*SEQIH TSP]WX]VIRI PMRIVW TVSZMHI E [MHI GLSMGI SJ
WYVJEGIXI\XYVIWERHHIWMKRW
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WYTTSVXIHFIX[IIRXLIFEGOYTJSVQERHXLIPMRIV
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WLEPPS[XI\XYVIW ERH HIIT VIPMIJ *MK   7SQI IPEWXS
QIVWQE]HIXIVMSVEXI[LIRI\TSWIHXSXLILMKLIVXIQTIVE
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LIEX MW SXLIV[MWI YWIH XS LEWXIR XLI GYVI 4SP]ZMR]P GLPS
VMHI4:' IPEWXSQIVWWLSYPHFIGLIGOIHJSVVIWMWXERGIXS
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XLI]WLSYPHFIVMKMHP]KPYIHXSJSVQ[SVOXSVIWMWX[VMROPMRK
8LIIPEWXSQIVWWLSYPHEPWSFIGLIGOIHJSVXLITSWWMFMPMX]SJ
WXEMRMRKXLIGSRGVIXI
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ZIVWMSRW *SEQIH TSP]YVIXLERI MW IMXLIV GPSWIH SV STIR
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XIWXWEVIVIGSQQIRHIHXSHIXIVQMRIJSVQPMRIVVIPIEWIEKIRX
GSQTEXMFMPMX]
1IXEP PMRIVW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR ZEVMSYW XI\XYVIW ERH VMFFIH
TEXXIVRWXLEXGERFINSMRIH[MXLHMJJIVIRXX]TIWSJJEWXIRIVW
XS EGLMIZI ER EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGX 0MRIV NSMRXW WLSYPH FI
TPEGIHEXVYWXMGEXMSRWXVMTWSVJSVQGSVRIVWFIGEYWIPIEOEKI
is difficult to prevent at butt joints. An investigation should
FIQEHIXSHIXIVQMRI[LIXLIVWXEMRMRKQE]SGGYVJVSQXLI
PMRIVQEXIVMEPSVMXWJEWXIRMRKW
8LMR  XS  MR  XS  QQ  ZMR]P TPEWXMG
WLIEXLMRKLEWFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]JSVPMRMRKKERKJSVQW

*MK {)PEWXSQIXVMG JSVQ PMRIV YWIH XS GVIEXI E FPSGO

pattern finish at the University of San Diego Science Center,
'%

*MK{'EVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXSTVSTIVP]WIEPXMILSPIW
PIJXTLSXS 'SRGVIXI[MPPWIITFIX[IIRXLIWRETXMIGSRIERH
JSVQ[SVOMJGSRIWEVIRSXXMKLXEKEMRWXJSVQVMKLXTLSXS 
8LIWI ZMR]P PMRIVW EVI QERYJEGXYVIH MR VSPPW  XS  JX 
XSQ [MHIERHXSJXXS Q PSRKERH
EVIJEWXIRIHXSXLIJSVQFEGOMRK[LMGLMWGSEXIHJYPP][MXL
VYFFIV GIQIRX 8LI PMRIV NSMRXW [MPP WIPJWIEP EW XLI JSVQ
PMRIVMWETTPMIHXSXLIFEGOMRK
{*SVQ[SVOEGGIWWSVMIW
 8MIWEarly stripping and finishing requirements
QE] HMGXEXI XLI W]WXIQ SJ JSVQ XMIW *MK   6IGSQ
QIRHIH JSVQ XMIW WLSYPH PIEZI RS GSVVSWMZI QIXEP GPSWIV
than 1-1/2 in. (38 mm) to the finished surface, and fall gener
EPP]MRXSSRISJWIZIVEPKVSYTW
Continuous single-piece proprietary ties for specific
[EPP XLMGORIWWIW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR HMJJIVIRX PIRKXLW ERH
GETEGMXMIW[MXLTSWMXMZIFVIEOFEGOGLEVEGXIVMWXMGW[MXL
SV[MXLSYXGSRIW
7RETXMIWEVIEZEMPEFPIMREZEVMIX]SJWM^IWERHWXVIRKXLW
[MXL GSRIW 7RETXMIW [MXL [EWLIVW EVI YWYEPP] RSX
EGGITXEFPI JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI 'EVI WLSYPH FI
XEOIR[LIRWRETXMIW[MXLGSRIWEVIYWIHXSIRWYVIXLEX
XLI GSRI MW QEMRXEMRIH XMKLX XS XLI GSRXEGX JSVQ JEGI
YRHIVTPEGMRKTVIWWYVIW&EGOYTQIQFIVWQE]GSRXVEGX
and allow fluid loss;
7LIFSPXW LEZI E QEPIXLVIEHIH MRRIV YRMX PIJX MR XLI
[EPPERHEJIQEPIXLVIEHIHSYXIVYRMX XLEX MW VIQSZIH
ERH VIYWIH 'SRIW EVI RSX VIUYMVIH XLYW VIHYGMRK XLI
WM^ISJLSPIWPIJXMRXLIWYVJEGI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

Fig. 5.7.1.aIntegral color fiberglass tie left exposed on

sandblasted wall finish.
,IFSPXW EVI QEPIXLVIEHIH HIZMGIW XLEX EVI VIYWEFPI
[MXL ER I\TIRHEFPI JIQEPIXLVIEHIH YRMX PIJX MR XLI
[EPPQMRMQM^MRKXLIWM^ISJLSPIWPIJXSRXLIWYVJEGI
8ETIVXMIW EVI EZEMPEFPI MR E ZEVMIX] SJ WM^IW ERH
GETEGMXMIW
*MFIVKPEWWXMIWEVIEZEMPEFPIMRQER]WXVIRKXLWWM^IWERH
GSPSVW*MFIVKPEWWXMIWPIEZIEGYXIRHSJVSYRHVSHSRXLI
GSRGVIXIWYVJEGI*MKE *MFIVKPEWWXMIWEVIRSRS\M
HM^MRKERHGERFII\TSWIHSRXLIJEGISJXLIGSRGVIXI
7PIIZIERHVSHXMIW[MXLSV[MXLSYXGSRIWEVIEZEMPEFPI
JVSQMRQQ GSRIWM^IWERHPEVKIVERH
%PPXLVIEHVSHW[MXLTPEWXMGWPIIZIW
8MIW GER FI VIQSZIH IEVP] KIRIVEPP] [MXLMR  LSYVW 
TVSZMHIH E JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRX [EW YWIH SR XLI IQFIHHIH
WIGXMSRSJXLIXMIWERHXLI]EVIVIQSZIHMREXSVWMSREPQSXMSR
7TEGMRKSJXMIW[MPPRSVQEPP]FIHMGXEXIHF]XLIWXVIRKXLSJ
XLIXMIWXLIWXVIRKXLSJXLIJSVQMRKQIQFIVWXLIGSRGVIXI
placing rates, allowable deflection, amount of vibration, and
EVGLMXIGXYVEPVIUYMVIQIRXW
Each type of tie leaves a characteristic hole, except fiber
KPEWWXMIW[LMGLPIEZIEVSYRHTPEWXMGWYVJEGISRXLIJEGISJ
XLIGSRGVIXI;MVIWRETXMIWPIEZIWQEPPLSPIWETTVS\MQEXIP]
MRQQ MRHMEQIXIV[MXLERSQMREPHITXLSJGSZIVSJ
MRQQ ;SSHSVXETIVIHTPEWXMGGSRIWSVWPIIZIWEVI
SJXIRTVSZMHIHJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPI\TVIWWMSRSV[LIRHIITIV
FVIEOFEGOWYTXSMRQQ EVIVIUYMVIH
8LI GSRIW MRGVIEWI XLI WM^I SJ XLI LSPI XS ETTVS\MQEXIP]
MRQQ HMEQIXIVERHEVIYWIHXSVIHYGIKVSYXPIEOEKI
[LIVIXLIXMITEWWIWXLVSYKLXLIJSVQ1EMRXEMRMRKXMKLXRIWWMW
IWWIRXMEP8LIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGLSPISJXETIVIHWLIFSPXWHITIRHW
SRXLIWXVIRKXLGEXIKSV]SJXLIXMIW[LMGLLEZIHMEQIXIVWMR
XLI VERKI SJ  XS  MR  XS  QQ  ,IFSPXW EVI
EZEMPEFPI[MXLGSRIWERH[MXLXETIVIHWXYHW'SRIWEVIEZEMP
EFPIJVSQXSMRXSQQ MRHMEQIXIVERHXETIVIH
WXYHWEVIEZEMPEFPIJVSQXSMRMRHMEQIXIVXS
QQ 4YPPXMIWSVGSQTPIXIP]VIQSZEFPIXMIWQE]VIUYMVI
TPEWXMGWPIIZIWERHGERFIJVSQXSMRXSQQ 
MR HMEQIXIV PIEZMRK E LSPI SJ WMQMPEV WM^I XS XLI VSH HMEQ
IXIVTEWWMRKGSQTPIXIP]XLVSYKLXLI[EPP%PPXLIEJSVIQIR
XMSRIH XMIW PIEZI VSYRH ERH VIPEXMZIP] GPIER LSPIW XLEX QE]



*MKF{9WISJXMILSPITEXXIVRJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPETTIEV
ERGIEXXLI7EPO-RWXMXYXI%HHMXMSR0E.SPPE'%
be subsequently patched or plugged flush or left with a slight
VIGIWWJSVEREVGLMXIGXYVEPWLEHS[IJJIGX*MKF 4PEWXMG
SVTVIGEWXTVIQSPHIHTPYKWEVIEZEMPEFPI[MXLQSWXW]WXIQW
ERHGERFIMRWIVXIHSVFSRHIHMRXLILSPI8LIYWISJTPEWXMG
TPYKWTVIZIRXWQSVXEVWXEMRWSRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIXLEXQE]
FISFNIGXMSREFPISRWSQIWYVJEGIW7RETXMIW[MXLSYXGSRIW
SVSXLIVWTIGMEPWIEPW QE]FIYREGGITXEFPIJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXIYRPIWWEVYWXMGGVYHIPSSOMWHIWMVIH
Leakage at ties is difficult to prevent, especially at taper
ERHWPIIZIHXMIW:EVMSYWQIXLSHWXSQMRMQM^IPIEOEKIEXXMI
PSGEXMSRWWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIH[MXLXLIQSGOYTTERIP
 8MIVIQSZEP{1SWXXMIWGERERHWLSYPHFIVIQSZIH
FIJSVI VIQSZEP SJ JSVQ[SVO &VIEOFEGO XMIW WLSYPH FI
VIQSZIH EW WSSR EW TSWWMFPI EJXIV XLI JSVQ[SVO LEW FIIR
VIQSZIH%JXIVJSVQWEVIVIQSZIHYRGSEXIHXMIWSVXMIWXLEX
TSWWIWWWXEMRMRKXIRHIRGMIWWLSYPHFITVSTIVP]FVSOIRSJJEW
WSSREWTVEGXMGEPERHXLIIRHWXVIEXIHXSTVIZIRXVYWXWXEMRW
7XEMRPIWWWXIIPXMIWTVIWIRXXLIPIEWXXVSYFPI[MXLWXEMRMRKERH
EVIFVSOIRSJJ EX PIEWX  MR  QQ  FEGO SJ XLI I\TSWIH
surface. Stainless steel ties are softer and are often difficult
XSFVIEOFEGO8LI]EVIRSXEWXSGOMXIQ[MXLER]QERYJEG
XYVIVERHXLIVIJSVIVIUYMVIPSRKIVPIEHXMQIWJSVWLMTQIRXW
8LI]EVIQSVII\TIRWMZIERHEP[E]WSJPIWWIVGETEGMX]XLER
VIKYPEVWXIIPXMIW8[MWXIH[MVI XMIW WLSYPHRSXFIYWIH JSV
EVGLMXIGXYVEP[SVO
8SVIHYGI WTEPPMRK VIQSZEP SJGSRIW WLSYPH FI HIPE]IH
YRXMPXLIGSRGVIXILEWEHIUYEXIWXVIRKXL;LIRXLIGSRIWEVI
VIQSZIHXLIFSRHWLSYPHFIFVSOIR[MXLEXSVWMSREPQSXMSR
8LMWQE]VIUYMVIEWTIGMEPXSSP8LITEVXSJXLIXMIVIQEMRMRK
MR XLI GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI MQQIHMEXIP] GSEXIH [MXL HV]
TEGOIHQSVXEVSVWIEPIH[MXLTVIQSPHIHTPYKW
{*SVQGSEXMRKWERHWIEPIVW
 *YRGXMSR{*SVQ GSEXMRKW EVI RSRQSMWXYVIXVERW
QMXXMRK ERH JSVQ WIEPIVW EVI WIQMQSMWXYVIXVERWQMXXMRK
&SXLEVIYWYEPP]ETTPMIHMRPMUYMHJSVQXSXLIJSVQWLIEXLMRK
either during manufacture or in the field to serve one or more
TYVTSWIW
8STVSXIGXERHTVSPSRKXLIYWIJYPPMJISJXLIJSVQQEXIVMEP
8STVIZIRXGSPSVZEVMEXMSRWERHHYWXMRKSJXLIGSRGVIXI
WYVJEGIGEYWIHF][SSHWYKEVXVERWJIV

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

8S EPXIV XLI XI\XYVI SJ XLI GSRXEGX WYVJEGIW WYGL EW
TVIZIRXMRK XVERWJIV SJ YRHIWMVEFPI KVEMR TEXXIVRW
1YPXMTPIGSEXWQE]FIVIUYMVIH
8S JEGMPMXEXI VIPIEWI JVSQ GSRGVIXI HYVMRK WXVMTTMRK
(IWTMXIGEVIJYPETTPMGEXMSRSJEVIPIEWIEKIRXWSQISJMX
QE]FIVIQSZIHEGGMHIRXEPP]FIJSVISVHYVMRKGSRGVIXI
TPEGIQIRXERHGSRWSPMHEXMSR
8SEMHMRSFXEMRMRKEYRMJSVQHITXLSJWYVJEGIVIXEVHE
XMSR[LIRWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVMWYWIHERH
8STVIZIRXGSVVSWMSRSRWXIIPJEGIHJSVQW
 8]TIW SJ GSEXMRKW ERH WIEPIVW{8LI WIPIGXMSR SJ
EJSVQ GSEXMRK [MPPHITIRHSRXLIJSVQQEXIVMEPGSRGVIXI
WYVJEGIGLEVEGXIVMWXMGWVIUYMVIHRYQFIVSJJSVQVIYWIWERH
XLIIRZMVSRQIRXSJYWI4VMSVI\TIVMIRGIMWXLIQSWXZEPYEFPI
WXERHEVH JSVIZEPYEXMSRERHWIPIGXMSR4VIXIWXMRKMWYWIHXS
HIZIPSTKYMHIPMRIWJSVWTIGMJ]MRKQEXIVMEPWERHTVSGIHYVIW
[LIREJSVQGSEXMRKMWYWIH-J[EXIVXMKLXRIWWMWVIUYMVIH
WIEPMRKSJXLINSMRXWMRXLIJSVQWLIEXLMRK[MPPFIRIGIWWEV]
7IGXMSR 
 1MPPWIEPIH JSVQ TERIPW{,MKLHIRWMX] SZIVPE]
TP][SSH LEW E TETIV MQTVIKREXIH [MXL TLIRSPJSVQEP
HIL]HI VIWMR FSRHIH XS XLI TP][SSH F] LMKL XIQTIVEXYVI
ERH TVIWWYVI 8LI VIWYPXMRK WYVJEGI LMHIW XLI XMQFIV KVEMR
SJ XLI TP][SSH ERH VIUYMVIW SRP] E PMKLX ETTPMGEXMSR SJ
VIPIEWI EKIRXW FIX[IIR YWIW 8LI TP][SSH QERYJEGXYVIVvW
HMVIGXMSRWJSVXVIEXMRKXLIJSVQWLSYPHFIJSPPS[IHJSVFIWX
VIWYPXW (YVMRKYWIXLIGSPSVSJ XLI SZIVPE]QE]XYVR XSE
VIHHMWLQELSKER][LMGLMWSGGEWMSREPP]XVERWJIVVIHXSXLI
concrete surface during the first few form uses. This discol
SVEXMSRMWGEPPIHGSRGVIXITMROMRKERHMWQSVIETTEVIRXSR
white concrete. Any alkali-resistant film (cement or lime
WPYVV]  FIX[IIR XLI GSRGVIXI ERH XLI SZIVPEMH WYVJEGI [MPP
significantly reduce or eliminate pinking. Very few, if any,
JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRXW [MPP TVIZIRX TMROMRK 4MROMRK GER FI
VIQSZIHJVSQGSRGVIXI[MXLERS\MHM^MRKFPIEGLWSPYXMSR
4VSTVMIXEV] GSEXMRKW SV XVIEXQIRXW EVI EZEMPEFPI WYGL EW
glass fiber-reinforced polymer bonded to plywood and
ITS\] VIWMR JSVQYPEXMSRW XLEX I\YHI SMP 'SEXIH JSVQW SJ
XLI WEQI UYEPMX] ERH JVSQ XLI WEQI QERYJEGXYVIV WLSYPH
FIYWIHXLVSYKLSYXXSTVIZIRXEHMJJIVIRGIMRGSRGVIXIGSPSV
and possible buckling due to different coefficients of thermal
I\TERWMSR
 *MIPHETTPMIH GSEXMRKW{0EGUYIVW WLIPPEGW WTEV
ZEVRMWLSMPFEWIHTEMRXWERHWSQIIREQIPWEVIRSXVIGSQ
QIRHIHFIGEYWIXLI]HIKVEHIMRXLITVIWIRGISJEPOEPMWMR
GSRGVIXIYPXVEZMSPIXPMKLXERHFIGEYWISJEXIRHIRG]XSGLMT
ERH TIIP 'EXEP]^IH PS[QSHYPYW TSP]QIV W]WXIQW WLSYPH
FISJX]TIWXLEXGYVIXSELEVHWYVJEGIFYXVIXEMREHIKVIISJ
flexibility and will resist a pH of 12 to 13. Polyurethane coat
ings are the most common field-applied coating.
{*SVQVIPIEWIEKIRXW
 +IRIVEP{6IPIEWI EKIRXW EVI QEXIVMEPW ETTPMIH XS
XLI JSVQ WLIEXLMRK XS TVIZIRX XLI FSRHMRK SJ GSRGVIXI XS
XLI WLIEXLMRK OIIT XLI JSVQ[SVO GPIER ERH EWWMWX MR XLI
WYGGIWWJYPTVSHYGXMSRSJLMKLUYEPMX]EVGLMXIGXYVEPWYVJEGIW

 7IPIGXMSR{6IPIEWIEKIRXWLIPTTVSHYGIXLIGSRGVIXI
surfaces specified in the DRS, contract documents, and
QSGOYT%HHMXMSREPP]XLIJSPPS[MRKWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
'SQTEXMFMPMX]SJXLIVIPIEWIEKIRX[MXLXLIJSVQSVJSVQ
PMRIVEHQM\XYVIWMRXLIGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIERHMJYWIH
XLIJSVQWIEPIVSVGSEXMRK
4SWWMFPIMRXIVJIVIRGI[MXLXLIEHLIWMSRSJSXLIVQEXI
VMEPWWYGLEWWIEPERXWEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSEXMRKWERHGYVMRK
GSQTSYRHWXSXLILEVHIRIHGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
%PPS[EFPIEQSYRXSJER]HMWGSPSVEXMSRSVWXEMRMRKERH
XLITIVQMWWMFPIRYQFIVERHWM^ISJWYVJEGIEMVZSMHWSR
XLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
)JJIGXSRWXVMTTMRKXMQIIEWISJWXVMTTMRKERHGIQIRXM
XMSYWFYMPHYTSRXLIJSVQ
)JJIGX SJ WIEWSREP XIQTIVEXYVI I\XVIQIW SR ETTPMGEXMSR
TVSGIHYVIW [LIR XLI GSRGVIXI TPEGMRK TSVXMSRW SJ XLI
TVSNIGXSZIVPETQSVIXLERSRIWIEWSR[LMGLQE]EJJIGX
FSXLGSRGVIXIGSPSVERHFYKLSPIFPIQMWLIWSRXLIWYVJEGI
)JJIGX [MXL EGGIPIVEXIH GYVMRK TVSGIHYVIW IWTIGMEPP]
[MXL WXIEQ SR WXVMTTMRK ERH XLI ETTIEVERGI SJ XLI
GSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
9RMJSVQMX]SJETTIEVERGIXLIWEQIVIPIEWIEKIRXWLSYPH
FIYWIHJSVEPPXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIW
0SGEPERHJIHIVEPIRZMVSRQIRXEPVIKYPEXMSRWIWTIGMEPP]
SRZSPEXMPISVKERMGGSQTSYRHW:3'W 
(I[TSMRXSJ[EXIVFSVRIQEXIVMEPWERH
)RXVETTIHEMVQMKVEXMSRMRXLIGSRWSPMHEXMSRTVSGIWW
8LI WEJIWX ETTVSEGL XS IZEPYEXI WIZIVEP HMJJIVIRX VIPIEWI
EKIRXWMWYRHIVEGXYEPYWIGSRHMXMSRWSREXIWXTERIPQSGOYT
SVRSREVGLMXIGXYVEPTSVXMSRSJXLITVSNIGXGSRGVIXI-RJSVQEXMSR
WLSYPHEPWSFISFXEMRIHJVSQXLIVIPIEWIEKIRXQERYJEGXYVIVEW
XSXLIOMRHSJJSVQWYVJEGIJSV[LMGLXLITVSHYGXMWMRXIRHIHERH
XLITVSTIVQIXLSHSJETTPMGEXMSRXSTVSHYGIXLIHIWMVIHWYVJEGI
ETTIEVERGIFIGEYWIXLIXLMGORIWWSJXLIETTPMGEXMSRQE]EJJIGX
the quality of a finished surface and air voids.
 8]TIW SJ VIPIEWI EKIRXW{6IPIEWI EKIRXW JEPP MRXS
X[S QEMR GPEWWIW FEVVMIV ERH GLIQMGEPP] EGXMZI &EVVMIV
X]TIWEVI[EXIVMRWSPYFPIQEXIVMEPWXLEXMRGPYHISMPW[MXLSYX
additives (neat oils), diesel oil, paraffin wax, and silicone
SMPW8LI)4%TVSLMFMXWXLIYWISJYRGYXSVWXVEMKLXHMIWIPSMP
EWEVIPIEWIEKIRX&EVVMIVX]TIVIPIEWIEKIRXWEVIRSXVIGSQ
QIRHIH JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGXW 8LI] XIRH XS[EVH QSVI
stains, surface air voids, and difficulty with releasing in both
ZIV] GSPH ERH ZIV] LSX [IEXLIV XLI] GER GEYWI TVSFPIQW
[MXLEHLIWMSRSJGSEXMRKWERHSXLIVGSRWXVYGXMSRQEXIVMEPW
XSXLILEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI
'LIQMGEPP]EGXMZIVIPIEWIEKIRXWEVIXLIQSWXGSQQSRJSV
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIW*EXX]EGMHWGLIQMGEPP]VIEGX
[MXLXLIFEWMGQEXIVMEPWMRGSRGVIXIERHTVSHYGIWSET7SET
MWEFIXXIVPYFVMGERXXLERSMPJSVXLIVIQSZEPSJIRXVETTIHEMV
MRJVIWLGSRGVIXI
The formation of the soap film from the ingredients in the
GIQIRXTEWXIERHXLIGLIQMGEPP]EGXMZIVIPIEWIEKIRXTVIZIRXW
XLIGSRGVIXIJVSQFSRHMRKXSXLIJSVQ[SVO%TTPMIHEXXLI
VEXIVIGSQQIRHIHF]XLIQERYJEGXYVIVXLIGLIQMGEPVIEG
XMSR SRP] GSRWYQIW E ZIV] WQEPP UYERXMX] SJ XLI JVII PMQI
from the fresh concrete. During consolidation, the soap film

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

SRXLIJSVQJEGIMWERI\GIPPIRXGLERRIPJSVXLIQMKVEXMSRSJ
XLIIRXVETTIHEMVSYXSJXLIJVIWLGSRGVIXI
-REZIVXMGEPGEWXMRKYRHIWMVEFPIWXVMTMRKIJJIGXWEVIWSQI
XMQIWTVSHYGIH[LIR ERMQQIVWMSRZMFVEXSVMWMQTVSTIVP]
TPEGIHZIV]GPSWIXSXLIVIPIEWIEKIRX-XMWGEYWIHF]SZIV
ETTPMGEXMSRSJXLIVIPIEWIEKIRX8LII\GIWWVIPIEWIEKIRXMW
GSRWYQIHF]XLIFEWMGQEXIVMEPWMRXLIGSRGVIXIVEMWMRKXLI
[GQEXXLITSMRXWSJXERKIRG]EWXLIZMFVEXMSRWXMQYPEXIWXLI
reaction. At the secant points, there is not sufficient stimula
XMSR SJ XLI ZMFVEXMSR XS GLERKI XLI [GQ GSRWIUYIRXP] E
WXVMTMRKIJJIGXMWGVIEXIH8LMWWXVMTMRKIJJIGX[MPPRSXFPIEGL
SYX*SVXLMWVIEWSRGSRXVSPSJZMFVEXSVMRWIVXMSRWMWGVMXMGEP
XSXLISZIVEPPETTIEVERGI3XLIVYRVIPEXIHGEYWIWSJWXVMTMRK
IJJIGXWI\MWXWYGLEWWLEHS[WSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXTSVSYWJSVQ
JEGMRKWERHSZIVP][IXGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIW
Each brand of release agent exhibits its own fingerprint
of final surface color, although vibration and form surface
XI\XYVIEPWSLEZIETVSRSYRGIHIJJIGX9WMRKXLIWEQIVIPIEWI
EKIRX XLVSYKLSYX E TVSNIGX MW VIGSQQIRHIH JSV EGLMIZMRK
YRMJSVQGSPSV
8LIX[SGSQQSRGEXIKSVMIWSJGLIQMGEPP]EGXMZIVIPIEWI
EKIRXWMRGPYHIFSXLFYJJIVIHVIEGXMZITEVXMEPP]VIEGXMZI ERH
JYPP]VIEGXMZIX]TIW
&YJJIVIHJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRXWXIRHXSTVSHYGIERMQTVSZIH
soap film that helps remove entrapped air and may promote
better flow of a thin skin of cement paste at the surface of
XLI JSVQ8LMW QE] LIPT I\TPEMR [L] MR ZIVXMGEPGEWXMRKW
XLIWIVIPIEWIEKIRXWXIRHXSQMRMQM^ISVIPMQMREXIXLIWXVMTIH
IJJIGXJVSQZMFVEXSVMRWIVXMSRW
*YPP] VIEGXMZI JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRXW GER TVSZMHI E KSSH
basic soap film that, depending on brand, works well in most
GEWIW &IGEYWI FYJJIVIH ERH JYPP] VIEGXMZI VIPIEWI EKIRXW
EVIWMQMPEVERHTVSTVMIXEV]WTIGMJ]MRKEFWSPYXIHMJJIVIRGIW
between them is difficult. Generally, the buffered release
agents produce a slightly different type of soap film that,
[MXLWSQIFVERHWEWWMWXWMRMQTVSZMRKXLIZMWYEPMQTEGX
4VSTIVP]JSVQYPEXIHFSXLSMPFEWIHERH[EXIVFEWIHJSVQ
VIPIEWIEKIRXWGERQIIXXLI*IHIVEP:SPEXMPI3VKERMG'SRXIRX
VIKYPEXMSRWSJK0PFKEP ERHIZIRXLIQSVIVIWXVMG
XMZIZEPYISJK0PFKEP VIUYMVIHMRWSQIEVIEW
 Influence of form materials{6IPIEWIEKIRXTIVJSV
mance is influenced by the quality of the form face. Nonpo
VSYWWLIEXLMRKWXIRHXSTVSHYGIPIWWHMWGSPSVEXMSRGEYWIHF]
QSMWXYVIEFWSVTXMSR
2SRTSVSYWJSVQWERHJSVQPMRIVWMRGPYHITSP]QIVWWYGL
as PVC and ABS, glass fiber-reinforced polymers, highHIRWMX] SZIVPEMH TP][SSH IPEWXSQIVMG TSP]QIVW WXIIP
VYFFIVERHSXLIVW7IZIVEPPE]IVWEXPIEWXJSYV SJYVIXLERI
SV ITS\] GSEXMRKW SR [SSH ERH TP][SSH GER TVSHYGI E
RSRTSVSYWGSEXMRK
%PXLSYKLEPYQMRYQMWRSRTSVSYWMXSJXIRVIEGXWGLIQM
GEPP][MXLJVIWLGSRGVIXIXSTVSHYGIL]HVSKIRKEWVIWYPXMRK
MRETSWWMFPIFYKLSPITVSFPIQ
2SRTSVSYWJSVQWERHJSVQPMRIVWMRGPYHMRKQER]TSP]
QIVW IPEWXSQIVW ERH WXIIP LIPT TVSHYGI XLI FIWX ZMWYEP
MQTEGXWYVJEGIW;EXIVFEWIH VIPIEWIEKIRXWWLSYPH JSVQE
continuous film and not bead up on new or oily forms. They
WLSYPHEPWSGSRXEMREVYWXMRLMFMXSV[LIRYWIHSRWXIIPJSVQW



7SQI4:'IPEWXSQIVJSVQPMRIVWI\YHIEPYQMRYQWXIEVEXI
[LMGLEGXWEWEVIPIEWIEKIRX8LIEQSYRXSJEPYQMRYQWXIE
VEXIMRE4:'IPEWXSQIVLSXQIPX MWPMQMXIH8LITVSNIGXIH
EQSYRX GER FI SFXEMRIH JVSQ XLI QERYJEGXYVIV XS HIXIV
QMRIXLIIJJIGXMZIRYQFIVSJYWIWMJER]-JI\GIIHMRKXLMW
RYQFIVMWERXMGMTEXIHE GSRZIRXMSREPVIPIEWIEKIRX WLSYPH
be used to produce consistent color, beginning with the first
YWI 7SQI I\TERHIH TSP]WX]VIRI JSEQ  JSVQ PMRIVW EVI
WSPYFPIMRWSPZIRXFEWIHVIPIEWIEKIRXW2EXYVEPVYFFIVJSVQ
PMRIVWEFWSVFTIXVSPIYQSMPW[LMGLQE]GEYWIWSJXIRMRKERH
I\TERWMSR ;EXIVSMP IQYPWMSRX]TI VIPIEWI EKIRXW XLEX HS
RSXEJJIGXXLIJSEQSVVYFFIVEVIEZEMPEFPI1ER]YVIXLERI
IPEWXSQIVJSVQPMRIVWEVIRSXEHZIVWIP]EJJIGXIHF]ETTP]MRK
release agents in thin films. Testing is recommended. Many
TSP]YVIXLERIIPEWXSQIVJSVQPMRIVWYWIQSPHVIPIEWIEKIRXW
MRTVSGIWWMRK8LMWJEGXSV]QSPHVIPIEWIWLSYPHFIVIQSZIH
before the first placement, which can be done by scrubbing
[MXLEJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRX'EVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXSTVIZIRX
HEQEKMRKXLIPMRIV
 7MXI WXSVEKI{;LIR WXSVIH MR EGGSVHERGI [MXL XLI
QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW VIPIEWI EKIRXW WLSYPH
LEZIEVIEWSREFP]PSRKERHWXEFPIWXSVEKIPMJI[MXLSYXFIMRK
WYWGITXMFPI XS HEQEKI JVSQ I\XVIQI XIQTIVEXYVI GLERKIW
SV JVSQ VITIEXIH SV VSYKL LERHPMRK -J WSPMHW WIXXPI SYX
TIVMSHMG WXMVVMRK QE] FI RIGIWWEV]XS QEMRXEMR YRMJSVQMX]
;LIRWXSVIHSYXWMHIHVYQWWLSYPHFIWXSVIHSRXLIMVWMHIW
WSQSMWXYVI[MPPRSXPIEOMRXSHVYQFYRKLSPIW
 %TTPMGEXMSR SJ VIPIEWI EKIRXW{-J XLI XVIEXIH JSVQ
WYVJEGI MW TVSXIGXIH JVSQ TVIGMTMXEXMSR HYWX HIFVMW ERH
TVSPSRKIHI\TSWYVIXSWYRPMKLXQSWXVIPIEWIEKIRXWQE]FI
ETTPMIHYTXSHE]WFIJSVITPEGMRKXLIGSRGVIXIERHWSQI
QE] IZIR FI ETTPMIH YT XS  [IIOW FIJSVI;LIR RSRTS
VSYWRSREFWSVFIRX  JSVQ WLIEXLMRK SV PMRIVW EVI YWIHERH
XLIJSVQMWMREZIVXMGEPTSWMXMSRGIVXEMRFVERHWSJVIPIEWI
EKIRXWWLSYPHFIETTPMIHXLIHE]SJGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXJSV
FIWXVIWYPXW%GLIGOWLSYPHFIQEHI[MXLQERYJEGXYVIVSJ
IEGLJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRX
In general, the thinner the film of release agent applied
XS XLI JSVQ XLI JI[IV WYVJEGI EMV ZSMHW ERH WXEMRW SR XLI
LEVHIRIHGSRGVIXI8LITIVJSVQERGISJWSQIVIPIEWIEKIRXW
however, is not affected by film thickness. Testing before
YWIMWVIGSQQIRHIH
6IPIEWIEKIRXETTPMGEXMSRWLSYPHFIMREGGSVHERGI[MXLXLI
QERYJEGXYVIVvW VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW SR VEXI SJ GSZIVEKI ERH
ETTPMGEXMSRQIXLSHXSEGLMIZIXLIHIWMVIHGSRGVIXIWYVJEGI
ETTIEVERGI&IWXVIWYPXWEVISFXEMRIH[MXLEWTVE]IVLEZMRK
a flat fan-type spray tip. Optimum coverage depends on the
X]TI SJ VIPIEWI EKIRX JSVQ XI\XYVI ERH HIWMVIH GSRGVIXI
WYVJEGI ETTIEVERGI 8LI EKIRXW WLSYPH FI ETTPMIH SRP] XS
JSVQ WYVJEGIW XLSVSYKLP] GPIERIH FIJSVI IVIGXMSR 8LI
JSVQ WYVJEGI WLSYPH HV] XLSVSYKLP] FIJSVI VIMRJSVGIQIRX
ERHGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRX7SQIVIPIEWIEKIRXWEVIEHZIVWIP]
EJJIGXIHF]TVSPSRKIHI\TSWYVIXSWYRPMKLXSVTVIGMTMXEXMSR
*MKYVIWLS[WEVIPIEWIEKIRXFIMRKETTPMIHXSEJSVQ
&SXL XLI JSVQ X]TI ERH VIPIEWI EKIRX WLSYPH FI GLSWIR
early to allow sufficient testing.

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK{6IPIEWIEKIRXETTPMIHEJXIVJSVQ
IVIGXMSR

*MK {1ET GVEGOMRK HYI XS XLIVQEP

WLSGOWERHFPEWXMRKIQTLEWM^IWXLIGVEGOW
{*SVQVIQSZEP
 +IRIVEP{*SVQ[SVO WLSYPH FI VIQSZIH [MXLSYX
HEQEKISVWLSGOXSXLIGSRGVIXI4V]MRKEKEMRWXXLIJEGISJ
ER]GSRGVIXIJSVER]VIEWSRMRGPYHMRKXLIVIPIEWISJJSVQ
[SVOWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH
 4VSXIGXMSRSJGSRGVIXI{3RGIJSVQ[SVOMWVIQSZIH
GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI TVSXIGXIH XS TVIZIRX HEQEKI JVSQ ER]
QIERW MRGPYHMRK XLIRSVQEP GSRWXVYGXMSR STIVEXMSRW 7LEVT
IHKIPMRIWERHGSVRIVWVIUYMVIWTIGMEPGEVIMRJSVQVIQSZEP
EWXLI]EVIZYPRIVEFPIXSGLMTTMRKEXIEVP]EKIW
'EVIWLSYPHFII\IVGMWIHHYVMRKJSVQVIQSZEPXSTVIZIRX
WYHHIRHVSTWSJGSRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVISVXLIVQEPWLSGO*MK
 8LMWMWIWTIGMEPP]XVYI[LIRWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVWLEZI
FIIRYWIHSRPEVKIWIGXMSRWERHGSSP[EXIVYRHIVTVIWWYVIMW
YWIHXSI\TSWIEKKVIKEXIW

;LIR GSRGVIXI MW FIMRK TVSXIGXIH JVSQ I\XVIQIP] PS[

XIQTIVEXYVIW XLI VEXI SJ GSSPMRK WLSYPH FI KVEHYEP ERH
WLSYPH RSX I\GIIH * '  JSV XLI LSYV TIVMSH
JSPPS[MRK XLI XIVQMREXMSR SJ LIEX ETTPMGEXMSR %'- 6
  0SSWIRMRK JSVQW WPMKLXP] [MXLSYX GSQTPIXI VIQSZEP
EMHW MR KVEHYEP GSSPMRK ERH [MPP QMRMQM^I QET GVEGOMRK
GEYWIHF]XLIVQEPWLSGO
%R] TVSTSWIH QIXLSH SJ TVSXIGXMSR WLSYPH FI XIWXIH MR
RSRZMWMFPIEVIEWEWWSQITVSXIGXMSRQIXLSHWMJMRGSRXEGX
with the finished surface, may cause color variations in the
finished structure.
 4VSGIHYVIW JSV JSVQ VIQSZEP{4VSGIHYVIW JSV
JSVQ[SVOVIQSZEPWLSYPHJSPPS[%'-8[SWYVJEGIW
SJXLIWEQIEKIQE]LEZIHMJJIVIRXGSPSVLYIW[LIVIEHNE
GIRXJSVQ[SVOMWVIQSZIHEXHMJJIVIRXXMQIW9RMJSVQMX]MR
EPPSTIVEXMSRWMWVIUYMVIHJSVFIWXZMWYEPVIWYPXW
)EVP]WXVMTTMRK EJXIV XLI GSRGVIXI LEWEXXEMRIH MXW WTIGM
fied stripping strength, of formwork or form liners is recom
QIRHIH EW VIPIEWI EKIRXW KIRIVEPP] HS RSX GSRXMRYI XS
FVIEO XLI FSRH FIX[IIR JSVQ[SVO ERH LEVHIRIH GSRGVIXI
EJXIV I\XIRHIH TIVMSHW SJ XMQI WYGL EW  LSYVW 7XMGOMRK
GER SGGYV MJ JSVQW EVI PIJX MR TPEGI QYGL PSRKIV 8LMW
QERHEXIWERSRWXEMRMRKGYVMRKTVSGIWWXSFIMRMXMEXIHMQQI
HMEXIP] YTSR JSVQ VIQSZEP )EVP] WXVMTTMRKX]TI XMIW GER
FIVIQSZIHIEVPMIVXLERLSYVWMJXLIXMIMWWXVMTTIHMRE
XSVWMSREPQSXMSRTVSZMHIHEJSVQVIPIEWIEKIRX[EWYWIHSR
XLIIQFIHHIHWIGXMSRSJXLIXMI
 4VSXIGXMSR ERH GEVI SJ JSVQW{'EVIJYP GPIERMRK
ERH QEMRXIRERGI SJ JSVQW MW RIGIWWEV] XS EXXEMR YRMJSVQ
EVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI%JXIVQYPXMTPIYWIWGSQTPIXIVIJYV
FMWLMRK SJ JSVQW [MPP FI VIUYMVIH XS QEMRXEMR YRMJSVQMX]
SJWYVJEGIW6IWIEPMRKSJXLIJSVQWYVJEGIWERHETTPMGEXMSR
SJ JSVQ VIPIEWI EKIRXW WLSYPH FI YRMJSVQ MR UYERXMX] ERH
type to ensure a uniform appearance on the final surface.
8SEZSMH[EVTMRKSVHEQEKIXSXLIJEGIXIQTSVEV]WXSVEKI
SJ JEGI JSVQWWLSYPH FI MR E GPIER EVIE MR E RIEVZIVXMGEP
position, and away from traffic. Store plastic-coated forms
ERHTPEWXMGJSVQPMRIVWE[E]JVSQHMVIGXWYRPMKLXXSTVIZIRX
HIXIVMSVEXMSRSJXLIJSVQWYVJEGI
',%48)6{6)-2*36')1)28
{+IRIVEP
'SRZIRXMSREP YRGSEXIH VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH GSRJSVQ
XS %781 %%1 ERH XLI VIUYMVIQIRXW MR %'-
8LIYWISJ ^MRGSV ITS\] VIMRJSVGMRKFEV GSEXMRKW
WLSYPH FI GSRWMHIVIHJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI I\TSWIHXS
GLPSVMHISVSXLIVGSVVSWMZIIRZMVSRQIRXW
6IMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH FI HIXEMPIH XS TVSZMHI EHIUYEXI
WTEGIFIX[IIRLSVM^SRXEPPE]IVWSJWXIIPERHFIX[IIREHNE
GIRXFEVWXSTIVQMXWEXMWJEGXSV]TPEGIQIRXERHGSRWSPMHEXMSR
SJ XLI GSRGVIXI 6IMRJSVGIQIRX EPWS WLSYPH FI EGGYVEXIP]
XMIH ERH PSGEXIH XS TVIZIRX HMWTPEGIQIRX ERH XS TVSZMHI
proper cover from the final architectural surface.
;LIRIZIV TSWWMFPI EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI JEGI JSVQW
WLSYPHFIIVIGXIHEJXIVMRWXEPPEXMSRSJVIMRJSVGIQIRX7TIGMEP
GEVI WLSYPH FI XEOIR XS TVIZIRX JSVQ[SVO HEQEKI HYVMRK

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK{6IMRJSVGMRKWXIIPWLEHS[MRKQE]SGGYV[LIRGPIEV
WTEGIMWMREHIUYEXI
IVIGXMSRERH[LIRVIMRJSVGIQIRXMW[IPHIHEJXIVJSVQIVIG
XMSRJVSQ[IPHWTEXXIVERHWQSOI
%'-  TVSZMWMSRW JSV FEV WTEGMRK ERH GSZIV WLSYPH
apply, except as modified in Section 6.2. Where structural
HIWMKRVIUYMVIQIRXWGVIEXIWXIIPGSRKIWXMSRERHHIWMVIHGPIEV
ERGIWEVIRSXTSWWMFPIQM\XYVIW[MXLWQEPPGSEVWIEKKVIKEXI
QE]FIYWIHLS[IZIVIZIV]IJJSVXWLSYPHFIQEHIXSQMRM
QM^I GSRKIWXMSR SJ WXIIP ;LIVI JSVQ XMIW ERH VYWXMGEXMSR
WXVMTW EVI EGGYVEXIP] TPEGIH JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP VIEWSRW WPMKLX
WLMJXWSJXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXQE]FIQEHIJSVGPIEVERGI6IMR
JSVGMRKWXIIPEPMKRQIRXEPWSWLSYPHFIQSVIGPSWIP]GSRXVSPPIH
to allow sufficient clearance for later treatments, such as bushhammering, and to avoid staining of the finished surface.
{'PIEVWTEGI
-R[EPPWERHGSPYQRWEMRQQ QMRMQYQWTEGI
FIX[IIRZIVXMGEPQEXWSJVIMRJSVGIQIRXMWVIGSQQIRHIHXS
EPPS[GSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXERHGSRWSPMHEXMSR%XPIEWXEMR
QQ WTEGIWLSYPHFITVSZMHIHFIX[IIRSRIJSVQJEGI
ERHXLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXMRE[EPPGSRXEMRMRKEWMRKPIQEXSJ
VIMRJSVGIQIRX;LIRTVEGXMGEPXLIWMRKPIQEXSJVIMRJSVGI
QIRXWLSYPHFIPSGEXIHMRQQ JVSQXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEP
JEGIWSXLEXXLIGSRGVIXIQE]FIZMFVEXIHFIX[IIRXLIVIMR
JSVGIQIRXERHXLIFEGOJSVQ-JGPIEVWTEGIMWRSXEHIUYEXI
WLEHS[MRKQE]SGGYV*MK 
 'PIEV WTEGMRK FIX[IIR FEVW{8S JEGMPMXEXI TPEGI
QIRX SJ GSRGVIXI ERH PIWWIR XLI TSWWMFMPMX] SJ VYWX WXEMRW
XLIQMRMQYQGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRFEVWERHXLIQMRMQYQ
GSZIV JSV GSRGVIXI IPIQIRXW EW TIVQMXXIH F] %'- 
WLSYPHFIMRGVIEWIHXSXLIJSPPS[MRKZEPYIW
8LILSVM^SRXEPGPIEVHMWXERGIFIX[IIRFEVWWLSYPHFIMR
QQ XMQIWXLIFEVHMEQIXIVSVXMQIWXLI
QE\MQYQEKKVIKEXIWM^I[LMGLIZIVMWPEVKIWXERH
8LI LSVM^SRXEP GPIEV HMWXERGI FIX[IIR FEVW ERH XLI
JSVQWLSYPHFIMRQQ XMQIWXLIFEVWM^I
SVXMQIWXLIQE\MQYQEKKVIKEXIWM^I[LMGLIZIVMW
PEVKIWX;LIVI VYWXMGEXMSR WXVMTW EVIYWIH%'- 
QMRMQYQGSZIVMWMREHHMXMSRXSXLIHITXLSJXLIWXVMT
*MK -JTEVXSJXLIWYVJEGIMWXSFIVIQSZIHF]



*MK{-QTVSTIVP]MRWXEPPIHVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPGLEMV
JYVXLIV XVIEXQIRX EJXIV JSVQ VIQSZEP EHHMXMSREP GSZIV
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIH7IGXMSR 
{6IMRJSVGIQIRXWYTTSVXWERHWTEGIVW
7YTTSVXMRKGLEMVWWTEGIVWWMHIJSVQWTEGIVWSVFSPWXIVW
MR GSRXEGX [MXL SV RIEV I\TSWIH WYVJEGIW WLSYPH EPP FI
TSP]QIVITS\]GSEXIHGSRGVIXISVWXEMRPIWWWXIIPXSIRWYVI
XLIEFWIRGISJWYVJEGIVYWXWXEMRMRKERHWLSYPHFITVSTIVP]
MRWXEPPIH*MKYVIWLS[WERYREGGITXEFPIERHMQTVSTIVP]
MRWXEPPIH VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP GLEMV 4PEWXMG ERH ITS\]GSEXIH
TVSHYGXWWLSYPHRSXFIYWIHSRWYVJEGIWXLEXEVIXSFIEFVE
sive-blasted. The project specifications concerning rein
JSVGMRKWXIIPWLSYPHMRHMGEXIXLIRIIHXSMRGVIEWIXLIRYQFIV
SJ GLEMVW XS GSQTIRWEXI JSV PSEHW XLEX GERRSX FI XSPIVEXIH
IMXLIV F] XLITPEWXMG XMT SV XLI JSVQ QEXIVMEPW%R] TPEWXMG
GSEXMRKWLSYPHFIMRZIWXMKEXIHJSVHYVEFMPMX][LIRI\TSWIH
XS[IEXLIVSVWYRPMKLX
'SRGVIXIFPSGOWEVIRSXVIGSQQIRHIHJSVWTEGIVWFIX[IIR
XLIVIMRJSVGIQIRXERHEVGLMXIGXYVEPJEGIHYIXSHMJJIVIRGIWMR
XI\XYVIERHGSPSV
{8MI[MVI
;MVI JSV X]MRK VIMRJSVGIQIRX WLSYPH TVIJIVEFP] FI
GSQTVMWIH SJ ERRIEPIH WXEMRPIWW WXIIP XS EZSMH WXEMRMRK
I\TSWIH WYVJEGIW%PP XMI [MVIW WLSYPH FI FIRX FEGO E[E]
JVSQJSVQIHWYVJEGIW8MI[MVIGPMTTMRKWWLSYPHFIVIQSZIH
JVSQLSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIWXLEX[MPPFII\TSWIHXSZMI[WYGL
as beam soffits, particularly if the concrete is exposed to the
[IEXLIV SV MW XS FI WERHFPEWXIH QIGLERMGEPP] XVIEXIH SV
IXGLIHXSER]HIKVII8MI[MVIJSVITS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGI
QIRXWLSYPHFIGSEXIH[MXLERITS\]SVSXLIVTSP]QIV
{>MRGGSEXIHKEPZERM^IH WXIIPVIMRJSVGIQIRX
>MRGGSEXIH VIMRJSVGMRK FEVW WLSYPH GSRJSVQ XS %781
%%1;LIRQIXEPJSVQWEVIYWIHXLI^MRGGSEX
MRKWWLSYPHFITEWWMZEXIHXSTVIZIRXVIEGXMSRFIX[IIR^MRG
ERHQIXEPJSVQ[SVO'SRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPHFIKMZIRXSXLI
JSPPS[MRKQIXLSHSJTEWWMZEXMRKXLIKEPZERM^IHGSEXMRK
%JXIV KEPZERM^MRK XLI VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP QE] FI WXSVIH
SYXHSSVWEPPS[MRKMXXSKIX[IXYRXMPMXS\MHM^IWERHMW
GSZIVIH[MXLE[LMXIS\MHIGSEXMRK

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

{)TS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVW
)TS\]GSEXIHVIMRJSVGMRKFEVWWLSYPHGSRJSVQXS%781
%%1 ISV%%1
',%48)6{'32'6)8)1%8)6-%07%2(
1-<896)4634368-32-2+
{+IRIVEP
8LITVSTIVXMIWSJQEXIVMEPWYWIHMREVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI
WLSYPHRSXFIHIXIVQMRIHSRP]F]WXVIRKXLERHTVSTSVXMSRMRK
VIUYMVIQIRXWFYXEPWSF]GSPSVSVXI\XYVI[SVOEFMPMX]HYVE
FMPMX]ERHWLVMROEKIEWSYXPMRIHMR'LETXIV
{1EXIVMEPW
 4SVXPERH GIQIRXW ERH WTIGMEP GIQIRXW{8LI TSVX
PERH GIQIRXW SV WTIGMEP GIQIRXW YWIH JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP
concrete should meet the requirements of the specified
X]TI MR%781 ''1%781 ''1
%781'SV%781''1
'IQIRXW LEZI HMJJIVIRX GSPSV GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW XLEX EJJIGX
XLIHIWMVIHGSRGVIXIGSPSV8SQMRMQM^IGSPSVZEVMEXMSRWXLI
WEQIX]TIERHFVERHSJGIQIRXJVSQXLIWEQIQMPPERHXLI
WEQIVE[QEXIVMEPWWLSYPHFIYWIHJSVEPPSJXLIGSRGVIXISR
EKMZIRWXVYGXYVI8LIWITVIGEYXMSRWEPSRILS[IZIV[MPPRSX
IRWYVIGSPSVYRMJSVQMX]:EVMEFPIWMRGSRGVIXIQERYJEGXYVI
ERHLERHPMRKERHHIPMZIV]IUYMTQIRXQE]EPWSLEZIQEVOIH
IJJIGXWSRGSPSV3VHMREV]KVE]GSPSVIHGIQIRXQE]TVSHYGI
GSPSVZEVMEXMSRWIZIRMJJVSQSRIQERYJEGXYVIV 
;LMXIGIQIRXMWSJXIRYWIHMREVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIFSXL
TVIGEWXERHGEWXMRTPEGI-XMWVIEHMP]EZEMPEFPIERHQE]FI
GSRWMHIVIHEWEWXERHEVHGSRGVIXIQEXIVMEP;LMXIGIQIRXMW
manufactured to conform to the specification of ASTM C150/
'1ERHMWQEHISJWIPIGXIHVE[QEXIVMEPWGSRXEMRMRK
RIKPMKMFPIEQSYRXWSJMVSRERHQERKERIWIS\MHIW%PXLSYKL
ZEVMEXMSRW MR YRMJSVQMX] SJ WLEHI JSV IEGL FVERH SJ [LMXI
GIQIRXEVIWQEPPEWWYQIXLIVI[MPPFIHMJJIVIRGIWFIX[IIR
FVERHW SV QMPP WSYVGIW ;LMXI GIQIRX YWIH [MXL QMRIVEP
TMKQIRXW[MPPTVSZMHIKSSHGSPSVMRXIRWMX]ERHYRMJSVQMX]
&YJJXERSVPMKLXFVS[RGIQIRXWEPWSGERTVSZMHIYRMJSVQ
color. There is no specification for these cements. They should
QIIX%781''1SV%781''1
7LVMROEKIGSQTIRWEXMRKGIQIRXWQIIXMRK%781'
EVIEZEMPEFPIJVSQWSQITVSHYGIVW(IXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSRSR
XLIWIGIQIRXWMWEZEMPEFPIMR%'-68LIEZEMPEFMPMX]
SJWTIGMEPGIQIRXWVIUYMVIHXSGSQTPIXIXLITVSNIGXWLSYPHFI
established before completion of the job specifications and
HIWMKRJSVXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI'IQIRXERHGSRGVIXI
WEQTPIW TVSZMHIH XS EVGLMXIGXW WLSYPH FI QEVOIH XS WLS[
XLIX]TIFVERHERHWSYVGISJGIQIRX8LIVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIP
TVSZMHIHMRGSRGVIXI[MXLWLVMROEKIGSQTIRWEXMRKGIQIRXW
WLSYPHGSQTP][MXL%'-6IWTIGMEPP]MRXEPPPMKLXP]
VIMRJSVGIHGSPYQRW
 %KKVIKEXIW{8LIKVEHEXMSRSJEKKVIKEXIWMWEQENSV
factor influencing the appearance of architectural concrete.
Gap-graded mixtures for specific finishes should be care
JYPP]WIPIGXIHERHXIWXIHXSZIVMJ]GSRWXVYGXMFMPMX]+VEHEXMSR
JSVKETKVEHIHQM\XYVIWZEVMIW[MHIP]8LIYWISJSRIWMIZI
WM^ISVEREVVS[WM^IVERKISJGSEVWIEKKVIKEXI[MXLEWQEPP

TIVGIRXEKISJGSRGVIXISVQEWSRV]WERHJSV[SVOEFMPMX][MPP
LIPTXSTVSHYGIEYRMJSVQHMWXVMFYXMSRSJI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXI
8]TMGEPP]QEWSRV]WERHMWYWIH[LIRELMKLGSRGIRXVE
XMSR SJ GSEVWI EKKVIKEXI MW HIWMVIH JSV YRMJSVQ GSPSV ERH
XI\XYVI EX XLI JEGI +ETKVEHIH QM\XYVIW WLSYPH FI TPEGIH
EX EWPS[ SJE WPYQT EW TVEGXMGEP XS QMRMQM^I WIKVIKEXMSR
;IPPKVEHIH GSQFMRIH QM\XYVIW GER YWYEPP] FI TVSHYGIH
by a combination of coarse and fine aggregates complying
[MXL%781 ''1E +VEHIHEKKVIKEXIW WLSYPH FI
TVSTSVXMSRIH [MXL ETTVSTVMEXI UYERXMXMIWSRIEGL WMIZI XS
ensure a good w/cm and dimensional stability. If flowability
MW GVMXMGEP E WEQTPI FEXGL SJ GSRGVIXI WLSYPH FI GEWX ERH
IZEPYEXIHJSV[SVOEFMPMX]
2SVQEPHIRWMX]SVPMKLXHIRWMX]EKKVIKEXIWQIIXMRK%781
''1E SV%781 ''1 QE]FIYWIHMR
I\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGIWXSTVSZMHIGSYRXPIWWGSQFMREXMSRW
SJGSPSVERHXI\XYVI8LIQE\MQYQEPPS[EFPITIVGIRXEKIWSJ
HIPIXIVMSYWWYFWXERGIWERHMQTYVMXMIWEPPS[IHF]XLIWIWTIGM
fications, such as chert, iron, soft particles, and clay lumps,
should be significantly lowered or eliminated in architec
XYVEPWYVJEGIWI\TSWIHXSXLI[IEXLIV%GGITXEFPIEKKVIKEXIW
MRGPYHI REXYVEP KVEZIP GVYWLIH KVEZIP ERH GVYWLIH WXSRI
aggregates of different colors. Artificial aggregates include
I\TERHIHWLEPIWGPE]WWPEXIWFPEWXJYVREGIWPEKWRSRVIEGXMZI
KPEWWERHGIVEQMGQEXIVMEPW%PPJEGMRKERHGSRGVIXIEKKVI
KEXIWJSVEKMZIRWXVYGXYVIWLSYPHGSQIJVSQXLIWEQIWSYVGI
XSTVSZMHIUYEPMX]ERHGSPSVWMQMPEVXSXLIETTVSZIHWEQTPI
%R]GSQFMREXMSRQE]FIYWIHJSVGSRXVEWXTVSZMHIHWTIGM
fied levels of strength, durability, and workability are met.
1EXIVMEPW GSPSVW KVEHEXMSRW WM^I SJ EKKVIKEXI ERH HITXLW
SJVIZIEPWGSQTEXMFPI[MXLEKKVIKEXIWM^IQE]FIZEVMIHJSV
EVGLMXIGXYVEPIJJIGX%PPJEGMRKEKKVIKEXIWWLSYPHLEZITVSZIR
WIVZMGIVIGSVHWSVWEXMWJEGXSV]VIWYPXWJVSQPEFSVEXSV]XIWXMRK
If testing is required, allow sufficient time for the mixture
TVSTSVXMSRWERHETTVSZEPTVSGIWW
8LI GLSMGI SJ EKKVIKEXIW MW QSVI GVMXMGEP [MXL GSRGVIXI
GSRXEMRMRK [LMXI GIQIRXW (EVO EKKVIKEXIW XIRH XS GVIEXI
WLEHS[W [LIVI XLMRRIV WIGXMSRW SJ [LMXI QSVXEV GERRSX
GSQTPIXIP] QEWO XLI EKKVIKEXI -RXIRWMX] SJ GSPSV QE] FI
HMQMRMWLIH[LIRHMVX]EKKVIKEXIMWYWIHJVSQGSRXEQMREXIH
WXSGOTMPIW*MRIEKKVIKEXIWLEZIEQENSVIJJIGXSRXLIGSPSV
IWTIGMEPP]JSVPMKLXGSPSVIHGSRGVIXIERHI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXI
WYVJEGIWERHGERFIYWIHXSZEV]XLITEVXMGYPEVGSPSVHIWMVIH
7TIGMEP VIUYMVIQIRXW WYGL EW KET KVEHMRK 0MXZMR ERH
4JIMJIV   SV E WMRKPI WM^I SJ EKKVIKEXI QE] FI IWXEF
lished for exposed aggregate finishes to provide an optimum
WYVJEGI I\TSWYVI *MK   1E\MQYQ EKKVIKEXI WM^IW
ZEV]JVSQXSMRXSQQ HITIRHMRKSRXLI
HIWMVIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGX +ET KVEHMRKW MRGPYHI GSEVWI
EKKVIKEXIMREPMQMXIHWM^IVERKIWYGLEWXSMRXS
MRERHXSMRXSQQXSQQERH
XSQQ SVSXLIVW7IXXPIQIRXSVWYFWMHIRGIGERXEOITPEGI
MR KETKVEHIH QM\XYVIWYRPIWW XLIVI MWVMKMH SFWIVZERGI SJ
PS[WPYQT/SWQEXOEIXEP -JXLIEKKVIKEXIMWXSFI
I\TSWIHGEVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRMRWIPIGXMRKEKKVIKEXIW[MXLE
LMKLHIKVIISJGSRXVEWXFIX[IIRXLIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIERHXLI
mortar. High contrast will make variations in finishing and

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK {% KETKVEHIH GEWXMRTPEGI GSRGVIXI QM\XYVI

EJXIVLIEZ]WERHFPEWXMRK2SXIXLITVITSRHIVERGISJSRIWM^I
QEXIVMEP
EKKVIKEXI HIRWMX] QYGL QSVI ETTEVIRX XLER PS[GSRXVEWX
GSQFMREXMSRW
 %HQM\XYVIW{'LIQMGEP ERH QMRIVEP EHQM\XYVIW GER
LEZIEHZIVWIIJJIGXWSRGSPSV[LIRYWIH[MXLGIVXEMRGIQIRXW
IWTIGMEPP][LIRYWMRK[LMXISVPMKLXGSPSVIHGIQIRXW:MWYEP
XIWXWEVIRIIHIHXSHIXIVQMRIXLIIJJIGXSJEHQM\XYVIWSRGSPSV
'SPSV GSQTEXMFMPMX] QE] FI IWXEFPMWLIH F] GEWXMRK NSFWMXI
TERIPWFIJSVIEGXYEPYWIMRGSRWXVYGXMSRSVF]YWMRKRSRI\
TSWIHTEVXWSJXLIWXVYGXYVIEWXIWXEVIEW(IXEMPIHMRJSVQEXMSR
SREHQM\XYVIWMWKMZIRMR%'-6
 %MVIRXVEMRMRK EKIRXW{%MV IRXVEMRQIRX EW
TVIWIRXIH MR 8EFPI F SJ%'-  MW KIRIVEPP]
VIGSQQIRHIHJSVEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI[LIRXLIGSRGVIXI
GER VIEHMP] FI [EXIVWEXYVEXIH MR WIZIVI [IEXLIV ^SRIW
)RXVEMRIHEMVXIRHWXSQEOIGSRGVIXIWXMGO]WSXLEXIRXVETTIH
air bubbles at the form face become difficult to bring to the
WYVJEGIF]ZMFVEXMSR8LIPS[IVPMQMXSJIRXVEMRIHEMVJSYRH
MR 8EFPI F %'-   MW VIGSQQIRHIH [LIR
HYVEFMPMX]MWQERHEXIH-RQMPHGPMQEXIWWQEPPTIVGIRXEKIW
SJIRXVEMRIHEMVQE]FIVIUYMVIHJSV[SVOEFMPMX]MRWTIGMEP
LEVWLQM\XYVIW
 %GGIPIVEXMRK EHQM\XYVIW{;LIVI EGGIPIVEXSVW
EVIRIGIWWEV]XLIYWISJRSRGLPSVMHIEGGIPIVEXSVWMWVIGSQ
QIRHIH 3XLIV EGGIPIVEXSVW QE] FI YWIH MJ XLI] HS RSX
EHZIVWIP]EJJIGXGSPSVERHTPEGIQIRXTVSTIVXMIW%HHMXMSREP
EXXIRXMSRXSGYVMRKMWVIUYMVIH[LIREGGIPIVEXSVWEVIYWIH
 ;EXIVVIHYGMRK ERH WIXVIXEVHMRK EHQM\XYVIW{
8LIWIEHQM\XYVIWEVIYWIHMREVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIXSVIHYGI
XLIEQSYRXSJQM\MRK[EXIVSVXSMRGVIEWIXLI[SVOEFMPMX]SJ
XLIGSRGVIXITEVXMGYPEVP][MXLLEVWLGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIW
,MKLVERKI ERH QIHMYQVERKI [EXIVVIHYGMRK EHQM\
XYVIWGERFIYWIHXSVIHYGIXLI[EXIVGSRXIRXERHMRGVIEWI
XLI[SVOEFMPMX][MXLSYXEHZIVWIP]EJJIGXMRKXLIWIXXMRKXMQI
8LI EHQM\XYVI WLSYPH FI GLIGOIH JSV EHZIVWI WMHI IJJIGXW
for color, concrete properties, and formwork deflections.
'LERKIWMR[EXIVGSRXIRX[MPPEJJIGXXLIGSPSV
6IXEVHMRK EHQM\XYVIW QE] FI YWIH MR EVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXI XS HIPE] XLI MRMXMEP WIX SJ XLI GSRGVIXI ERH QMRM
QM^IGSPHNSMRXW,MKLHSWEKIWQE]GEYWIWIXXMRKGVEGOMRK
SV HMWGSPSVEXMSR TVSFPIQW TEVXMGYPEVP] [MXL [LMXI SV FYJJ



GIQIRXW;LIRXLIWIXXMRKSJGSRGVIXIMWVIXEVHIHXLIIJJIGX
SJEHHMXMSREPJSVQTVIWWYVIQE]RIIHXSFIGSRWMHIVIHMRXLI
HIWMKRSJJSVQ[SVO
 4S^^SPERWERHWPEK{1MRIVEPEHQM\XYVIWSVTS^^S
PERWQIIXMRK%781'GERFIYWIHXSMRGVIEWIHYVE
FMPMX]ERH[SVOEFMPMX]&IJSVIXLIMVYWIXVMEPFEXGLIWWLSYPH
FITVITEVIHXSHIXIVQMRIER]HIXVMQIRXEPGLERKIWMRXLIEVGLM
tectural appearance. The use of fly ash, silica fume, slag, or
QIXEOESPMRMREGSRGVIXIQM\XYVIQE]HEVOIRSVPMKLXIRXLI
GSPSVSVTVSHYGIGSPSVZEVMEXMSR8LI]EPWSGERWPS[XLIWIX
XMQISJXLIGSRGVIXIERHXLIVEXISJGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRX
 4MKQIRXWERHGSPSVEHQM\XYVIW{8SEYKQIRXGSPSV
XSRISJEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXITMKQIRXWSVGSPSVEHQM\XYVIW
QIIXMRK %781 ' QE] FI YWIH 'SPSV EHQM\XYVIW
commonly used for this purpose are finely ground natural or
W]RXLIXMGQMRIVEPS\MHIWEZEMPEFPIMRPMUYMHERHHV]TS[HIV
JSVQ7]RXLIXMGS\MHIWEVIYWYEPP]QSVIYRMJSVQMRGSPSVJSV
PSRKIVTIVMSHWSJXMQI%PPGSPSVEHHMXMZIWQE]VIEGXGLIQM
GEPP][MXLSXLIVTVSHYGXWYWIHSRXLIWYVJEGIWYGLEWWYVJEGI
VIXEVHIVWSVQYVMEXMGEGMHERHWLSYPHFIXIWXIHFIJSVIYWI
:EVMSYW MVSR S\MHIW TVSHYGI WLEHIW SJ ]IPPS[ FYJJ XER
FVS[RQEVSSRVIHERHFPEGO'LVSQMYQS\MHITVSHYGIW
WLEHIWSJKVIIRGSFEPXS\MHITVSHYGIWWLEHIWSJFPYIERH
XMXERMYQ HMS\MHI [MPP TVSHYGI E PMKLXIV WLEHI ERH TVSZMHI
WIPJGPIERMRK TVSTIVXMIW 8LI GSPSV WLEHI HITIRHW SR XLI
EQSYRXSJXLIWIQEXIVMEPWYWIH8LIUYERXMX]SJTMKQIRXMW
I\TVIWWIHEWETIVGIRXEKISJXLIGIQIRXGSRXIRXF][IMKLX
%QSYRXWSJTMKQIRXMRI\GIWWSJ WIPHSQTVSHYGIKVIEXIV
GSPSV MRXIRWMX] [LIVIEW EQSYRXW QSVI XLER   QE] FI
LEVQJYP XS GSRGVIXI UYEPMX] 4MKQIRXW [MPP TVSHYGI QSVI
MRXIRWIGSPSVW[LIRYWIH[MXLPMKLXGIQIRXW
3VKERMGTLXLEPSG]ERMRIH]IWLEZIFIIRYWIHWYGGIWWJYPP]
XSTVSHYGIPMKLXXSHEVOWLEHIWSJFPYIERHKVIIRMRGSRGVIXI
8LIH]IWEVIYWIHMRUYERXMXMIWSJPIWWXLER F]QEWWSJ
GIQIRX ERH GER FI HMWTIVWIH MR XLI QM\XYVI [EXIV IPMQM
REXMRKXLIRIIHJSVTVIFPIRHMRK9PXVEZMSPIXPMKLXERHS^SRI
EJJIGXGSPSVWXEFMPMX]
*SV ER] GSPSVMRK EKIRX MX MW MQTSVXERX XS LEZI XIWXW SV
TIVJSVQERGIVIGSVHWXLEXMRHMGEXIGSPSVWXEFMPMX]MRGSRGVIXI
Carbon black is difficult to handle and may cause various
WLEHIWSJFPEGOGEYWIHF]PIEGLMRKSJXLIWYVJEGI'SQQSR
PEQTFPEGOLEWEHIXVMQIRXEPIJJIGXSRIRXVEMRIHEMVXLSYKL
WSQI EMVIRXVEMRMRK EKIRXW GER FI HSWIH XS SZIVGSQI XLMW
IJJIGX8VMEPFEXGLIWWLSYPHFIGEWXXSHIXIVQMRIMJEMVGSRXIRX
MWEJJIGXIH'SRGVIXIGSPSVIHF]TMKQIRXWQE]WLS[ZEV]MRK
HIKVIIWSJ[IEXLIVMRK8LIIJJIGXSREMVGSRXIRXERH[EXIV
VIUYMVIQIRXWWLSYPHFIHIXIVQMRIH
% [IX TEX QIXLSH GER FI YWIH XS GLIGO GSPSV YRMJSV
QMX] 8LMW XIWX TVSZMHIW E UYMGO QIXLSH SJ ETTVS\MQEXMRK
GSPSV YRMJSVQMX] SJ XLI GSRGVIXI FIMRK HMWGLEVKIH JVSQ
XLI GSRGVIXI XVYGO &EPP ERH (IGERHME   ERH (EFRI]
 TVSZMHIMRJSVQEXMSRSR HIWMKRMRK GSPSVIH EVGLMXIG
XYVEPGSRGVIXI
 ;EXIV{4SXEFPI [EXIV ERH [EXIV GSRJSVQMRK XS
%781''1EVIEGGITXEFPIJSVYWIMREVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXI;EXIVGSRXEMRMRKMVSRSVVYWXQE]GEYWIWXEMRMRK
MRPMKLXSV[LMXIGSRGVIXI:EVMEXMSRWMR[EXIVGSRXIRXWLSYPH
FIEZSMHIHEW[EXIVZEVMEXMSRQE]VIWYPXMRGSPSVZEVMEXMSR

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

{4VSTSVXMSRMRKQM\MRKERHXIQTIVEXYVI
GSRXVSP
1M\XYVI TVSTSVXMSRW JSV EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI WLSYPH
TVSZMHIEQM\XYVISJTVSTIV[SVOEFMPMX]ERHWXVIRKXL
8LI WPYQT EX XLI TSMRX SJ HMWGLEVKI MRXS XLI JSVQ WLSYPH
FI GSRWMWXIRX [MXL XLI TEVXMGYPEV X]TI SJ GSRGVIXI ERH XLI
QIXLSHW SJ TPEGMRK ERH GSRWSPMHEXMSR -R KIRIVEP XLI [EXIV
GSRXIRX JSV ER] TPEGIQIRX WLSYPH FI GSRWXERX JVSQ FEXGL XS
FEXGLXSTVSZMHIYRMJSVQMX]SJGSPSVMRXLIIRHTVSHYGXIZIR
during significant seasonal temperature fluctuations. There is a
XIRHIRG]JSVEPMKLXIVGSPSVERHERMRGVIEWIMRWYVJEGIEMVZSMHW
XSSGGYVMRXLIGSRGVIXIRIEVXLIXSTSJTPEGIQIRXPMJXWHYIXS
HIGVIEWIHJSVQTVIWWYVIWMREHIUYEXIZMFVEXMSRERHERMRGVIEWI
MR XLI [GQ EX XLIWI PSGEXMSRW%XXIRXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS
TVSTIVP]GSRWSPMHEXIXLIGSRGVIXIMRXLIYTTIVPE]IVWSJTPEGI
QIRXPMJXWXSMQTVSZIETTIEVERGI+VEHYEPP]YWMRKPIWW[EXIV
XSTVSZMHIHV]IVGSRGVIXIJSVPMJXWXS[EVHXLIXSTGSYPHEJJIGX
EQSVIYRMJSVQGSPSVLS[IZIVXLMWTVSGIHYVIMWMQTVEGXMGEP
JSVQSWXTVSNIGXW-JYWIHI\TIVMQIRXEXMSRSRRSREVGLMXIGXYVEP
[EPPW[MXLXLIEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIQM\XYVI[SYPHHIXIVQMRI
EGXYEPTVSTSVXMSRWERHTVSGIHYVIWXSFIYWIH
 8IQTIVEXYVI{8LIGSRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVI WLSYPHFI
OITXGSRWMWXIRXGSRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVIWFIX[IIRERH*
 ERH '  [MPP RSVQEPP] TVSHYGI GSRGVIXI YRMJSVQ MR
GSPSV'SRGVIXIXIQTIVEXYVIWLMKLIVXLER*' QE]
result in a faster setting rate, visible flow lines, and cold
NSMRXWMJTVSTIVWGLIHYPMRKSJXLIGSRGVIXITPEGIQIRXMWRSX
GPSWIP]GSSVHMREXIH[MXLXLIGSRGVIXITVSHYGIV
Holding the temperature constant is especially difficult
[LIR XLI TVSNIGX I\XIRHW SZIV QSVI XLER SRI WIEWSR -J
GSPSVYRMJSVQMX]MWGVMXMGEPXIWXMRKJSVZEVMEXMSRWSJGSPSVEX
HMJJIVIRXXIQTIVEXYVIWWLSYPHFIGSRWMHIVIH
',%48)6{40%'-2+%2('32730-(%8-32
{'SRZI]MRKERHTPEGMRK
 +IRIVEP{1IXLSHWSJGSRZI]MRKERHTPEGMRKEVGLM
XIGXYVEPGSRGVIXIWLSYPHGSRJSVQXSXLIVIUYMVIQIRXWSJ%'-
304R-00, except as modified herein. A description of the
QIXLSHWERHWIUYIRGISJTPEGIQIRXXSFIYWIHJSVXLIWXVYG
XYVIWLSYPHFIWYFQMXXIHMR[VMXMRKXSXLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIV
ERHMRWTIGXSVJSVVIZMI[8LIWIWLSYPHFIXLIWEQIEWYWIH
in fabricating the approved preconstruction field mockup.
'SRGVIXI XVYGOW WLSYPH FI WGLIHYPIH ERH HMWTEXGLIH XS
EVVMZIEXXLINSFWMXINYWXFIJSVIXLIGSRGVIXIMWRIIHIH8LMW
[MPPEZSMHI\GIWWMZIQM\MRK[LMPI[EMXMRKSVHYVMRKHIPE]W
MR TPEGIQIRX [LMGL QE] GEYWI RSRYRMJSVQ GSPSV ERH
TSWWMFP]GEYWIGSPHNSMRXW
 'SRZI]MRK{'EVI WLSYPH FI XEOIR [MXL ER]
GSRZI]MRKIUYMTQIRXXSTVIZIRXGSRXEQMREXMSRSJEVGLMXIG
XYVEPGSRGVIXIF]SXLIVQM\XYVIW-JQIXLSHWSJGSRZI]ERGI
EVI ZEVMIH HYVMRK TPEGIQIRX SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI XLI
YRMJSVQMX]SJGSPSVQE]FIEJJIGXIH
 (ITSWMXMRKMRXLIJSVQ{;MXLTVSTIVTVSTSVXMSRMRK
HITIRHMRKSRXLI[MHXLSJXLIJSVQWERHXLIEQSYRXSJVIMR
JSVGIQIRXPMJXWGERFIYTXSMRQQ HIIT(IITIV
PMJXW EGGSQTERMIH F] EHHMXMSREP GEVIJYP ZMFVEXMSR GER FI
YWIH[MXLLMKLHIRWMX]JSVQMRKXSIPMQMREXII\GIWWWYVJEGI

air voids. The surface of each layer should be sufficiently

PIZIPWSXLEXXLIZMFVEXSVHSIWRSXQSZIXLIGSRGVIXIPEXIV
EPP] EW XLMW QMKLX GEYWI WIKVIKEXMSR 8LMW GER FI EGGSQ
TPMWLIH F] HITSWMXMRK XLI GSRGVIXI SR XLI PIEHMRK IHKI SJ
XLI TVMSV TPEGIQIRX %ZSMH TPEGMRK XLI GSRGVIXI EX E RI[
PSGEXMSRERHXLIRXVERWTSVXMRKMXFEGOXSXLIPIEHMRKIHKISJ
XLITVMSVTPEGIQIRXF]YWMRKEZMFVEXSV
7TEXXIVMRKXLIJSVQJEGI[MXLLMKLGIQIRXGSRXIRXQSVXEV
XLEXWXMJJIRWFIJSVIFIMRKGSZIVIHF]XLIGSRGVIXIQE]GEYWI
mortar streaks in exposed aggregate finishes. Metal or poly
IXL]PIRIWLIIXWTPEGIHEKEMRWXXLIJSVQJEGIERHVEMWIH[MXL
XLI LIMKLX SJ GSRGVIXI [MPP TVSXIGX XLI JSVQ JEGI EKEMRWX
WTEXXIV%PWS MRWIVXMSR SJ XLI TPEGMRK TYQT LSWI MRXS XLI
GSRGVIXI[LMPIHMWGLEVKMRKEMHWMRVIHYGMRKWTEXXIV8LIYWI
SJIPITLERXXVYROWXVIQMIW YWIHXSGSRXEMRWTEXXIVMWERSXLIV
[E]XSIPMQMREXIXLITVSFPIQWSJHVMIHWTEXXIV
{'SRWSPMHEXMSR
 +IRIVEP{'SRWSPMHEXMSR XLEX IPMQMREXIW IRXVETTIH
EMV XLVSYKLSYX XLI QEWW ERH QMRMQM^IW WYVJEGI ZSMHW MW
TEVXMGYPEVP]MQTSVXERXXSEVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI8SHE]QSWX
GSRGVIXI MW GSRWSPMHEXIH F] MQQIVWMSR ZMFVEXMSR [LMGL MW
IWTIGMEPP]VIUYMVIHF]WXMJJIVGSRWMWXIRGMIW*MK 
%RI\TPEREXMSRSJGSRWSPMHEXMSRERHHIXEMPIHVIGSQQIR
HEXMSRW SR XLI WIPIGXMSR SJ ZMFVEXSVW ERH ZMFVEXMSR TVSGI
HYVIW EVI KMZIR MR %'- 6 )PMQMREXMSR SJ WYVJEGI
ZSMHWMWHMWGYWWIHJYVXLIVMR%'-6
 -RXIVREP MQQIVWMSR  ZMFVEXMSR{-RXIVREP ZMFVEXMSR
MWVIGSQQIRHIHJSVEPPZIVXMGEPGEWXMRTPEGIEVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXI 8LI ZMFVEXSV WLSYPH FI MRWIVXIH ZIVXMGEPP] EX 
times the radius of influence (ACI 309R-05), uniformly
WTEGIHSZIVXLIIRXMVIEVIE8LIHMWXERGIFIX[IIRMRWIVXMSRW
WLSYPHHITIRHSRXLITVSTIVXMIWSJXLIQM\XYVIQE\MQYQ
EKKVIKEXIWM^IWPYQTERHXLIEQSYRXSJTS[IVKIXXMRKXS
XLIZMFVEXSV8LIEVIEZMWMFP]EJJIGXIHF]XLIZMFVEXSVWLSYPH
SZIVPET XLI EHNEGIRX NYWXZMFVEXIH EVIE 8LIVI WLSYPH FI E
VS[SJMRWIVXMSRW[MXLMRMRQQ SJXLIJSVQ
8LI ZMFVEXSVW WLSYPH STIVEXI EX JVIUYIRGMIW EFSZI 
ZTQ8LIHMEQIXIV SJ XLI ZMFVEXSV LIEH WLSYPHFI EXPIEWX
MRQQ I\GITX[LIRVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPGSRKIWXMSRSV
GPIEVWTEGIPMQMXWZMFVEXSVLIEHWM^I;LIVIWTEGITIVQMXW
ELMKLG]GPIQSXSVMRLIEHZMFVEXSVWLSYPHFIYWIH8LIWI
ZMFVEXSVWVIUYMVIE WTIGMEP KIRIVEXSVXLEXTVSHYGIW ,^
IPIGXVMGEPTS[IV%'-6 
8LIZMFVEXSVWLSYPHTIRIXVEXIVETMHP]XSXLIFSXXSQSJXLI
PE]IVERHEXPIEWXMRQQ MRXSXLITVIGIHMRKPE]IV
8LI ZMFVEXSV WLSYPH FI QERMTYPEXIH MR ER YTERHHS[R
QSXMSRKIRIVEPP]JSVXSWIGSRHWXSORMXXLIX[SPE]IVW
XSKIXLIVXLIR[MXLHVE[RKVEHYEPP][MXLEWIVMIWSJYTERH
HS[R QSXMSRW 8LI HS[R QSXMSR WLSYPH FI E VETMH HVST
XSETTP]EJSVGIXSXLI GSRGVIXI XLEX[MPPMRXYVR MRGVIEWI
MRXIVREPTVIWWYVIMRXLIJVIWLP]TPEGIHQM\XYVI
6ETMHP]I\XVEGX XLI ZMFVEXSV JVSQXLI GSRGVIXI[LIR XLI
LIEH FIGSQIW SRP] TEVXMEPP] MQQIVWIH MR XLI GSRGVIXI
8LI GSRGVIXI WLSYPH QSZI FEGO MRXS XLI WTEGI ZEGEXIH
F] XLI ZMFVEXSV *SV HV] QM\XYVIW [LIVI XLI LSPI HSIW RSX
GPSWI HYVMRKXLI[MXLHVE[EPVIMRWIVXMRKXLIZMFVEXSVEJI[
MRGLIW WIZIVEP GIRXMQIXIVW  E[E] [MPP WSQIXMQIW VIWSPZI

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6



*MK{)\XIVREPZMFVEXMSR

*MK{4VSTIVZMFVEXMSRSJEVGLMXIGXYVEP
GSRGVIXIMWZMXEPXSEWYGGIWWJYPERHGSRWMWXIRX
TVSHYGX
XLITVSFPIQ-JXLMWMWRSXIJJIGXMZIXLIQM\XYVISVZMFVEXSV
WLSYPHFIGLERKIH
;LIVI EMV ZSMHW MR JSVQIH WYVJEGIW EVI I\GIWWMZI XLI
HMWXERGIFIX[IIRZMFVEXSVMRWIVXMSRWWLSYPHFIVIHYGIHXS
30 percent from the normal 1.5 times the radius of influence
ERHXLIXMQISJIEGL[MXLHVE[EPMRGVIEWIH-RWSQIWMXYEXMSRW
MXQE]FITVEGXMGEPXSMRWIVXEWQEPPZMFVEXSVFIX[IIRXLIVIMR
JSVGIQIRXERHXLIJSVQEPXLSYKLMRKIRIVEPXLMWTVEGXMGIMW
RSXVIGSQQIRHIH-JRIGIWWEV]XLIZMFVEXSVWLSYPHFIVYFFIV
XMTTIH-RER]GEWIGSRXEGX[MXLXLIJSVQWLSYPHFIEZSMHIH
to avoid marring and disfiguring the form sheathing. Inser
XMSRW GPSWIV XLER  MR  QQ  XS XLI EVGLMXIGXYVEP JSVQIH
WYVJEGIQMKLXVIWYPXMREHEVOIVGSPSVSJXLIWYVJEGISTTSWMXI
XLIWI PSGEXMSRW :MFVEXMRK XSS GPSWI XS XLI JSVQIH WYVJEGI
EPWS EJJIGXW XLI EKKVIKEXI UYERXMXMIW JSV I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI
GSRGVIXI;EPPW PIWW XLER  MR  QQ  XLMGO [MPP VIUYMVI
WTIGMEPZMFVEXMSRGSRWMHIVEXMSRWVIJIVXS7IGXMSR 
7SQIXMQIW ZIV] LEVWL QM\XYVIW WYGL EW XLSWI [MXL KET
KVEHMRK EVI YWIH XS TVSHYGI WTIGMEP EVGLMXIGXYVEP IJJIGXW
8LI]KIRIVEPP]VIUYMVIQSVITS[IVJYPZMFVEXSVWERHPSRKIV
ZMFVEXMSR XMQIW 8LI ZMFVEXMSR WLSYPH FI XIVQMREXIH [LIR
XLIQSVXEVPIZIPVIEGLIWXLIXSTSJXLIEKKVIKEXIXSTVIZIRX
QSVXEVPMRIWFIX[IIRPE]IVW
-JVMKMHRSREFWSVTXMZIJSVQWWYGLEWWXIIPEVIXSFIYWIH
ZMFVEXMSRWLSYPHFIQMRMQM^IHXSXLIPIEWXEQSYRXVIUYMVIHXS
GSRWSPMHEXIXLIGSRGVIXIERHVIQSZISFNIGXMSREFPIEMVZSMHW
)\GIWWMZIZMFVEXMSRRIEVEVMKMHRSREFWSVTXMZIWYVJEGIGER
GEYWIEGSPSVZEVMEXMSREXXLIGSRGVIXIJSVQMRXIVJEGI
 *SVQ ZMFVEXMSR{*SVQ ZMFVEXMSR MW VIGSQQIRHIH
SRP] MR EVIEW MREGGIWWMFPI XS MRXIVREP ZMFVEXMSR TVSZMHIH
the formwork was specifically designed for external vibra
XMSRERHERGLSVIHXSXLIJSSXMRKXSTVIZIRXQSZIQIRX*MK
  *SVQWJSV I\XIVREP ZMFVEXMSRWLSYPH WXERHYTYRHIV
XLIVITIEXIHVIZIVWMRKWXVIWWIWMRHYGIHF]ZMFVEXSVWEXXEGLIH

XSXLIJSVQW%HHMXMSREPP]XLI]WLSYPHFIGETEFPISJXVERW
QMXXMRK XLI ZMFVEXMSR YRMJSVQP] SZIV E GSRWMHIVEFPI EVIE
8LI JSVQ WLSYPH LEZI EHIUYEXI WOMR XLMGORIWW ERH WYMX
EFPI WXMJJIRIVW8LI ZMFVEXSVWWLSYPH FI VMKMHP] EXXEGLIH XS
XLI JSVQ 7TIGMEP EXXIRXMSR WLSYPH FI KMZIR XS [EXIVXMKLX
RIWWXSTVIZIRXPIEOEKI*SVQZMFVEXMSRTVSHYGIWZIV]HEVO
GSRGVIXIEWMXPSGOWMRWYVJEGIQSMWXYVI[LIRELMKLHIRWMX]
JSVQJEGIWLIIXMWYWIH;LIREPPS[IHXSHV]SZIVETIVMSH
SJ XMQI XLI WYVJEGI WLSYPH PMKLXIR8VMEPW WLSYPHFI QEHI
[MXL JSVQ ZMFVEXSVW FIJSVI PEVKIWGEPI YWI 8LIWI XVMEPW
WLSYPH WMQYPEXI XLI JSVQMRK GSRHMXMSRW XS FI IRGSYRXIVIH
SRXLIWXVYGXYVI
 6IZMFVEXMSR{%JXIV FPIIHMRK MW WYFWXERXMEPP]
GSQTPIXI FYXFIJSVI MRMXMEP WIX VIZMFVEXMSR GERWSQIXMQIW
FIYWIH XSJYVXLIV HIRWMJ] XLI GSRGVIXI ERH VIHYGI EMVERH
[EXIVTSGOIXWEKEMRWXXLIJSVQ6IZMFVEXMSRMWSJTEVXMGYPEV
benefit for the top few feet of a placement where air and
[EXIVTSGOIXWEVIQSWXTVIZEPIRX6IZMFVEXMSRWLSYPHRSXFI
YWIH[LIVILEVWLKETKVEHIHQM\XYVIWEVIYWIHXSTVSHYGI
I\TSWIH EKKVIKEXI WYVJEGIW XS EZSMH E TSWWMFPI HERKIV SJ
HMWTIVWMRKXLIEKKVIKEXIEXXLIWYVJEGI
6IZMFVEXMSRQSVIXLEREJI[JIIXFIPS[XLIXSTSJXLITPEGI
QIRXQE]HEQEKI[IPPGSRWSPMHEXIHGSRGVIXI&VIXXQERIX
EP 
 7TEHMRK{7TEHMRKQE]FIYWIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXL
internal vibration to improve formed surfaces. A flat, spadelike tool that will not damage the form, such as a long, flat
VYPIVSVWEMPFEXXIRMWVITIEXIHP]MRWIVXIHERH[MXLHVE[REHNE
GIRXXSXLIJSVQ8LMWJSVGIWXLIGSEVWITEVXMGPIWE[E]JVSQ
XLIJSVQERHEWWMWXWXLIEMVFYFFPIWMRXLIMVYT[EVHQSZIQIRX
XSXLIXSTWYVJEGI8LMWQIXLSHMWSRP]YWIH[LIRXLIEQSYRX
SJEMVFYFFPIWEXXLIJSVQJEGIFIGSQIWYREGGITXEFPI
',%48)6{'96-2+
{+IRIVEP
8S TVSHYGI E YRMJSVQ GSPSV XLI QIXLSH ERH TIVMSH SJ
GYVMRK WLSYPH TVSZMHI E GSRWMWXIRX GSRGVIXI XIQTIVEXYVI
VIKEVHPIWW SJ XLI EQFMIRX XIQTIVEXYVI 4VSTSWIH QIXLSHW
WLSYPH FI XVMIH SR XLI WMXIGEWX QSGOYT XS HIXIVQMRI ER]
TSWWMFPI EHZIVWI IJJIGXW 7XERHEVH GYVMRK TVSGIHYVIW EVI
HIWGVMFIHMR%'-

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

{'YVMRKMRJSVQW
All concrete in beam soffits and other supported formwork
soffits can be cured by leaving the formwork and shoring in
TPEGI%PPZIVXMGEPJSVQ[SVOWLSYPHFIVIQSZIHMREGSRWMW
XIRXXMQIMRXIVZEP[MXLGYVMRKXSJSPPS[MQQIHMEXIP]YTSR
JSVQVIQSZEP8STVIZIRXWXEMRMRKGEYWIHF]XLIX]TISJJSVQ
QEXIVMEPXLIJSVQWWLSYPHFIWIEPIH[MXLERSRZETSVXVERW
QMXXMRKGSEXMRKJSPPS[MRKXLIQERYJEGXYVIVvWMRWXVYGXMSRW
-RXLIJSVQGYVMRKMRGVIEWIWXLITSWWMFMPMXMIWSJGSPSVZEVM
EXMSRW;LIXLIVXLIWI EVI JVSQEFWSVTXMSR SJ [EXIV F] XLI
JSVQ[SSHWXEMRMRKRI[ZIVWYWSPHJSVQWJSVQPIEOEKISV
XIQTIVEXYVI ZEVMEXMSRW TVSTSWEPW XS QMRMQM^I GSPSV ZEVME
XMSRWWLSYPHFIEHHVIWWIH
'SPSVZEVMEXMSRWHYIXSVETMHWYVJEGIHV]MRKERHI\XVIQI
XLIVQEP GLERKIW WLSYPH FI QMRMQM^IH F] JSPPS[MRK XLI
VIGSQQIRHEXMSRW SJ %'- 6 %'- 6 ERH
7IGXMSRWERH
{1SMWXGYVMRK
)\XVIQIGEVIWLSYPHFIXEOIRXSIRWYVIXLEXXLIQEXIVMEP
YWIHXSGSZIVXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIHSIWRSXGEYWIXI\XYVISV
GSPSVZEVMEXMSRW;EXIVGYVMRKWLSYPHSRP]FIYWIH[LIRXLI
GSRGVIXILEWE[GQFIPS[;LIRYWIHXLIXIQTIVEXYVI
SJ XLI [EXIVWLSYPH RSX ZEV] JVSQ XLI WYVJEGI XIQTIVEXYVI
SJXLIGSRGVIXIF]QSVIXLER*' 4PEWXMGWLIIXW
QE]FIYWIJYPJSVGSZIVMRKGSQTPI\WLETIWFYXXI\XYVIERH
GSPSVHMJJIVIRGIW[MPPSGGYV[LIVIXLITPEWXMGWLIIXGSRXEGXW
XLIGSRGVIXI+VIIRMRK ERH0ERHKVIR  'YVMRK [EXIV
WLSYPHFIRSRWXEMRMRK
{1IQFVERIGYVMRK
0MUYMHQIQFVERIGYVMRKGSQTSYRHWWLSYPHFIETTPMIHXS
E QSMWX WYVJEGI3XLIV[MWI XLI]QE] GEYWI HMWGSPSVEXMSR SV
WXEMRMRK ERH TVIZIRX FSRHMRK SJ WYFWIUYIRX VITEMVW EVGLM
XIGXYVEP GSEXMRKW ERH WIEPERXW 1ERYJEGXYVIVW WLSYPH FI
GSRWYPXIH GSRGIVRMRK GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW SJ XLIMV TVSHYGXW ERH
[EVVERXMIW 'YVMRK TVEGXMGIW ERH QEXIVMEPW WLSYPH FI XLSV
oughly evaluated on the preconstruction field mockup sample.
{,SX[IEXLIVGYVMRK
*VIWLP] TPEGIH EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI GER FI EHZIVWIP]
EJJIGXIH F] LMKL XIQTIVEXYVI PS[ LYQMHMX] ERH LMKL
[MRHW 8S TVIZIRX ZEVMEXMSRW MR GSPSV HYI XS RSRYRMJSVQ
HV]MRK ERH XS TVIZIRX TPEWXMG WLVMROEKI GVEGOMRK GYVMRK
WLSYPHGSQQIRGIEWWSSREWTVEGXMGEPTIVLETWIZIRFIJSVI
GSQTPIXMSRSJGSRGVIXI TPEGIQIRXVIJIV XS%'-6 
-R IWTIGMEPP] LSX ERH SV [MRH] HIWIVXX]TI IRZMVSRQIRXW
WTIGMEPGYVMRKGSQTSYRHWQE]FIVIUYMVIH
',%48)6{86)%8)(%6',-8)'896%0
796*%')7
%VGLMXIGXYVEPWYVJEGIWMRGPYHMRKLSVM^SRXEPWYVJEGIWGER
be treated after casting and form removal to expose fine or
coarse aggregate in the finished product by brushing and
[EWLMRKEXERIEVP]EKIWYVJEGIVIXEVHEXMSRLMKLTVIWWYVI
[EXIVNIXEGMH[EWLEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKFYWLLEQQIVMRKSV
SXLIVQIGLERMGEPXSSPMRK8LIWIQIXLSHWGERMQTSWIEHHM
XMSREPVIUYMVIQIRXWJSVEKKVIKEXIWMRWLETIWM^IXI\XYVISV

GSPSV%WQSVISJXLIEKKVIKEXIMWI\TSWIHXLIIJJIGXSJXLI
GIQIRX GSPSV HMQMRMWLIW 8LI XSXEP EVIE ERH XLI I\TIGXIH
HMWXERGIXSXLIZMI[IV[MPPYWYEPP]HIXIVQMRIXLIWM^ISJXLI
EKKVIKEXI&IGEYWIXVIEXIHWYVJEGIWEVIQSVIWYWGITXMFPIXS
EXQSWTLIVMGTSPPYXMSRERH[IEXLIVMRKGSRWMHIVEXMSRWLSYPH
FIKMZIRXSEKKVIKEXIWLETIWXLEXQE]GLERKIHYIXS[IEXL
IVMRK[LMGLEPXIVWXLIZMWYEPIJJIGX6SYRHEKKVIKEXIWLEZI
PIWWXIRHIRG]XSGSPPIGXEMVFSVRIHYWXSRXLIQEXVM\TSVXMSR
XLER VSYKL EKKVIKEXIW -R EVIEW WYFNIGX XS EMV TSPPYXMSR E
QEXVM\HEVOIVXLERXLII\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIQE]FITVIJIVEFPI
,ERHFVSEHGEWXMRKSJEVGLMXIGXYVEPEKKVIKEXIWPEFWYVJEGIW
EPPS[W IGSRSQMGEP YWI SJ XLI GSWXP] EKKVIKEXI ERH LIPTW
IRWYVIYRMJSVQGSZIVEKI *SVWPEFWFVYWLMRKERH[EWLMRK
[MXL[EXIVEXERIEVP]EKIMWGSQQSRP]YWIHXSI\TSWIXLI
EKKVIKEXI
{7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVW
4IVWSRRIPYWMRKWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVWWLSYPHFIGSQIJEQMPMEV
[MXL XLIMV GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW FIJSVI YWI 7YVJEGI VIXEVHIVW EVI
YWIHXSHIPE]XLIWIXSJXLIWYVJEGIGIQIRXTEWXIWSXLEXXLI
EKKVIKEXI GER FI I\TSWIH IEWMP] 8LI YWI SJ EGGIPIVEXSVW
SVLIEXMRKHYVMRKGSPH[IEXLIVGSRGVIXMRKQE]WLSVXIRXLI
HIPE]SJWIXEXXLIWYVJEGI4VSPSRKIHI\TSWYVISJXLIJSVQW
GSEXIH[MXLVIXEVHIVFIJSVITPEGMRKGSRGVIXIQE]EPWSEJJIGX
XLIEGXMSRSJXLIVIXEVHIV%WEQTPI TERIP WLSYPHFIQEHI
XSHIXIVQMRIER]EHZIVWIIJJIGXWJVSQXLIJSVQSVGSRGVIXI
QEXIVMEPW*YVXLIVI\TIVMQIRXEXMSRXSHIXIVQMRIXLIIJJIGXSJ
LIMKLXWSJTPEGIQIRXJSVQWXVMTTMRKXMQIWERHQIXLSHSJ
I\TSWYVIWLSYPHFIHSRIMREVIEWSJQMRSVMQTSVXERGIWYGL
EW FEWIQIRX [EPPW 8LI VIGSQQIRHIH QMRMQYQ GSRGVIXI
WXVIRKXLFIJSVIVIQSZEPSJXLIVIXEVHIHWYVJEGIMWJVSQ
XSTWMXS14E )RWYVMRKYRMJSVQVIWYPXWSR
ZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWVIUYMVIWTVITPERRMRKERHQSVIWYTIVZMWMSR
XLER JSV WXVYGXYVEP GSRGVIXI (YI XS XLI RYQIVSYW JEGXSVW
EJJIGXMRKXLIEGXMSRSJWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVWETTPMIHXSJSVQJEGIW
JSVZIVXMGEPGEWXMRKXLIMVYWIWLSYPHFIGEVIJYPP]IZEPYEXIH
JSVIEGLTVSNIGX
{,MKLTVIWWYVI[EXIVNIX
,MKLTVIWWYVI[EXIVNIXWEVIYWIHMRGSQFMREXMSR[MXLEMVXS
I\TSWIEKKVIKEXI4VSTIVXMQISJETTPMGEXMSRWLSYPHFIHIXIV
QMRIHJSVIEGLGSRGVIXIERHMXWGYVMRKGSRHMXMSRWXSSFXEMRXLI
HIWMVIHEQSYRXSJVIZIEP[MXLSYXPSSWIRMRKXLIEKKVIKEXI8LI
QMRMQYQGSQTVIWWMZIWXVIRKXLSJXLIGSRGVIXIJSVLMKLTVIW
WYVI[EXIVNIXXMRKWLSYPHFITWM14E 8LMWQIXLSH
GERFIYWIH[MXLSV[MXLSYXWYVJEGIVIXEVHIVWERHVIUYMVIWER
STIVEXSVXLEXLEWFIIRXVEMRIHSREXIWXEVIE%KKVIKEXII\TS
WYVI WLSYPH FI WXEVXIH MQQIHMEXIP] EJXIV JSVQW EVI WXVMTTIH
[LIR VIXEVHIVW EVI RSX YWIH 8LI 'SRGVIXI 1ERYEP 97&6
 HIWGVMFIWX]TMGEPIUYMTQIRX
{%GMH[EWL
;EWLMRK[MXLWSPYXMSRWGSRXEMRMRKEGMHSJZEV]MRKGSRGIR
XVEXMSRGERFIYWIHXSIXGLXLIWYVJEGISJXLIGSRGVIXIKMZMRK
the surface a light matte finish or to bring out the full color
SJERI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGI;LIRI\TSWMRKEKKVIKEXI
XLI EKKVIKEXI WLSYPH FI SRI XLEX MW EGMH VIWMWXERX WYGL EW
UYEVX^SVKVERMXI0MQIWXSRIWHSPSQMXIWERHQEVFPIW[MPP

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

*MK {(IKVIIW SJ EFVEWMZIFPEWX SV WYVJEGIVIXEVHIH

finish.
HMWGSPSVSVFI HMWWSPZIH F]EGMH HYI XS XLIMV LMKL GEPGMYQ
GSRXIRX 7YGL XVIEXQIRX WLSYPH FI MRMXMEXIH EX GSRWMWXIRX
GSRGVIXI WXVIRKXLW 8LI HITXL SJ TEWXI VIQSZEP ERH MXW
IJJIGXSRETTIEVERGIERHGSPSV[MPPZEV][MXLGSRGVIXIEKI
Treating cast-in-place surfaces at a consistent age is difficult
to achieve in the field because other factors, such as weather,
[IIOIRHW ERH HIPE]W [MPP HIXIVQMRI [LIR XLI [SVO [MPP
FITIVJSVQIH%XLMKLIVGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLWEKIHMJJIVIRGIW
[MPPLEZIPIWWIJJIGXSRETTIEVERGIERHGSPSVXLIVIJSVIEGMH
[EWL XVIEXQIRXW WLSYPH FI MRMXMEXIH [LIR XLI GSRGVIXI MW
RSXPIWWXLERHE]WSPHERHEJXIVMXVIEGLIWEGSQTVIWWMZI
WXVIRKXLSJEXPIEWXTWM14E 
%GMH [EWLMRK MW RSX VIGSQQIRHIH JSV ZIVXMGEP GEWXMR
TPEGI GSRGVIXI HYI XS XLI LE^EVHW SJ WYGL ETTPMGEXMSR%PP
TIVWSRRIP WLSYPH LEZI TVSXIGXMZI GPSXLMRK ERH GSZIVMRK XS
TVIZIRX MRNYV] JVSQWTEXXIVMRK 9RMJSVQ ETTPMGEXMSR SJ XLI
acid solution is difficult due to runoff. Complete neutraliza
tion of the runoff is also difficult, which may create prob
PIQWEXXLIKVSYRHPIZIP
{%FVEWMZIFPEWXMRK
%FVEWMZI FPEWXMRK SV WERHFPEWXMRK MW YWIH XS HYPP XLI
WYVJEGIKPE^IQEOIXLIGSPSVYRMJSVQSVI\TSWIXLIEKKVI
KEXI SJ EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI 8LI HITXL SJ XVIEXQIRX MW
usually defined by the designed reference sample in consul
XEXMSR[MXLXLIEVGLMXIGXIRKMRIIVGSRXVEGXSVERHMRWTIGXSV
and confirmed by the preconstruction mockup panel.
Uniformity is difficult to obtain where concrete mixtures of
HMJJIVIRXWXVIRKXLWEVIPSGEXIHWMHIF]WMHI*SVQNSMRXXMKLX
RIWWMWTEVXMGYPEVP]MQTSVXERX[LIRXLIWYVJEGIMWXSVIGIMZI



ER EFVEWMSR XVIEXQIRX (IKVIIW SJ WERHFPEWXIH SV WYVJEGI

retarded finish (Fig. 10.4) may be described and defined as:
BrushSufficient to remove the surface sheen, but may
not make the color uniform; this finish will not expose
XLIGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIJVSQXLIQEXVM\EJXIVETTPMGEXMSR
LightSufficient to expose fine aggregate with occa
WMSREPI\TSWYVISJGSEVWIEKKVIKEXIERHXSQEOIXLIGSPSV
YRMJSVQQE\MQYQEKKVIKEXII\TSWYVIMRQQ 
MediumSufficient to generally expose coarse aggre
KEXI[MXLWPMKLXVIZIEPQE\MQYQEKKVIKEXII\TSWYVI
MRQQ ERH
HeavySufficient to generally expose and reveal the
GSEVWIEKKVIKEXIXSEQE\MQYQTVSNIGXMSRSJSJXLI
HMEQIXIVEKKVIKEXII\TSWYVIXSMRXSQQ 
XLIWYVJEGIMWVYKKIHERHYRIZIR
8LIPMKLXIVXLIEFVEWMZIFPEWXXLIQSVIGVMXMGEPXLIWOMPPSJ
XLISTIVEXSVFIGEYWIHIJIGXWJVSQJSVQMRKERHTPEGMRKWYGLEW
WYVJEGIEMVZSMHWPIEOEKIPMRIWERHPMJXPMRIWXIRHXSFIEGGIR
XYEXIH F] WYGL XVIEXQIRX %HHMXMSREP XLMGORIWW SJ GSRGVIXI
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIHXSQEMRXEMRTVSTIVGSZIVJSVVIMRJSVGIQIRX
8LI XMQI JSV EFVEWMZI FPEWXMRK MW HIXIVQMRIH F] WGLIH
YPMRKIGSRSQMGWZMWYEPETTIEVERGIHIWMVIHERHLEVHRIWWSJ
XLIEKKVIKEXI7SJXIVEKKVIKEXIWXIRHXSEFVEHIQSVI[LIR
GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLWEVILMKL7YVJEGIVIXEVHIVW7IGXMSR
GERFIYWIHMRGSRNYRGXMSR[MXLQIHMYQERHLIEZ]XI\XYVI
XS VIHYGI FPEWXMRK XMQI ERH PIWWIR XLI EFVEWMSR SR WSJXIV
EKKVIKEXI-JEQSVITVSRSYRGIHVIZIEPMWHIWMVIHEFVEWMZI
blasting is usually done during the first 24 to 72 hours, and
EJXIVGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLWLEZIVIEGLIHEQMRMQYQSJTWM
14E 3RGIXLIXMQIMWHIXIVQMRIHXLVSYKLXIWXMRKSR
XLITVIGSRWXVYGXMSRQSGOYTEPPWYFWIUYIRXFPEWXMRKWLSYPH
FI GSQTPIXIH EX ETTVS\MQEXIP] XLI WEQI GSRGVIXI EKI JSV
YRMJSVQMX]SJETTIEVERGI
'SQTPMGEXMRKXLIXMQMRKSJEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKEVIGLERKIW
MREQFMIRXXIQTIVEXYVIWXLEXGERLEZIEPEVKIIJJIGXSRIEVP]
GSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLWERHGSRWIUYIRXP]XLIZMWYEPETTIEVERGI
1EXIVMEPW YWIH JSV EFVEWMZI FPEWXMRK MRGPYHI WMPMGE WERH
EPYQMRYQ GEVFMHI FPEGOWPEK TEVXMGPIW ERH [EPRYX WLIPPW
8LIX]TIERHKVEHMRKSJXLIEFVEWMZI[LMGLHIXIVQMRIWXLI
WYVJEGIXVIEXQIRXWLSYPHVIQEMRXLIWEQI XLVSYKLTVSNIGX
GSQTPIXMSR &IGEYWI WSQI EKKVIKEXIW GLERKI GSPSV EJXIV
I\TSWYVI F] WERHFPEWXMRK XVMEPW SJ HMJJIVIRX EFVEWMZI
materials with sample panels are desirable to define the
XI\XYVIH (67 ;LMXIGIQIRX GSRGVIXIW VIUYMVI EFVEWMZI
QEXIVMEPWXLEXEVIWXEMRTVSSJ;LIR[IXEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKMW
VIUYMVIHF] EMVTSPPYXMSR WXERHEVHW EFVEHIHQSVXEVWLSYPH
FI GSRXMRYEPP] [EWLIH JVSQ TVIZMSYWP] EFVEWMZIFPEWXIH
EVIEW XS TVIZIRX WXEMRMRK 'SYVWI EFVEWMZIW XIRH XS GEYWI
QSVISJEQEXXIXI\XYVI[LMGLQMRMQM^IWZEVMEXMSRWHYIXS
GSRGVIXILEVHRIWW
%ZEVMIX]SJFPEWXMRKIUYMTQIRXERHXIGLRMUYIWEVIEZEMPEFPI
ERHEVIHIXEMPIHMR4EREVIWIERH*VIIHQER 
{8SSPMRKSVSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXVIEXQIRXW
8SSPMRKERHSXLIVQIGLERMGEPXVIEXQIRXWJSVXLII\TSWYVI
of aggregates or other surface modification may be performed
F]ER]SJWIZIVEPTVSGIWWIWMRGPYHMRKGLMTTMRKERHWTEPPMRK
SJXLIWYVJEGIF]EQIXLSHGEPPIHFYWLLEQQIVMRKKVMRHMRK

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

XSTVSHYGIEWQSSXLI\TSWIHEKKVIKEXIWYVJEGISVFVIEOMRK
off the projections of fluted surfaces to produce alternate
VSYKLERHWQSSXLEVIEW3VMIRXEXMSRSJIUYMTQIRXJSVXSSPMRK
FPEWXMRKSVJVEGXYVMRKWLSYPHFIOITXYRMJSVQXLVSYKLSYXXLI
EVGLMXIGXYVEP[SVO8SQEMRXEMRYRMJSVQMX]XLIWEQISTIVEXSV
WLSYPHTIVJSVQXLMW[SVOXLVSYKLSYXXLITVSNIGXSVEXPIEWXSR
EHNEGIRXTSVXMSRWSJEWXVYGXYVI4'% 
 &YWLLEQQIVMRK{&YWLLEQQIVIH WYVJEGIW EVI
produced by pneumatic tools fitted with a bush-hammer,
GSQF GLMWIP SV QYPXMTPI TSMRXIH EXXEGLQIRXW 8LI X]TI
SJ XSSP [MPP FI HIXIVQMRIH F] XLI WYVJEGI IJJIGX HIWMVIH
&IGEYWIQSWXFYWLLEQQIVMRK[MPPVIQSZIETTVS\MQEXIP]
 MR  QQ  SJ QEXIVMEP EHHMXMSREP GSRGVIXI GSZIV
WLSYPHFITVSZMHIH8STVIZIRXPSSWIRMRKSJXLIEKKVIKEXI
EGSRGVIXIWXVIRKXLSJTWM14E MRGSQTVIWWMSR
ERHEQMRMQYQEKISJHE]WEVIVIUYMVIH-RQER]GEWIW
FIXXIVYRMJSVQMX]MWJSYRH[LIRXLIGSRGVIXIMWEPPS[IHXS
EKI JSV  HE]W ERH XLI WYVJEGI XS HV] &YWLLEQQIVMRK
EXGSVRIVWXIRHWXSGEYWINEKKIHIHKIW-JWLEVTGSVRIVWEVI
HIWMVIH FYWLLEQQIVMRK MW LIPH FEGO JVSQ XLI GSVRIV E
HMWXERGISJXSMRXSQQ %KKVIKEXIWWLSYPHFI
GEVIJYPP]WIPIGXIHERHXIWXIHMRXLIQSGOYTTERIPXSEZSMH
MRXIVREPGVEGOWJVSQSGGYVVMRKMRXLIGSRGVIXIEWEVIWYPXSJ
XLIFYWLLEQQIVMRKSTIVEXMSR
 +VMRHMRK{+VMRHMRKSJGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIWMWQSVI
PEFSVMSYWXLERXLISXLIVXVIEXQIRXWIWTIGMEPP]SRZIVXMGEPERH
SZIVLIEHWYVJEGIW*MREPGSWXWEVIHIXIVQMRIHF]XLILEVH
ness of the aggregate and the desired exposure. To define
the final product, treatment is accomplished on the precon
WXVYGXMSRQSGOYTSVEXVMEPEVIESJQMRSVMQTSVXERGI7QEPP
samples may not be capable of field reproduction. This type
SJXVIEXQIRXTVSHYGIWEVIWYPXWMQMPEVXSXIVVE^^S[SVO
 1ERYEPXVIEXQIRX{:IVXMGEPWYVJEGIWSJWXVYGXYVIW
QE]FIJSVQIHXSTVSHYGITVSNIGXMSRWSJGSRGVIXISJXVMER
KYPEVSVVIGXERKYPEVWLETI8LIWIQE]FIFVSOIRSJJIMXLIV
by removing the form or by hand at a concrete age suffi
GMIRXXSEPWSJVEGXYVIXLIEKKVIKEXI4VMSVXIWXMRKWLSYPHFI
TIVJSVQIHSRXLITVIGSRWXVYGXMSRQSGOYTXSHIXIVQMRIXLI
STXMQYQTVSGIHYVIW
',%48)6{*-2-7,-2+%2(*-2%0'0)%294
{+IRIVEP
)ZIR [MXL KSSH [SVOQERWLMT ERH TSWMXMZI IJJSVX XS
TVSHYGI I\GIPPIRX EVGLMXIGXYVEP GSRGVIXI ER SGGEWMSREP
FPIQMWL [MPP RIIH VITEMV SV ZEVMEXMSRW MRGSPSV ERH XI\XYVI
GER SGGYV SV FSXL 0MQMXW XS XLIMV EGGITXERGI WLSYPH FI
determined during the review of the field mockup sample.
{8MILSPIW
8MILSPIWWLSYPHFITPYKKIHSVXLII\TSWIHQIXEPTSVXMSR
SJXLIXMIWIEPIH[MXLWIEPERXXSTVIZIRXGSVVSWMSRERHTSWWMFPI
WXEMRMRK SJ XLI WYVJEGI I\GITX [LIVI WXEMRPIWW WXIIP JSVQ
ties or fiberglass ties are used. The holes left in the surface
SJ XLI GSRGVIXI EW XLI VIWYPX SJ XLI JSVQ XMI QE] FI WQEPP
SV PEVKI HITIRHMRK SR XLI X]TI YWIH -R E VSYKL XI\XYVIH
surface, small holes can be plugged flush with the surface
ERHGSRGIEPIH;MXLWQSSXLWYVJEGIGSRGVIXIXLIXMILSPIW

will be more apparent, and it is better to only partially fill the

LSPIWPIEZMRKXLILSPIWEWETEVXSJXLITPERRIHETTIEVERGI
8LIGSPSVSJXLIXMILSPITEXGLIWMRXLIQSGOYTTERIPWLSYPH
FIETTVSZIHF]XLIHIWMKRIV
Care should be exercised to avoid smearing the fill material
SRXLIWYVJEGISJXLIGSRGVIXI1EXIVMEPWYWIHJSVTPYKKMRKXMI
LSPIWMRGPYHITSVXPERHGIQIRXQSVXEVITS\]QSVXEVTPEWXMG
TPYKW TVIGEWX QSVXEV TPYKW ERH PIEH TPYKW 8LI] WLSYPH
FI GEVIJYPP] WIPIGXIH JVSQ EQSRK XLSWI XLEX LEZI WLS[R
RSWXEMRMRKSVHMWGSPSVEXMSRXIRHIRGMIWMRYWI7SQIITS\]
QSVXEVWGLERKIXSFVMPPMERXSVERKISV]IPPS[EJXIVI\TSWYVI
XSWYRPMKLX1SVXEVQEXIVMEPWSJEHV]TEGOGSRWMWXIRG]ERH
HIRWIP]XEQTIHMRXSXLILSPI[MPPFIPIWWPMOIP]XSWQIEVSRXS
XLIWYVJEGIXLERXLSWISJE[IXGSRWMWXIRG];LIRTSVXPERH
cement mortar is used, the tie hole should first be prewetted
[MXLGPIER[EXIVERHERIEXGIQIRXWPYVV]FSRHGSEXWLSYPH
be applied to the hole surfaces before filling with mortar.
-JITS\]QSVXEVMWYWIHMXWLSYPHFIETTPMIHMREGGSVHERGI
[MXL XLI QERYJEGXYVIVvW MRWXVYGXMSRW ERH E GEYPOMRK KYR
YWIHXSMRNIGXMXMRXSXLIXMILSPIXSTVIZIRXWYVJEGIWQIEVMRK
Cleaning is difficult and will usually leave a stain on the
WYVJEGI4PEWXMGMRWIVXWTVSZMHIHF]GSRIXMIQERYJEGXYVIVW
WLSYPHFI[IHKIHMRXSXLIXMILSPIPIEZMRKEWXERHEVHTVIHI
XIVQMRIH VIGIWW %PXIVREXMZIP] PIEH TPYKW GER FI [IHKIH
MRXSXLILSPIF]LEQQIVMRK7SQIXMQIWXLIVIQSZEFPIGSRI
FIGSQIWIQFIHHIHMRXLIGSRGVIXIHYIXSJSVQQSZIQIRX
SV PIEOEKIEVSYRHXLIGSRI -XGER FI VIQSZIH XSTVSHYGI
ERIEXETTIEVERGIF]HVMPPMRKSYXXLIGSRI[MXLEHMEQSRH
FMXXSSPGSRJSVQMRKXSXLILSPIWM^ITVSHYGIHF]XLIGSRI
-XQE]FIIGSRSQMGEPXSVIQSZIEPPGSRIWMRXLMWQERRIVXS
IRWYVIRIEXYRMJSVQLSPIW
{&PIQMWLVITEMV
&PIQMWLIWXLEXEVIFI]SRHXLIPMQMXWSJZEVMEXMSRWEWIWXEF
PMWLIHF]XLIUYEPMX]SJXLITVIGSRWXVYGXMSRQSGOYTWLSYPH
FI VITEMVIH +IRIVEPP] XLI VITEMV [SVO WLSYPH TVSGIIH EW
soon as possible after form removal and surface finishing
YWMRK XLI QEXIVMEPW ERH QIXLSHW EPVIEH] EGGITXIH SR XLI
ETTVSZIH QSGOYT 8LIR XLI VITEMV ERH XLI WYVVSYRHMRK
GSRGVIXI [MPP EKI XSKIXLIV ERH XLI GLERGI SJ GSPSV ZEVME
XMSR [MPP FI QMRMQM^IH 8LI MQTSVXERGI SJ IWXEFPMWLMRK E
VITEMVQIXLSHFIJSVIXLIRIIHEVMWIWGERRSXFISZIVWXVIWWIH
3RGITVSZIREGGITXEFPISRXLIQSGOYTVITEMVWGERFIQEHI
without delay and with confidence of the final outcome.
;LIVIEHNEGIRXEFVEWMZIFPEWXMRKSVFYWLLEQQIVMRKXVIEX
QIRXWLEZIXSFIQEXGLIHTVMSVI\TIVMQIRXEXMSRWLSYPHFI
TIVJSVQIH SR WIGSRHEV] ERH PIWW ZMWMFPI EVIEW -RKIRYMX]
QE]WSQIXMQIWFIYWIHXSIWXEFPMWLQIXLSHWERHXIGLRMUYIW
XLEXEVIEWWEXMWJEGXSV]EWXLSWIMRWXERHEVHYWI0MKLXEFVE
WMZIFPEWXMRKWSQIXMQIWKVIEXP]IQTLEWM^IWGVEGOWEW[IPPEW
FPIQMWLIWSVWYVJEGIEMVZSMHWGEYWIHF]JSVQMRKSVTPEGMRK
;LIRXLIMVETTIEVERGIMWYREGGITXEFPIMXQE]FIHIGMHIH
XSEGGITXELIEZMP]FPEWXIHWYVJEGIEHHMXMSREPFPEWXMRKQE]
HMQMRMWLXLIIJJIGXSJXLIGVEGOWERHSXLIVHIJIGXWEJXIVXLI]
LEZI FIIR VITEMVIH *MPPMRK XLI GVEGOW [MXL ITS\] FIJSVI
FPEWXMRK GER TVIZIRX VSYRHMRK SJ XLI GVEGO IHKIW HYVMRK
blasting. After blasting, the resulting epoxy fin is broken off

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK

+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

manually at the face of the concrete, leaving a fine line that

MWPIWWRSXMGIEFPIEXRSVQEPZMI[MRKHMWXERGIW
;LIVIXLIWYVJEGIMWEFVEWMZIFPEWXIHXSI\TSWIWYFWXER
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HMQMRMWL XLI GSRXVEWX SJ HEVO PIEOEKI PMRIW EX JSVQ NSMRXW
ERHXMIGSRILSPIWERHGERVIQSZIVEKKIHPMJXPMRIW8LIWI
PMRIW EVI WXVSRKIV XLER XLI EHNEGIRX GSRGVIXI QEXVM\ ERH
GERRSXFIEFVEWMZIFPEWXIHE[E][MXLSYXKVIEXP]IVSHMRKXLI
WYVVSYRHMRKWSJXIVQSVXEV8LMWXVIEXQIRXMWEGGSQTPMWLIHF]
PMKLXP]ETTP]MRKERIIHPIKYR*MK GSRXEMRMRKXS
GLMWIPTSMRXIHVSHWXSPMKLXIRXLIHEVOLEVHERHGSRXVEWXMRK
GIQIRXVMGL PMRIW8LI GLMWIP XMTW WLSYPH FI QEMRXEMRIH XS
TVIZIRXEFYWLLEQQIVIHETTIEVERGI8STVIZIRXWLEHS[W
JVSQ SFPMUYI WYR VE]W XLI VIQSZEP WLSYPH RSX FI HIITIV
XLERXLIEHNEGIRXQSVXEVWYVJEGI
{7XEMRVIQSZEP
6YWXMWXLIQSWXGSQQSRWXEMRSREVGLMXIGXYVEPGSRGVIXI
WYVJEGIW-XMWYWYEPP]GEYWIHF][EXIV[EWLMRKXLIVYWXJVSQ
VIMRJSVGMRKFEVWI\XIRHMRKSYXSJERIPIQIRXJSVGSRRIGXMSR
XS XLI RI\X GSRGVIXI IPIQIRX  F] JIVVSYW QEXIVMEPW REMPW
JSVQ[SVOLEVH[EVISVSXLIVVIMRJSVGMRKWXIIPEGGIWWSVMIW 
GEVIPIWWP] PIJX SR XST SJ E WYVJEGI SV FSXL 0SSWI JIVVSYW
QEXIVMEPW WLSYPH FI VIQSZIH )\TSWIH VIMRJSVGMRK WXIIP MW
PMOIP]XSGEYWIVYWXWXEMRWERHWLSYPHFIGSEXIH[MXLERIEX
WPYVV]SJTSVXPERHGIQIRXERH[EXIVXSXIQTSVEVMP]TVSXIGXMX
JVSQVYWXMRK1ER]TVSTVMIXEV]GSEXMRKTVSHYGXWEVIEZEMP
EFPIJSVXLMWTYVTSWI
%PXLSYKLWXEMRWJVSQZEVMSYWGEYWIWQE]FIVIQSZIHF]
GSQQIVGMEP WXEMRVIQSZIVWFI GEYXMSRIHXLEXWSQIEPXIVE
XMSRSJXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIQE]SGGYV6IJIVXS4'% 
JSVWYKKIWXIHWXEMRVIQSZEPQIXLSHW
Objectionable efflorescence and surface deposits can be
removed by commercially available efflorescence removers
SV F] YWI SJ PS[ [IEO EGMHW  XS  TIVGIRX WSPYXMSRW 
Concrete may be sprayed with water first to minimize
etching. Following application of the acid, thorough flushing
[MXL[EXIVMWVIUYMVIHXSTVIZIRXJSVQEXMSRSJWGYQ*YVXLIV
XVIEXQIRX [MXL HIXIVKIRXW SV E PMKLX EFVEWMZI FPEWX QE] FI
YWIJYPMJXLIEGMHMWRSXIJJIGXMZI
{7IEPIVWERHGSEXMRKW
Sealers are defined as vapor-retarding penetrants that are
absorbed when applied. Some sealers change the profile of the
GSRGVIXIWYVJEGIFYXSXLIVWHSRSX'SEXMRKWEVIRSRZETSV
transmitting, penetrate slightly, and leave a visible film on
the surface. The film can be clear or pigmented.
7IEPIVWERHGSEXMRKWEVIRSXVIGSQQIRHIHYRPIWWRIIHIH
JSV TVSXIGXMSR JVSQ EXQSWTLIVMG SV SXLIV GSRXEQMRERXW
8LIWIQE]FIYWIHXS
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EMVFSVRIGLIQMGEPW
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have an affinity for airborne contaminants);
*EGMPMXEXIGPIERMRKSJXLIWYVJEGISVXSVIWMWXMQTVIKRE
tion of graffiti;
%ZSMHHEVOIRMRKSJXLIWYVJEGI[LIR[IXXIHERH
6IHYGIXLIIJJIGXWSJGEVFSREXMSR



*MK{2IIHPIKYR
'SQQIVGMEPWIEPIVWERHGSEXMRKWZEV]MRGLIQMGEPGSQTS
WMXMSRERHMRIJJIGXMZIRIWW0MXZMR 8LIQIXL]PQIXL
EGV]PEXIERHSXLIVEGV]PMGWIEPIVW{WMPERISVWMPS\ERI{ERH
TSP]YVIXLERIGSEXMRKWSJJIVXLIFIWXTVSXIGXMSRJSVEVGLMXIG
XYVEPGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIW
7SQIWIEPIVWSVGSEXMRKWFEWIHSRTSP]YVIXLERIWITS\MIW
TSP]IWXIVWERHXLIMVGSQFMREXMSRWLEZIEKPSWW]ETTIEVERGI
ERHQE]XIRHXS]IPPS[SVHEVOIRXLIGSRGVIXIWYVJEGISJXLI
GSRGVIXI8LIHMWGSPSVEXMSRSJXIRXEOIWQSRXLWXSQERMJIWX
MXWIPJ;LIVI[EXIVFSVRIHMVXWXEMRWZIVXMGEPWYVJEGIWEGPIEV
WIEPIVSVGSEXMRK[MPPTVIZIRXXLIHMVXJVSQTIRIXVEXMRKXLI
WYVJEGIQEOMRKGPIERMRKIEWMIVSVMRWSQIGEWIWYRRIGIW
WEV]7IEPIVWSVGSEXMRKWGEREPWSTVSXIGXGSRGVIXIWYVJEGIW
XLEX[SYPHSXLIV[MWIFIGSQIWXEMRIHF]XLIMRMXMEPVYRSJJSJ
VYWXJVSQMRXIRXMSREPP]I\TSWIHWTIGMEPWXIIP[LMGLJSVQWMXW
S[RTVSXIGXMZIS\MHM^IHVYWXGSPSVIHGSEXMRK7SQIWIEPIVW
or coatings have an affinity for airborne contaminants,
MRGPYHMRK L]HVSGEVFSR GSRXEQMRERXW EW [IPP EW MRGSQ
TEXMFMPMX] JSV GEYPOMRK WIEPERXW ERH TEMRXW 7SQI WMPMGSRI
sealers or coatings have an affinity for hydrocarbon contami
nants. Anti-graffiti products are either permanent or sacrifi
GMEPERHQE]EPXIVXLIGSPSVSJXLIGSRGVIXIMREVIEWSR[LMGL
XLI]EVIETTPMIH8LIQEVOIXJSVXLIWITVSHYGXWMWGYVVIRXP]
GLERKMRK EW E VIWYPX SJ GLERKIW MR XLI JIHIVEP VIKYPEXMSRW
KSZIVRMRK XLIMV TVSHYGXMSR 8LIWI RI[ VIKYPEXMSRW LEZI
QEHIQER]SJXLITVIWIRXTVSHYGXWSFWSPIXI8LI]WLSYPHFI
GEVIJYPP]GSRWMHIVIHFIJSVIYWI
.SMRXW WLSYPH FI GEYPOIH FIJSVI ETTPMGEXMSR SJ WIEPIVW
SV GSEXMRKW WS EW RSX XS EJJIGX XLI FSRH SJ XLI GEYPOMRK
GSQTSYRH 8LI GEYPOMRK GSQTSYRH WLSYPH RSX WQIEV XLI
I\TSWIHJEGIERHTVIZIRXEHLIWMSRSJXLIWIEPIVWSVGSEXMRKW
',%48)6{6)*)6)2')7
Committee documents are listed first by document number
ERH ]IEV SJ TYFPMGEXMSR JSPPS[IH F] EYXLSVIH HSGYQIRXW
PMWXIHEPTLEFIXMGEPP]
%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI
117-10Specification for Tolerances for Concrete
'SRWXVYGXMSRERH1EXIVMEPWERH'SQQIRXEV]
6{6ITSVXSR'LIQMGEP%HQM\XYVIWJSV'SRGVIXI
6{+YMHIJSVXLI9WISJ7LVMROEKI'SQTIRWEXMRK
'SRGVIXI
6{.SMRXWMR'SRGVIXI'SRWXVYGXMSR
301-10Specifications for Structural Concrete

%QIVMGER'SRGVIXI-RWXMXYXI'ST]VMKLXIH1EXIVMEP{[[[GSRGVIXISVK



+9-()83'%78-240%')%6',-8)'896%0'32'6)8)%'-6

6{+YMHI JSV 1IEWYVMRK 1M\MRK 8VERWTSVXMRK

ERH4PEGMRK'SRGVIXI
6{+YMHIXS,SX;IEXLIV'SRGVIXMRK
6{+YMHIXS'SPH;IEXLIV'SRGVIXMRK
308.1-11Specification for Curing Concrete
6{+YMHIJSV'SRWSPMHEXMSRSJ'SRGVIXI
309.2R-98Identification and Control of Visible Effects
SJ'SRWSPMHEXMSRSR*SVQIH'SRGVIXI7YVJEGIW
674 {1ERYEPSJ'SRGVIXI-RWTIGXMSR
{&YMPHMRK 'SHI 6IUYMVIQIRXW JSV 7XVYGXYVEP
'SRGVIXIERH'SQQIRXEV]
{+YMHIXS*SVQ[SVOJSV'SRGVIXI
%781-RXIVREXMSREP
A615/A615M-12Standard Specification for Deformed
ERH'EVFSR7XIIP&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
A767/A767M-09Standard Specification for Zinc'SEXIH+EPZERM^IH 7XIIP&EVWJSV'SRGVIXI6IMRJSVGIQIRX
A775/A775M-87(2008)e1Standard Specification for
)TS\]'SEXIH6IMRJSVGMRK7XIIP&EVW
A934/A934M-07Standard Specification for Epoxy'SEXIH4VIJEFVMGEXIH7XIIP6IMRJSVGMRK&EVW
''1E{7XERHEVH7TIGMJMGEXMSRJSV'SRGVIXI%KKVIKEXIW
C94/C94M-12Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed
'SRGVIXI
C150/C150M-11Standard Specification for Portland Cement
''1{7XERHEVH 8IWX 1IXLSH JSV 0IRKXL
'LERKISJ,EVHIRIH,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX1SVXEVERH'SRGVIXI
C330/C330M-09Standard Specification for Light
[IMKLX%KKVIKEXIWJSV7XVYGXYVEP'SRGVIXI
C595/C595M-11Standard Specification for Blended
,]HVEYPMG'IQIRXW
C618-12Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and
6E[SV'EPGMRIH2EXYVEP4S^^SPERJSV9WIMR'SRGVIXI
C845-04Standard
Specification
for
Expansive
,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX
C979-10Standard Specification for Pigments for Inte
KVEPP]'SPSVIH'SRGVIXI
C1157/C1157M-11Standard Performance Specifica
XMSRJSV,]HVEYPMG'IQIRX
{'MXIHVIJIVIRGIW
&EPP ' ERH (IGERHME 1  w(IWMKRMRK [MXL
'SPSVIH %VGLMXIGXYVEP 'SRGVIXIx 'SRGVIXI -RXIVREXMSREP
:2S.YRITT
Bell, L. W., 1996, Writing Specifications for Architec
XYVEP'SRGVIXIx'SRGVIXI-RXIVREXMSREP:2S.YRI
TT
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w&SRHSJ6IMRJSVGIQIRXXS7YTIVTPEWXMGM^IH'SRGVIXIx%'-
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.ERTT
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Fw'SPSVIH%VGLMXIGXYVEP'SRGVIXIx'1(EFRI]TT
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TT
Hw%'-ERH%VGLMXIGXYVEP'SRGVIXIx*%2EWWEY\TT

Iw*VSQXLI%'-0MFVEV]%VGLMXIGXYVEP'SRGVIXI+YMHIx
TT
Jw4VSFPIQWERH7YVJEGI&PIQMWLIWMR%VGLMXIGXYVEP'EWX
MR4PEGI'SRGVIXIx%6/IRRI]TT
Kw'EWXMR4PEGI'SRGVIXI'VIEXIW'EQTYW*SGEP4SMRXx
.)8L]IVERH1);SVWLEQTT
L w%VGLMXIGXW %VXMWXW ERH 'SRGVIXIx %'- 7XEJJ TT
ERH
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7ITXTT
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Gw)\TSWIH%KKVIKEXI'SRGVIXI'LMQRI]xT
H w'SRGVIXI MW &IEYXMJYP{*VSQ XLI 4ERXLISR XS XLI
Hv3VWE]1YWIYQx0*EVOEWTT
Iw7GYPTXMRK[MXL4SVXPERH'IQIRXx/14EKITT
Jw;SVOWSJ%VXMR'SRGVIXIx6;7XIMKIVTT
K w%VXMWX 'EVZIW LMW 2MGLI MR 'SRGVIXIx 1 1 1MPPIV
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(EFRI] ' 1  w-QTEGX SJ 'SPSV SR 'SRGVIXIx
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+VIIRMRK26ERH0ERHKVIR6w7YVJEGI(MWGSPSV
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,YVH1/*SVQ[SVOJSV'SRGVIXI74 %QIV
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TT
/IRR] % 6 ERH *VIIHQER 7  w'LETXIV 
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RIIVMRK,ERHFSSO'6'4VIWW
/SWQEXOE 7 /IVOLSJJ & ERH 4EREVIWI ; 
(IWMKR'SRXVSP SJ 'SRGVIXI 1M\IW XL IHMXMSR 4SVXPERH
'IQIRX%WWSGMEXMSR7OSOMI-0
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XYVEP 'SRGVIXIx .SYVREP 4SVXPERH 'IQIRX 6IWIEVGL ERH
(IZIPSTQIRX0EFSVEXSVMIW:2STT
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4IYVMJS]60ERH3FIVPIRHIV+(IHW*SVQMRK
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XYXI*EVQMRKXSR,MPPW1-TT
97&6  'SRGVIXI 1ERYEP IMKLXL IHMXMSR 97
&YVIEYSJ6IGPEQEXMSR(IRZIV'3TT

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*MK%{'EXLIHVEPSJ3YV0EH]SJXLI%RKIPW0SW%RKIPIW
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remains to provide a comradeship in finding the best ways to do concrete work of all kinds and in
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was founded in 1904 as a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to public
service and representing the user interest in the field of concrete. ACI gathers
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activities include the development of building codes and specifications; analysis of
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specific areas of interest. For more information, contact ACI.

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