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Fouriers law
" =
" = =
Irradiation
Fouriers law expressions and solutions for heat fluxes, heat rates and thermal
resistances for steady-state, 1D heat transfer, constant k in various coordinate
systems
Fouriers law
Heat flux "
Heat transfer
rate
" =
Cylindrical Wall
" =
2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
Spherical Wall
" =
Radiation
= = 4
"
Version 05/12/2014
1 1
2
1
2
4
1 1
1
2
1 1
1
2
4
Thermal
resistance
#
Rcond
#
2
Ar=2rL for cylindrical, Ar=4r for spherical coordinates, r1=rin, r2=rout
"
4
= =
G = rate of incident radiation per unit area (W/m ) of the surface (radiation/heat
flux absorbed by the surface) originating from its surroundings
Tsur = absolute temperature of the surroundings [K]
Plane Wall
(Cartesian)
"
= = 4
= = 4
= ( )
2 )
Radiative heat transfer coefficient for grey surface = ( + )(2
2
[W/m K]
Thermal circuits
=
Conductive resistance
Convective resistance
Radiative resistance
", =
"
Page 8
= 1 + 2 +. . + =
1
1
1
1
=
+ +. . +
= 1/
1
2
= pressure [Pa]
n = molar amount of substance [mol]
M = Molar mass of substance [mol/g]
R = universal gas constant = 8.3143 J/(mol K)
V = volume [m ]
m = mass of substance [kg]
T = Temperature in K [K]
Buckingham method:
Version 05/12/2014
Vector notation
1D planar (Cartesian)
, =
, =
, =
, =
Page 9
Vector notation
+ (
+ )
Molar flux
=
+ (
+ )
Mass flux
Molar flux for
equimolar counter
diffusion
( =
)
Molar flux for
unimolecular
diffusion stagnant
film (
= 0)
= DAB
1D planar (Cartesian)
, =
+ (, + , )
, =
+ (, + , )
,
, =
(2 1 )
1 ,2
ln
1 ,1
Energy:
Mass Species A
= - +
= , , + ,
Version 05/12/2014
1
+ = (2 1 ) + (22 12 ) + (2 1 )
2
= net heat rate added to CV [W] = net rate of work done in CV [W]
= mass flow rate [kg/s]
= height [m]
= velocity [m/s]
= = specific enthalpy [J/(kg K)]
1 = inlet, 2=outlet
for k = constant
= ( ) +
= +
cp
( = 0 , ) = .
= .
=0
= ()
=0
Page 10
+
=
or absolute flux of A
3
= volumetric rate of mass generation [mol/(s m )]
+
= ( )
( = 0 , ) = .
Vector
operators
Cartesian
(x,y,z)
Gradient
2
2
2
+ 2
2
+ 2
= .
=0
= ( )
=0
, = ,
Version 05/12/2014
Laplace
=
Divergence
Cylindrical
(, , )
1 2
+ 2 2
2
+ 2
1 ( )
1
+
+
Spherical
(, , )
()
1 2
+ 2
()
()
1
2
+ 2
2 () 2
1 ( 2 )
2
( ())
1
+
()
1
+
()
, =
Page 11
= " =
2
h = convective HT coefficient [W/(m K)]
Internal Flow
= , , =
=
=
4
+
=0
,
Internal Flow
Use an analogy to HT
=
=
() = , +
Version 05/12/2014
, =
q=
1
=
0
"
2,
2
, =
2,
2
, = = Average shear stress = Drag force per surface area over spatial dimension
2
L [N/m ]
Reynolds analogy
=
=
= =
2
valid for Blasius solution (laminar flow) of the horizontal plate and Pr=1 and Sc=1
Page 12
, =
0.664
Chilton-Colburn analogy
, =
1.328
For laminar and turbulent flow where is no form drag such as flow over flat plate
and internal flows
= =
= 2/3
Prandtl analogy
2/3
For turbulent flows where is no form drag such as flow over flat plate and internal
flows
/2
1 + 5 2 ( 1)
Constants
g = Gravitational acceleration =9.81 m2/s
k B = Boltzmann constant =1.38 10-23J/K
Version 05/12/2014
Page 13
Use analogy for mass transfer. Arithmetic mean temperature for properties
Geometry
Charact.
length
Range of
Raleigh No.
RaL < 109
= 0.68 +
RaL = 104-109
RaL = 1010-1013
entire range
RaL = 104-107
RaL = 107-1011
RaL = 105-1011
Version 5/12/2014
4
9 9
16
0.492
1 +
1/4
= 0.825 +
0.3876
8
27
0.492 16
1 +
= 0.54
1/3
= 0.15
1/4
= 0.27
1
0.6704
= 0.59
1/3
= 0.1
Nu = f (Ra)
12
10
= 0.6 +
1
0.3876
8
27
0.559 16
1 +
Page 14
1011
0.7
1 < < 10
= 2 +
1
0.5894
4
9 9
16
0.469
1 +
1/4
= 2 + 0.43
Cylindrical
pipe of
diameter D
or
Noncylindrical
duct with
Dh=4Ac/P
Restrictions
Nu = f (Re,Pr)
Version 5/12/2014
Page 15
Cylindrical
pipe of
diameter D
Laminar within
velocity & thermal
entrance length
(short pipes)
1/3 0.14
0.0044 9.75 = 1.86
2L/D20
20<L/D<60
Cylindrical
pipe of
diameter D
0.7 100
> 104
L/D>60
0.7 17000
> 104
L/D>60
= 1 + ()0.7
= 1 + 6()
= 0.023 5
= 0.023
2 0.14
1
5 3
Flat plate of
length L
Laminar
(Blasius solution)
Flat plate of
length L
Cylinder
of diameter D
in crossflow
Version 5/12/2014
Turbulent
Laminar
0.6
or
0.6 2500
< 2 105
> 3 106
Pr = 1
Nu = f (Re,Pr)
1
= 0.332Re2x
1/2
= 0.664ReL
3
1/3
= 1/3
Page 16
Laminar &
turbulent
= 0.3 +
Pr > 0.2
0.622 3
1 +
1
2 4
(0.4/)3
5 4/5
8
1 +
282,000
20 105
Sphere
of diameter D
Laminar
0.71 380
3.5 < < 7.6 104
Sphere
of diameter D
Version 5/12/2014
0.31 ( )0.6
= 2 + 0.4
1
0.42
1/4
2
0.063
= 2 + 0.6 1/3
= 2
< 10,000
> 10,000
= 4 +
1
2 2
3
1.21
= 1.01 1/3
1/2
= 2 + 0.552
1/3
Page 17
Arrhenius number
activation energy / thermal energy
=
Biot number (mass)
convective MT / diffusive MT
=
Bodenstein number
convective MT / axial diffusive MT
=
(Peclet number for chemical
2
Brinkmann number
viscous dissipation / thermal
=
conduction
( 0 )
Capillary number
viscous force / capillary (surface
=
tension) force
Dean number
centrifugal force / viscous force
=
=
Eckert number
Euler number
Fourier number HT
Fourier number MT
Inertial friction factor
Viscous friction factor
Froude number
Galileo number
Version 5/12/2014
2
=
( 0 )
= 2
= 2 =
= 2
=
2
2
=
2
=
2
=
=
Page 18
Graetz number HT
Graetz number MT
Grashof number
Knudsen number
Lewis number
Mach number
Nusselt number
Ohnesorge number
Peclet number HT
Peclet number MT
Prandtl number
Raleigh number
Reynolds number
Schmidt number
Sherwood number
Stanton number HT
Stanton number MT
Stokes number
Strouhal number
Weber number
Version 5/12/2014
=
=
( 0 )3
=
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
= =
=
=
/
/
= =
=
=
=
=
=
2
=
Page 19