1

UNIT III. ART AND ARTISTS

GRAMMAR: PASSIVE VOICE (Simple Tenses)
Pre-reading questions:
1. The great Russian writer Dostoevsky said: Beauty will save the world.
How do you understand this?
2. How do you understand freedom in art?
TEXT: ART FOR HEARTS SAKE. 1 (after Rube Goldberg, adapted)
Here, take your juice, said

Koppel, Mr. Ellsworths servant and

nurse.
No, said Collis P. Ellsworth.
But its good for you, sir!
No!
The doctor insists on it!
No!
Koppel heard the front door bell and hurried to leave the room. He found
Doctor Caswell in the hall downstairs.
I cant do a thing with him, he told the doctor. He doesnt want to
take his juice. I cant persuade him to take his medicine. He doesnt want me
to read to him. He hates television. He doesnt like anything.
Doctor Caswell took the information with his usual professional calm.
This was not an ordinary case. The old gentleman was in pretty good health
for a man of seventy. But it was necessary to keep him from buying things.
His financial deals always ended in failure, which was bad for his health.
But the old man hated it when anybody interfered in his affairs and
ordered him to do things.
How are you this morning? Feeling better? asked the doctor. I hear
you havent been obeying my orders.
Who is giving me orders at my time of life? Am I to ask for
permission every time I want to do something? Am I to be punished for
disobedience? The doctor drew up a chair and sat down close to the old
man. He had to do his duty and he was prepared to take a chance.
Id like to make a suggestion, he said quietly. He didnt want to
argue with the old man.
Old Ellsworth looked at him over his glasses. The way Doctor Caswell
said it made him suspicious.
Art for arts sake ; art for hearts sake ; for the sake of
smb./smth., for smbs sake -/ -
1

What is it? More medicine, more automobile rides to keep me away

from the office? The old man asked with suspicion.
Not at all, said the doctor. Ive been thinking of something different.
As a matter of fact Id like to suggest that you should take up painting.
Nonsense! the old mans voice rose.
I dont mean seriously of course, said the doctor, glad that his
suggestion had been taken calmly enough. Just try. Youll like it.
Much to his surprise the old man agreed. He only asked who was going
to teach him drawing.
Ive thought of that too, said the doctor. I know a student from an
art school who can come round once a week. If you dont like it, after a little
while you can throw him out.
The person he had in mind and promised to bring about was a certain
Frank Swain, eighteen years old and a capable student. Like most students he
needed money. Doctor Caswell kept his promise. He got in touch with Frank
Swain and the lessons began. The old man liked it so much that when at the
end of the first lesson Koppel came in and apologized to him for
interrupting the lesson, as the old man needed a rest, Ellsworth looked
disappointed.
When the art student came the following week, he saw a drawing on
the table. It was a vase. But something was definitely wrong with it.
Well, what do you think of it? asked the old man stepping aside.
I dont mean to hurt you, sir, there is one thing I want to draw your
attention to began Swain.
I see, the old man interrupted, the halves dont match. I cant say I
am good at drawing. He added a few lines with a shaky hand and painted
the vase blue like a child playing with a picture-book.
Listen, young man, he whispered. I want to ask you something
before Old Juice comes again. I dont want to speak in his presence.
Yes, sir, said Swain with respect.
Could you afford the time to come twice a week or perhaps three
times?
They arranged to meet on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Ellsworth
never missed a lesson.
As the weeks went by, Swains visits grew more frequent . The old man
drank his juice obediently. Doctor Caswell hoped that business was forgotten
forever.
When spring came, Ellsworth painted a picture which he called Trees
Dressed in White. The picture was awful. The trees in the picture looked
like salad thrown up against the wall. Then he announced that he was going
to display it at the Summer Show at the Lathrop Gallery. Doctor Caswell and
Swain thought the old man was joking but said they admired it.

The Summer Show at the Lathrop Gallery was the biggest exhibition of
the year. All the outstanding artists in the United States dreamt of winning a
Lathrop prize.
Weve got to stop him. Its our duty, said Koppel. He insisted that
they should do something about it.
No, said the doctor. We cant interfere with his plans now and spoil
all the good work weve done. Besides I cant order that he should take the
picture back.
To the astonishment of all three Trees Dressed in White was accepted
for the Show.
Young Swain went to the exhibition one afternoon and blushed when
he saw Trees Dressed in White hanging on the wall. As two visitors stopped
in front of the strange picture, Swain rushed out. He was ashamed that a
picture like that had been accepted for the Show. He didnt want to hear what
they might say.
However Swain didnt give up teaching the old man who spent a lot of
time drawing. Every time Koppel entered the room he found the old man
painting something. Koppel even thought of hiding the brush from him. The
old man seldom mentioned his picture and was unusually cheerful.
Two days before the close of the exhibition Ellsworth received a letter.
Koppel brought it when Swain and the doctor were in the room. Read it to
me, asked the old man putting aside the brush he was holding in his hand.
My eyes are tired from painting.
The letter said: It gives the Lathrop Gallery pleasure to announce that
Collis P. Ellsworth has been awarded the First Landscape Prize of ten
thousand dollars for his painting Trees Dressed in White.
Swain became dumb with astonishment. Koppel dropped the glass with
juice he was about to give Ellsworth and did not bend to pick up the
fragments. Doctor Caswell managed to keep calm. Congratulations, Mr
Ellsworth, said the doctor. Fine, fineFrankly, I didnt expect that your
picture would win the prizeWellAnyway Ive proved to you that art is
more satisfying than business.
Art is nothing. I bought the Lathrop Gallery, said the old man very
pleased with the effect of his deception.
VOCABULARY
art n modern (national, realistic, abstract, etc.) art. Phr a work
of art - ; an art student -
; an art exhibition - ; artist ,
an art school , .

hurry vt /vi c, (), hurry home (to school, to the station,

etc.,); Dont hurry him, hell make a mistake. Hurry up! ,
! hurry n Whats the hurry? In a hurry ,
He is always in a hurry. . ( ).
deal n , to do/make a deal with sb -
; dealer n to deal (dealt, dealt) 1. , ,
, The book deals with modern art. It is difficult to
deal with the man. Who deals with such matters? 2. What goods
does this shop deal in?
suggestion n At whose suggestion did your arrange this
exhibition? make a suggestion , ; suggest vt
suggest a plan (idea, trip, etc) suggest that sb (should) do sth; I
suggest that they (should) visit the art museum.
to be prepared to do sth -; to be ready for sth
-
chance n , , a lucky chance (good, excellent, etc)
chance; I had no chance to speak to him . The chances are a hundred to one
against him. Phr by chance ; lose (miss) a/ones chance
, ; take a/ones chance (of doing sth) (
-), ; leave sth to chance -
rise vi (rose, risen) 1. , When I entered, he rose (from
his seat) to greet me. The sun rises early in summer; 2. ( ,
..) His voice rose in excitement (anger, etc) ; rise n
, a rise in temperature (prices, ones pay, etc)
interrupt vt , interrupt a lesson (a game, a person, etc); I
am sorry to interrupt you. The rain interrupted the game. interruption n
miss vt 1. , , miss a lesson the
beginning of a story; a chance; sbs words; a mistake, etc); miss a train
2. -./-. miss sb (a friend, ones
family, ones home, etc) 3. (-. / -.) When
did you miss your book? 4. , He fired at the
bird but missed. He tried to catch the ball but missed; missing a
, There two pages missing from (in) the book.

admire vt , admire a picture (house), sb's talent,

etc. ); admiration n ,
afford vt , ( ) ( .
can) Can you afford (to buy) an expensive coat? I can't afford the time.
.
spend vt (spent) 1. spend money (time, energy, etc.) on sth; 2.
( ) He spent two weeks in a sports camp.
mention vt ( -.) mention a fact (name, incident,etc) to sb
Dont mention it! ! mention n There was no
mention of it in the letter.
to be good (bad) for sb. () -: Smoking
is bad for your health. To be good (bad) at sth, e.g. He is very good at
drawing. .
insist (on sth.) ( -); insist that sb. should do sth.
, -. -.
persuade sb. to do sth. - -.
take sth. easy/hard/calmly, etc. - -/
-. //
keep sb. from doing sth.. - -
.
order 1. ; vt to order sb. to do sth. -.
-.; (to order that sb. should do sth.) Phr by order 2.
He likes order in everything. She keeps the house in good order. Phr be in
(out of) order , ( ,
); disorder n . 3. order a taxi (a dress,
dinner, books, etc)
obey sb. , -./-.
, ; disobebient .
suspicion ; suspicious
,

obedient

promise vt -., Phr to keep ones promise c

; to break ones promise .
attention ; to draw (call) sb.s attention to sth. -.
-., to pay (much, little, no) attention to sb/sth
(, , ) - , -.; to give attention to
sb/sth -./-.; to catch sbs attention
-. ; (in)attentive (), to be
(in)attentive to sb.
WORD COMBINATIONS
get in touch with sb , - .
apologise to sb for sth -. -..
paint sth blue (red, white, etc,) -. (,
) .
announce sth -.
dream of sth/doing sth (dreamt, dreamt) - , ,

give up sth/doing sth -,
-.
EXERCISES
COMPREHENSION
Ex. 1. Answer the following questions.
1. Why wasnt Koppel satisfied with the behaviour of his patient? 2. Why
wasnt Ellsworth an ordinary case? 3. Who was Frank Swain? 4. What proves
that Ellsworth liked to be taught painting? 5. What picture did Ellsworth
paint? 6. What happened two days before the close of the exhibition? 7. What
did the letter received by Ellsworth say? 8. How did everybody react to the
news that Ellsworth had been awarded a prize? 9. Which of Ellsworths words
show that Doctor Caswell hadnt proved to the old man that art was more
important than business?
Ex. 2. Find equivalents for the following phrases in the text.
-.; -.; -.
-.; ; ;
; -. ;

-. ; -. -.; ;
; -.; , -.
-.; ; ; -.
-.; ; -. ;
; ; ;
; ; ; .
Ex. 3. Is the statement true or false? If it is false, give a correct answer.
1. Mr. Ellsworth was very ill.
2. Doctor Caswell wanted all his patients business transactions to be a
success.
3. Mr. Caswell liked painting very much and was very good at drawing.
4. Mr. Caswells picture was accepted for the show.
5. Doctor Caswell, Coppel and Swain were happy to learn that Mr.
Ellsworths picture had been accepted for the show.
6. Doctor Caswell managed to prove to Ellsworth that art was more
satisfying than business.
Ex. 4. Finish the statements choosing a phrase from the ones in brackets.
1. Doctor Caswell (always kept calm; was impatient and rude; was polite
and patient; didnt like to argue).
2. Every time Koppel saw Doctor Caswell he said that the old man (was
obedient; was disobedient; liked television; hated television; took his
medicine obediently; didnt want to take his medicine).
3. All of Ellsworths deals (ended in failure; were a success; were bad for
his health).
4. Ellsworth hated it when anybody (interfered in his affairs; ordered him
to do things; suggested things that kept him in the office; suggested
something that kept him away from the office).
5. When the first lesson of drawing was interrupted, the old man (was
glad; got angry; felt awkward; was disappointed; was pleased).
6. When Doctor Caswell heard that the old man was going to send his picture
to the Show, he thought that the old man (was doing the right thing; had
gone mad; was sure to win the prize; was joking).
7. When Frank Swain saw Trees Dressed in White hanging on the wall, he
(felt proud; felt awkward; blushed; was ashamed).
8. Ellsworths picture was accepted for the Show because (it was really a
work of art; it was really very good; the old man had bought the Gallery).
Ex. 5. Put questions to the words in bold type.

1. Koppel tried to persuade Ellsworth to take medicine.

2. Doctor Caswell got in touch with Frank Swain.
3. Ellsworth painted a picture Trees Dressed in White.
4. All outstanding artists dreamt of winning a Lathrop Prize.
5. Koppel tried to hide the brush from the old man.
6. Koppel insisted that they should interfere with the old mans plans.
7. Frank Swains words hurt the old man.
8. He painted the vase blue.
9. Swain saw Trees Dressed in White at the Lathrop Gallery.
10. Buying the art gallery was a very successful transaction.
KEY STRUCTURES AND WORD STUDY
Ex. 6. Give the four forms of the following verbs.
hear, tell, hate, draw, prepare, say, keep, know, receive, stop, spend, rise,
admire, promise, get
Ex . 7. Insert prepositions where necessary.
1. Vegetables are very good your health. 2. The doctor insisted an
operation. 3. He is pretty good health for an eighty-year old man. 4. How
can I keep him doing what he wants? 5. She told me not to interfere her
affairs. 6. Children should obey adults. 7. Dont argue him. He is quite
right. 8. The boy was punished disobedience. 9. Who shall I ask
permission to leave? 10. Keep the dog. It may bite you. 11. I havent
seen my friend ages. I think I have to get touch him. 12. You must
apologize your colleagues being so rude. 13. Look at this car!
Something is definitely wrong it! 14. When he was younger he was very
good playing tennis. 15. Its bad manners to whisper somebodys
presence. 16. She has been dreaming becoming a famous actress since
childhood. 17. It has become impossible to deal her. We have to do
something it. 18. Dont mention it in your mothers presence. Shell get
upset. 19. Everybody was surprised to learn that an unknown artist was
awarded the First Prize. 20. Your teacher is very pleased your answer.
Ex. 8. Change the meaning of the sentences to the opposite by adding the
negative prefix un- to the words in bold type, and making other
necessary changes.

1. It was very kind of you to come to see us off. We had so many pieces of
luggage. 2. That is a rather usual way to begin a conversation with a stranger.
3. She was quite prepared for what she found on her return home. 4. In the
silence of the night I heard hurried steps under my window. 5. Its so like
him to give a promise and never keep it. 6. We were told that it was safe to
cross the river in that place. 7. When I finished speaking he made an
important remark. 8. She was quite able to do without outside help. 9. I
believe these changes to be necessary. 10. He felt well that day and enjoyed
the long country walk. 11. There was something pleasant in the way she
spoke and laughed.
Ex. 9. Paraphrase the sentences, using the negative prefix un- with the
words in bold type without changing the meaning of the sentences.
1. His first picture was never finished, death interrupted the artists work.
2. On her desk the secretary found some letters that were not answered yet.
3. I hope my absence from last nights meeting wasnt noticed.4. We didnt
expect him to return two days before the time. It came as a surprise to all of
us. 5. It was a wonder that after all these years the picture was not spoiled.
6. She was not prepared to answer the interviewers questions.
Ex. 10. Translate the following sentences into English, using a different
phrasal verb in each.
take off, send off, cut off, get off, break off, turn off, pull off, throw off, pay
off, run off, hurry off
1. . ,
. 2. . 3. -
, , . 4.
. 5. ,
. 6. , . 7.
, . 8. . -
. 9.
. 10. .
, , .
11. .
Ex.11. (A) Answer the following questions according to the model, using
the verb to insist.
Model: He insisted on sending his picture to the show.
Ellsworth insisted that the painting should be accepted for the

10

show.
1. Why did the old man have to drink fruit juice? Who insisted on it?
2. What did Doctor Caswell insist that the old man should do?
3. Why did Doctor Caswell insist that the old man should take up art?
(B) Translate into English.
1. . 2 ,
. 3.
, . 4. ,
. 5. ,
. 6. , ,
.
Ex. 12. (A) Fill in the blanks with rise or raise.
Model: His voice rose in anger.
He raised his voice in anger.
1. The lift slowly to the top floor. 2. When the visitor to go, I from
my chair, too. 3. As they watched the game, the excitement . 4. When she
entered the office he didnt even his head and continued working. 5. When
the moon we could continue our way. 6. Dont your voice speaking to a
child. 7. As he passed by he his hat to greet me. 8. His voice in
excitement. 9. The question was at our last meeting. 10. He very early
that morning. 11. It was late and the sun when the expedition started out.
12. The girl her eyes which were filled with tears. 13. After a few polite
remarks the visitor to leave. 14. The quarrel between the boys from a
mere trifle. 15. The car a cloud of dust. 16. Its getting warm the
temperature . 17. The last bell has gone. The curtain is going to in a
minute.
(B) Translate into English.
1. -, . 2.
. 3. .
4. . 5.
? 6.
- ? 7.
. . 8. To -
. 9.

11

, . 10.
! 11. , . 12.
- .
Ex. 13. Study the patterns with the verbs suggest and offer.
to suggest sth / doing sth (to sb)
to suggest that sb (should) do sth

to offer sb sth
to offer to do sth

(A) Use either suggest or offer.

1. John Sally his hand and heart. 2. He that we arrange an exhibition of
the best photos of the year. 3. Unfortunately they couldnt us any help.
4. Come on in! Sit down and relax. Can I you a cup of coffee? 5. Going to
a disco is not a very good idea. Have you anything better to ? 6. The headmaster that the teacher should get in touch with the boys parents as soon
as possible. 7. Do you that we print all this rubbish in our newspaper?
8. Though we were going to camp out, nobody taking tents with us. 9. I
can only you get a job. I cant you one though. 10. Who making a
fire in this dry weather? 11. I that we stay at the Savoy. It gives excellent
service at a reasonable price. 12. Alec to pay for her meal but she refused.
Lets go Dutch she said. 13. The manager you his apology for the
delayed delivery of the goods. 14. I seeing the film The Titanic if you
havent seen it yet. 15. It was so nice of him to to carry your suitcases!
(B) Fill in the blanks with suggest or offer.
1. Mr.Ford me a cigarette. 2. One of my friends to get tickets to the
stadium, as he had nothing to do that afternoon. 3. Who that the question
should be discussed immediately? 4. The shop assistant said that he couldnt
us anything else. 5. Martin that I should show him my collection of
pictures. 6. "Lets go to the picture gallery," somebody . 7. "You have a
very interesting plan," said Mr.Thompson. 8. I am grateful to you for the help
you are me. 9. Can I you another cup of tea? 10. Who discussing
this problem tomorrow? 11. Yesterday my sister me tickets to a concert.
12. When I was ill, my neighbour to take my books to the library. 13. The
secretary (we) leave the documents with her. 14. Peter (his friend)
spend the summer holidays at his parents. 15. When somebody a trip to
the country. We all welcomed the idea.
(C) Translate into English using suggest or offer.

12

1. ? 2.
. 3.
. 4.
, . 5.
? .
6. . 7.
, . 8.
. 9. ,
. 10. .
Ex. 14. Translate the sentences using why (not) do sth.
1. ? 2.
? 3. ? 4.
? ? 5.
? . 6.
? 7. ? ,
. 8. ? .
9. ? . 10. ?
. 11. ?
. 12. ? .
13. ? ? 14.
? ?
Ex. 15. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs where necessary.
1. The next morning when the mail came, he looked the papers but there
was no mention the incident them. 2. Do you any chance remember
her telephone number? 3. His father chose the best art school the boy and
spent lots money his education. 4. Wrap the matches oil paper if you
want to keep them dry when camping out. 5. You mustnt decide anything
a hurry, of course, but if you wait much longer, you may not get another
chance like that. 6. No wonder you have a headache, thats what comes of
lying the sun hours. 7. Can I have your text-book a moment, there
are several pages missing mine. 8. Early the morning the hunter left the
log cabin with the gun his arm and the dog walking him. 9. Goods
shop windows are almost never sold, but if they are, they are sold lower
prices. 10. You havent mentioned the news anybody yet, or have you?
11. She cut a big piece (slice) bread, put butter it and handed it
the boy. 12. Will you please step my way and let me pass. 13. When
they came the shop they saw a note the door saying Closed.

13

14. He got quite a bit money his first book of poems but spent it all
something worthless, I forget what exactly it was. 15. He saw a group
small children stop the shop window and look interest the toys it.
16. I dont advise you to argue him it, he knows the subject much better
than you do. 17. She was quite unprepared the surprise their unexpected
arrival gave her. 18. my mind the idea the sentence is quite clear; read it
again and you will see. 19. Everybody liked the arrangement and they quickly
came an agreement. 20. The art dealer was quite prepared sell the
picture 20 pounds which we found cheap the price.
Ex. 16. Fill in the blanks with a suitable word. Use the correct form.
spoil (3), spend (2), interrupt (2), hurry v,n , admire, admiration, prepare (2),
afford, miss v , lie v (3), rise v, raise (2), cut v, mention v, art, price (2),
expensive, chance (2)
1. I was eager to say my word in the general discussion but they never gave
me a .. , they were .. me all the time. 2. The sandwiches were .. and
.. on the plate. Now she could start making the tea. She had her own special
way of .. it. 3. There was no hope of agreement. Hours were .. in useless
talk. 4. His temperature suddenly .. . He was told to .. down and keep the
bed for some days. 5 We all .. the way the girl stopped the argument
without even .. her voice. 6. I fully agree with you that as a book it is quite
worthless, but it was made into a beautiful film, a real work of .. . 7. The
plan was discussed and agreed upon last week. Nothing can be changed, so
why .. the question again? 8. Somebody pushed him and the coffee was all
over his shirt. The shirt was .. , so was the tie. 9. The post office stands at
the corner of the street, you cant .. it. 10. The bell gave a loud ring and she
.. out of the room to answer the door. 11. The .. was too high. I couldnt
.. such an .. camera at the moment. Well, I would have to do without it a
little longer. 12. The painter was spoken of with .. . 13. My friend had
clearly left in a .. . His things were .. all over the room. 14. It was a
wonderful .. and I didnt want to .. it. 15. Too much salt will .. any
dish. 16. The dress was very pretty and cheap at the .. too, but she had
already .. a lot of money on herself as it was. 17. The vacation was .. for
them by the heavy rain. They werent at all .. for such weather. 8. Dont
you know its bad manners to .. people? 19. The incident was spoken of in
a general way. No names were .. .
Ex. 17. Translate the sentences from Russian into English using the active
vocabulary.

14

1. . 2. ,
. 3.
. 4. ,
,
. 5. ? 6.
. 7.
? 8. ,
. 9. .
10.
? 11. ,
. 12. ? 13.
. 14.
, . 15.
. 16. ,
. 17. ,
. 18. - - . -
? - . 19.
. 20.

. 21.
. 22. ,
? 23. . 24.
? 25. , ,
.
.
LANGUAGE WORK
Ex. 18. Study the following word collocations.
GIVE - a party

TAKE - a look at sth

sb a call

care of sb/sth

birth to a baby

part in sth

sb a lift (to a place)

place (in ...)

a talk about/on sth

sb a long time to do sth

sb trouble

a break from doing sth

Ex. 19. Rewrite the second sentence in each pair. Use no more than five
words including the word in bold type. Do NOT change this word.
Model: Phone me tomorrow please.
give Please give me a call tomorrow

15

1. What is the subject of your lecture tomorrow?

talk What are . . .. tomorrow?
2. There is a conference here tomorrow.
taking A conference .. .. tomorrow.
3. Do politics interest you?
take Do you .... .. ......... in politics?
4. My wife had twins last week.
gave Last week my wife . .. .. twins.
5. I spent an hour doing this exercise.
took It . .. an hour to do this exercise.
6. Get in my car. Ill take you to the station.
give Let me . to the station.
7. When my mother was ill, I looked after her.
took I . . .. her when she was ill.
8. Lately Ive had problems with my back.
trouble My back . .. .. lately.
9. There were three participants in the discussion.
took Three people . . .. the discussion.
Ex. 20. Translate into English using the expressions given above.
1. 3 . 2. ,
. 3. .
. . 4.
. 5. , .
6. 21 22 . 7.
. 8. ,
?
PHRASAL VERBS COME and GO
Ex. 20. Match the phrasal verbs in A (1-6) with the meanings in B (a-g).
A 1. Where did you come across this information?
2. Your name came up again in the conversation.
3. How did this misunderstanding come about?
4. Have you ever come up against this problem?
5. The boy came down with a bad cold.
6. The patient was given an anaesthetic and didnt come to for three
hours.
B a) meet or face a difficulty

16

b) happen
c) regain consciousness
d) find by accident or hear about
e) be talked about
f) fall ill with
Ex. 21. Replace the words in italics with the phrasal verb come in its
correct form.
across

up

down with

come
to

about

up against

Model: Have you found the invoices I asked you to find yesterday?
Have you come across the invoices I asked you to find yesterday?
1. Im afraid we are going to face a lot of problems trying to introduce this
new system.
2. The new project was mentioned at the directors meeting last week.
3. The room was so hot that a man actually fainted. Luckily he regained
consciousness almost immediately.
4. One of the secretaries has developed a nasty cold and wont be in today.
5. What I want to know is how the accident happened.
6. Where on earth did you find this beautiful old desk?
Ex. 22. Fill in the gaps with the proper particle.
1. She wasnt given enough anaesthetic and came _______ during the
operation, which was very frightening.
2. I came ______ some old photos when I was tidying my bedroom.
3. When did this name come ______ ?
4. My nephew came ______ ______ chicken pox last weekend.
5. Ill be late home tonight because somethings come ______ at work
which has to be ready tomorrow.
6. They came ______ ______ a lot of opposition to their plans for an outof-town supermarket.
7. As Max was clearing out his room, he came ______ Marys phone
number.
8. How did the accident come ______ ?

17

9. In Maxs conversation with Mary the topic of their wedding never came
_______ .
Ex. 23. Rewrite the second sentence in each pair. Use no more than five
words including the word come in the proper form. Do NOT change
this word.
Model: All students face the problem of phrasal verbs,
come
All students come up against phrasal verbs.
1. Is it the first time youve heard of phrasal verbs?
come
Have you ever .. phrasal verbs before?
2. What is another way of saying I fell ill with a cold?
came
How can I say I .. a cold"?
3. What about We often discuss this subject in our lessons"?
comes
What about This subject .. our lessons"?
4. The house was clearly seen in the light of the full moon.
came
The house . in the light of the full moon.
5. The patient regained consciousness in fifteen minutes after the
operation.
came
The patient in fifteen minutes after the operation.
Ex. 24. Translate the following into English. Use phrasal verbs.
1. ,
.
2. , , , .
3. , -
, ?
4. .
5. , ,
, .
6. . , .
Ex. 25. Study the following meanings of the phrasal verb go.

18

1. go on sth (a trip, an excursion) - /

(doing sth) - ( -.)
with sth - 1. (, ) 2.
-.
2. go off - 1. , 2. ( )
3. go for sth/sb -1. , -./-. 2. (a
walk, etc.)
4. go down - , ( about prices, a salary, etc)
5. go without sth - -.
6. go in for sth/ doing sth - () -.
7. go back on (ones promise) - ()
8. go over sth - , -.
9. go out - 1. 2. ( )
10. go through sth - ( )
Ex. 26. Paraphrase the following sentences using phrasal verb go.
1. Before leaving the house Martin checked all the things very carefully so
as not to take something that didnt belong to him.
2. John thought to himself that the scarf he had given Ann really looked
good with her coat.
3. Though the manager entered the room, his secretary continued to talk on
the phone to her boy-friend.
4. Its quite unpleasant to deal with him. He often breaks his promises.
5. Sometimes Peter thought of taking up football but each time he changed
his mind and preferred reading and watching TV.
6. Bonds gun shot while he was pulling Mary through the window.
7. The teacher looked through the test very carefully, pointing out the
students mistakes.
8. When the meeting had finished, they scanned the plan once again.
9. The police dog ran after the criminal.
10. Production of this kind of car has been decreasing lately.
11. People cannot live without water more than a few days.
Ex. 27. Use phrasal verbs come and go. Put in the correct
prepositions or adverbs. Consult your dictionary for other meanings of
the verbs.
1. It was some time before he came .. after being knocked out.
2. I had to wait for permission from the Town Council before I could go ..
with my plans.
3. He came .. to my way of thinking after a good deal of argument.

19

4.
5.
6.
7.

The guard dog went .. the intruder and knocked him down.
He had a sandwich and a cup of coffee, then went .. working.
Its no use trying to keep it secret; its sure to come .. in the end.
I went .. the proposal very carefully with my solicitor and finally
decided not to accept their offer.
8. The gun went .. by accident and wounded him in the leg.
9. The question of salary increases will come .. at the next general
meeting.
10. Wearing black for mourning went .. many years ago.
11. She went .. .. a beauty contest and got a prize.
12. Those rust marks will come .. if you rub them with lemon.
13. The price of tomatoes usually goes .. in England.
14. Seeing me from across the room, she came .. me, and said that she had
a message for me.
15. The early colonists of Canada went .. many hardships.
16. You cant go .. .. your promise now; we are depending on you.
17. I have changed my mind about marrying him. I simply cant go ... ... it.
18. The aeroplane crashed and went .. in flames.
19. He came .. a fortune last year. (He inherited it).
20. I refuse to go .. now. Im going on.
21. Wait till prices come .. again before you buy.
22. They have gone .. all the calculations again but they still cant find
the mistake.
23. I came .. a vase exactly like yours in an antique shop.
24. Dont go .. food if you want to economize. Just drink less.
25. Im at home all day. Come .. whenever you have time.
CINEMA and THEATRE
Theatre
At the theatre you can see plays, e.g. Hamlet by Shakespeare, or musicals,
e.g. Phantom of the Opera by Andrew Lloyd Webber. In a play the cast (= the
total number of actors) is usually quite small, but musicals often have a very
large cast.
You usually book (= reserve) tickets in a box-office in advance (some time
before the actual performance) if you are going to the theatre. Your seat can
be in the stalls, one of the boxes, the dress-circle or balcony / gallery. The
curtain rises (falls in the end) and you see the scenery. The audience (= the
people watching the play / musical) clap at the end of the performance.
Cinema

20

Plays are performed on a stage, films are shown on a screen. In your

country, films in English are either shown with subtitles (= there is a
translation across the bottom of the screen), or they are dubbed (= the
English is removed and replaced by actors speaking in your own language).
Films are set (= take place) in many different periods and places, e.g. Room
with a View is set in the early part of the 20th century; Blade Runner is set in
the future. And when people talk about films, they often talk about the
director, e.g. Spielberg, Bertolucci; and the stars, the most important actors
and actresses, e.g. Tom Hanks and Jodie Foster.
Types of films
Western: a film about America in the 19th century; often with cowboys and
Indians
War film, e.g. Born on the 4th of July
Horror film, e.g. Dracula; Frankenstein
Science fiction film: about the future
Action film, e.g. Indiana Jones
Comedy: a funny film that makes you laugh
Thriller: an exciting story about a crime
Journalists write articles in which they give their opinion of new films and
plays. They are called critics, and their articles are called reviews. These are
some words they may use:
Moving: producing strong emotions, often of sadness; a positive word
Violent: includes lots of scenes with fighting and death
Powerful: has a big effect on our emotions
Gripping: exciting and very interesting
Good fun: used to describe a film that may not be very serious or important
but is enjoyable.
Slow: boring
Ex. 28. What word or phrase is being defined?
1. A play or film in which part of the story is sung to music.
2. The total number of actors in a play or film.
3. The people who watch a play at the theatre.
4. What these people do with their hands at the end of a play.
5. The person who makes a film.
6. Journalists who write articles about films and plays.
7. The name of the articles they write.

21

8. The translation of the story of a film across the bottom of the screen.
9. To reserve tickets before the performance.
10. The most important actors or actresses in a film.
Ex. 29. Write 120 words about a film you have seen. Use the sentences
below and go on to briefly describe what happens in the film. Then give
your opinion of it. Was it brilliant? Boring? Exciting? Frightening?
Depressing?
The film is called
It stars
It takes place in
The film is about
MUSIC, ART and LITERATURE
A Forms and people
Forms

Person

Music

classical
pop/ rock

composer
songwriter

Art

painting
sculpture

painter / artist
sculptor

Literature

novels
short stories
poetry
plays

novelist
short story writer
poet
dramatist/playwright

artist (general)

writer (general)

B Music
Classical music: e.g. Beethovens piano concertos, Schuberts symphonies,
Beethoven and Schubert are both composers (= people who write music) and
most of their music is played by an orchestra (= a large group of musicians
including violins, cellos, etc.) which is led by a conductor.
Opera (= a play in which the words are sung): e.g. Carmen by Bizet.
Rock and pop music: e.g. U2, Bon Jovi, Maria Carey. This music is played
by groups / bands, or solo artists, e.g. Madonna. Many solo artists, e.g. Phil
Collins, are singer-songwriters (= they write and perform / play their own
songs).

22

Jazz: e.g. Duke Ellington, Miles Davis, Stan Getz.

C Art
If you want to see the painting of a famous artist, you need to go to an art
gallery or museum. There you can see individual paintings and sometimes an
exhibition (= a collection of paintings by one painter or school of painters,
e.g. the Impressionists), e.g.
Theres a Monet exhibition at the National Gallery next week.
There are many different types and styles of paintings:
a watercolour / an oil painting / a drawing
an etching (= a picture made first on a metal plate and then printed on paper)
a portrait (= a painting of a person)
a self-portrait (= a painting of the artist by himself/herself)
a landscape / a seascape (= a painting of part of the countryside / sea)
a still life (pl. still lifes) (= a painting of an arrangement of objects including
flowers and food)
a mural (= a painting made on a wall, inside or outside)
a fresco (= a watercolour wall-painting made on wet plaster)
a mosaic (= a picture made of pieces of stone or stained glass)
an abstract painting (= a painting that is not realistic)
D

Art trough ages and schools of art

Early Beginnings:

The Golden Age:

Stone Age - cave drawings

Classical Greek sculpture
Byzantine art
Flemish tapestries
Gothic architecture
the Renaissance period
the Baroque age
the Romantic era
the Neo-Classicists

Recent Developments: Impressionism

the Symbolists and Expressionism
Cubism. Pop art. Abstract art.
Ex. 30. Discuss your answers to the following questions with your
partner. Use the words from the above list if necessary.

23

1. What is your favourite style of art? (e.g. classical, renaissance, preRaphaelite, impressionist, abstract, realist, surrealist, pop-art, cubist,
modern)
2. What styles of art do you dislike?
3. When was the last time you went to an art gallery? Why? Did the visit
impress you?
4. What have you got on the walls at home?
5. If you could afford it, what kind of art would you have in your home?
Ex. 31. Describe your favourite work of art?

Is it a painting (sculpture, mural, etc.)? What type is it?

Who was it made by? When?
Where can one see it?
When and where did you see it?
What can one see in it? What does it depict? What is it about?
Why do you like it?

Ex. 32. Get a book on art. Describe the period you find most interesting
to the group.
READING I
AT THE ART DEALERS
(after Lust for Life by Irving Stone)
The little bell on the front door jingled. A stranger walked in. That picture
you have in the window, he said. That still life. Who is it by?
Paul Cezanne.
Cezanne? I have never heard of him. Is it for sale?
Ah, no, alas, it is already
Madame Tanguy saw her chance. A wiry little woman with a hard, thin
face and bitter eyes, she quickly rose from the chair, threw off her apron,
pushed Pere Tanguy out of the way, and ran up to the man eagerly.
But of course it is for sale. It is a beautiful still life, is it not, Monsieur?
Have you ever seen such apples before? We will sell it to you cheap, if you
admire it.
How much?
How much, Tanguy? asked Madame Tanguy raising her voice. Tanguy
swallowed hard. Three hundred
Tanguy!
Two hundred

24

TANGUY!
Well, one hundred francs!
A hundred francs? I wonder said the stranger. For an unknown
painter Im afraid thats too expensive. I dont think I can afford it. I was
only prepared to spend about twenty-five.
The canvas was immediately taken out of the window and put before the
customer.
See, Monsieur, it is a big picture. There are four apples. Four apples are a
hundred francs. You only want to spend twenty-five. Madame Tanguy broke
off. Suddenly she suggested: Then why not take one apple? The price is only
twenty-five franks.
When the price was mentioned, the man began to study the canvas with
new interest. Yes, I could do that. Its a fair offer. Just cut this apple the full
length of the canvas and Ill take it.
Madame hurried to her apartment and returned with a pair of scissors. The
end apple was cut off, wrapped in a piece of paper and handed to the man. He
paid the money and walked out with the canvas under his arm.
The soiled
masterpiece lay on the counter.
My favourite Cezanne, cried Tanguy unhappily. Ill miss it so! I put it
in the window. I wanted people to see it for a moment and go away happy.
Madame Tanguy interrupted him. Next time someone wants a Cesanne
and hasnt much money, sell him an apple. Take anything you can get for it.
They are worthless anyway, he paints so many of them.
Ex. 33. Answer the following questions.
1. What brought the stranger to the shop? 2. What kind of shop was it?
3. What did the stranger want to buy there? 4. Why did the stranger think that
the price asked for the painting was too high? 5. How much was he prepared
to spend? 6. Why did Madame Tanguy decide that she must take the matter in
her own hands? 7. How did it happen that the painting was cut up? 8. What
instructions did Madame Tanguy give her husband after the customer had left
the shop? 9. Why did she speak of Cezannes paintings as worthless?
10. Why hadnt Tanguy wanted to sell the painting?
READING II
BRITISH PAINTING
It is sometimes possible to see the national character in painters or
groups of painters. But the visual language of art travels quickly and easily,
and artists are influenced by things they see all over the world. Painters
themselves also travel a great deal, and one of the first important periods of
English painting was started by a German visitor. Hans Holbein the Younger

25

lived in London between 1527 and 1543, and painted wonderful portraits of
the rich and famous around the court of King Henry VIII. He had learned
from Italian painters which shows how international the art world was,
even at that time, when travel was slow and difficult.
Inspired by Holbein, a school of portrait painters developed in
England. The result was that there are many lovely pictures of Queen
Elizabeth I and those who surrounded her. One of the most famous of these
painters was Nicholas Hilliard, who specialized in miniatures: very small,
beautifully coloured paintings.
Another great portrait painter, Joshua Reynolds (1723-92), spent time
studying in Italy in the 18th century. Of course, from the viewers perspective,
portraits are a strange art form. As with photographs, why should you be
interested if you do not know the person in the picture? But, like that of his
contemporaries William Hogarth and Thomas Gainsborough, the quality of
Reynolds painting is enough in itself; the expression in the faces, and the
insights into character are fascinating.
One of Reynolds students was as much a writer and poet as a painter.
The mystic William Blake (1757-1827) had extraordinary religious dreams
and visions, which he expressed in poetry, drawings and paintings.
Although there have been brilliant British painters, few of them have
achieved an international reputation. However, there is at least one notable
exception J.M.W. Turner (1775-1851). His paintings were years ahead of
their time. He was working in the first half of the 19 th century, but his work
seems to look forward to the impressionism of 75 years later. While almost all
other paintings of his period were realistic and detailed, Turners were free,
daring and impressionistic.
In fact, the genius of Turner was not really appreciated in his own time.
Only more recently has he come to be regarded as the greatest of British
painters. Much of Turners work is at the Tate Gallery in London, which is
also the best place in the country to see modern art.
The 20th century was an extremely busy and exciting time for British
painting. At first the tendency was, as often in the past, to imitate the big
names from Europe. The French impressionists had taken the world by storm,
and there was little to do but try to copy them. Then Picasso and Braque came
up with something completely new cubism; again British painters followed.
British art history books are therefore pleased to report that in the
middle of the 20th century a new movement actually started in the UK. In the
1950s and 60s, Britain was in many ways a very fashionable place: British
pop music and clothes were big news all over the world. The visual arts too
joined in this successful piece of marketing. Pop art in particular caught the
imagination of young people.

26

This movement dropped almost all previous ideas about painting, and
picked up the images of advertising, pop music and cheap everyday objects.
The first artists to do this were Richard Hamilton, Eduardo Paolozzi (who is
Scottish, in spite of his Italian name) and Peter Blake (who made the famous
cover of the Beatles album Sergeant Pepper). In 1957, Hamilton said that pop
art should be: Popular, expendable, low cost, mass produced, young, witty,
sexy, glamorous.
The same feeling of confidence, freshness and innovation gave rise to
other styles, too. In her accurate, beautifully designed paintings, Bridget Riley
made images which created interesting optical effects and as a result came
to be known as opt art. One surprise was that she used only black and white, a
very unusual thing for a painter to do!
For some years now, young British artists seem to have given up the
traditional forms of drawing, painting and sculpture. If you go to an art
college exhibition, you will probably see photos, videos, constructions with
lights and sounds, live people performing, found objects and philosophical
statements. Media attention is always on the new, the daring and the
shocking, and art prizes often reward originality rather than old-fashioned
taste and skill.
Ex. 34. Answer the following questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.

What artist made the first important contribution to British painting?

What is a miniature?
Why are portraits so fascinating?
Who were the most famous British painters of the 18 th century? What
made them famous?
5. Why were Turners paintings ahead of their time?
6. Where can one see Turners work?
7. What movement started in England in the middle of the 20 th century?
What was new? Why did it become popular?
8. What do you think of Hamiltons statement about pop art?
9. What is modern art like?
10. Is art national or international?
READING III
FRIDA KAHLO
Frida Kahlo was born in Mexico in 1907. However, she claimed her
birthday as 1910, the year of the Mexican Revolution, saying that she and
modern Mexico had been born together.
When she was six years old she contracted polio and spent nine months,
confined to her room. As a result, her right leg was very thin and made her

27

walk in a strange way. When she returned to school, the children teased her.
From then on, she always concealed her right leg.
When she was eighteen, she was seriously injured in an accident between
a street car and a bus: a metal handrail pierced her body. Over the years she
underwent thirty-two major operations and suffered enormous pain for the
rest of her life.
She was her fathers favourite daughter, and he called her his dove.
She married a famous muralist, Diego Rivera, when she was twenty. He
was forty-two and had been married twice before.
She told a journalist, When I was seventeen (subtracting three years from
her age) Diego began to fall in love with me. My father didnt like him
because he was a communist and because they said it was like an elephant
marrying a dove.
They had a stormy relationship. Her husband was often unfaithful and
even had an affair with Cristina, Fridas younger sister. Frida also had
extramarital affairs, including one with Leon Trotsky when the Russian leader
was exiled from the Soviet Union.
In January 1939 she traveled to Paris where she met Picasso. The Louvre
purchased one of her self-portraits.
In April, on her return to Mexico, Frida and Diego began divorce
proceedings. Frida was devastated and for a while stopped wearing the
traditional Mexican dresses that Diego loved so much. Ironically, she painted
some of her most powerful works during her separation from Diego. The
couple remarried in December 1940.
In 1946 she had surgery on her spine, and in 1953 her right leg was
amputated below the knee.
Frida was never able to have children. She said, My painting carries
within it the message of pain. And when asked why she painted herself so
often, she replied, Because I am all alone.
She died in July 1954, barely two weeks after taking part in a communist
demonstration.
Ex. 35. Complete these sentences about Frida Kahlos tragic history of
ill-health.
a) When she was six years old she contracted polio / an accident.
b) She spent nine months confined to traveling / her room.
c) When she was eighteen she was heavily / seriously injured in an
accident.
d) Over the years she underwent / tolerated thirty-two major operations.
e) In 1946 she had illness / surgery on her spine.
Ex. 36. Answer the following questions.

28

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

What was Fridas nationality?

What health problems did she have?
Do you think she was a talented artist? Prove it.
Why did she paint so many self-portraits?
Was her marriage to Diego Rivera a happy one?

READING IV.
GREENWICH VILLAGE
Greenwich Village is a place in New York City where many artists have
been living and working since the nineteenth century. At that time, a small
group of artists and writers began to meet in the cafes and bars of the
Village to discuss the newest and most modern ideas in art and literature. By
the early 1900s, Greenwich Village was well known as a place where artists
with different or unconventional views about art, and other people with
generally unusual or non-conformist life-styles, spent their time.
The bohemian life of Paris had a great influence on the gradual creation of
Greenwich Village as New Yorks bohemian, avant-garde center. There is
even an imitation of Paris famous Arch of Triumph in the center of
Greenwich Village, Washington Square Park.
In 1917, the famous French avant-guard artist, Marcel Ducamp, a resident
of the Village, climbed to the top of the Washington Square arch and declared
the Greenwich Village a separate, independent nation of bohemians. Such
outrageous and eccentric behaviour became more and more typical of
Greenwich Villagers, and began to attract tourists from everywhere.
In 1920s, there was also something else in Greenwich Village which
attracted tourists alcohol. The 1920s was the Era of Prohibition in the
United States; the buying and selling of alcoholic drinks was illegal. But, in
Greenwich Village, there were many secret bars called speakeasies where
people could buy alcohol. Today, there is a famous bar in Greenwich Village
called Chumleys, which was once a speakeasy. A lot of famous artists and
writers went to this bar among them, playwright Eugene ONeill and the
poet Edna St. Vincent Millay.
Chumleys is still popular with Greenwich Villagers, and also with many
tourists who walk along the Greenwich Village streets in search of art
galleries, cafes, and special bohemian spirit.
Ex. 37. Read the text for the following information:
1. When did artists and writers first begin to meet in Greenwich Village?
2. What kind of things did they talk about?

29

3. What was Greenwich Village well-known for by the early twentieth

century?
4. What other city influenced the development of Greenwich Village?
5. What can you find in Washington Square Park?
6. Who was Marcel Duchamp? What did he do in 1927?
7. What two things began to attract more and more tourists to Greenwich
Village?
8. What was Prohibition?
9. What kind of places were speakeasies?
10.What is Chumleys?
11.Name two famous writers who went to Chumleys in the 1920s.
GRAMMAR. THE PASSIVE VOICE (Simple forms and basic patterns)
I. The passive voice can only be formed of transitive verbs (vt), i.e. verbs that
take an object (what?/who? noun), e.g. to translate (what?) an article, to
cook (what?) dinner, to bring (what?) a chair, to see (who?) a man, to award
(who?) a student, etc.
Intransitive verbs (vi) do not form the passive voice, as they do not
require any object, e.g. to live, to exist, to cry, to sleep, to go, to stand, to fall,
etc.
Some verbs can be both transitive and intransitive, for example,
The cup fell and broke. (intransitive)
Youve broken (what?) my cup! (transitive)
Some transitive verbs cannot be changed into the passive voice, e.g. to
have, to suit, to resemble, to lack, etc. When you learn a new verb pay
attention to what your dictionary says about it!
Ex. 38. Use your dictionary to find out if the following verbs are
transitive or intransitive or both.
1. please 2. call 3. cook 4. weep 5. laugh 6. pose 7. remember 8. lead
9. die 10. run 11. share 12. breathe 13. examine 14. fit 15. change
16. earn 17. imagine 18. pay 19. dye 20. brood 21. sign 22. clasp 23. take
24. sigh 25. weigh 26. adore 27. fly 28. envy 29. stagger 30. ride
II. The passive voice is used :
1. When the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, not
important, or obvious from the context, e.g.
a) Five policemen were killed in Northern Ireland yesterday.

30

2.

3.

4.
5.

(unknown agent)
b) Repairs were made on the runway. (obvious agent)
When we are interested more in the action than the agent, such as in
news reports, formal notices, instructions, processes, headlines,
advertisements, etc.
a) The whole area was evacuated. (news report)
b) Breakfast is served from 6.00 to 10.30. (formal notice)
c) The water was heated and a solution of chemicals was
prepared. (process)
To make the object of the active verb more important, e.g.
A description of the gunman was issued by the police.
(Attention is drawn to the description of the gunman rather than
who issued it.)
To make a statement more formal or polite, e.g.
My new dress has been ruined. (More polite than saying You
ruined my dress.)
To put emphasis on the agent or when the description of the agent is
very long.
The Pyramids were built by the ancient Egyptians.
A charity record will be made by many famous names in the
world of pop music.

III. The passive voice is formed with the help of the auxiliary verb to be in
the proper tense form and Participle II (third form of the verb) of the verb in
the active voice.
TO BE + PARTICIPLE II (DONE)
Present Simple

am / are / is asked

Past Simple

was / were

asked

Future Simple

will be

asked

The negative and interrogative forms do not require any other

auxiliaries:
This house was built last year.
This house was not built last year.
Was this house built last year?
Study the examples:
A lot of articles are published on the subject. (Present Simple)
Rome wasn't built in one day. (Past Simple)

31

The origin of the Universe will never be explained. (Future Simple)

Ex. 39. Make the following sentences passive.
1. They serve dinner at 6 oclock. 2. We built this house last year. 3. Im sure
he will finish this portrait soon. 4. They watered the roses twice a day.
5. Nobody took this information down. 6. They didnt translate his last book.
7. Maybe they will employ you. 8. He wrote this music when he was young.
9. They will certainly not accept this project for competition. 10. They clean
rooms every morning. 11. We regularly look through our e-mail. 12. They
restored this castle two years ago. 13. No doubt they will buy all the
necessary things. 14. They lock the front door every night. 15. They didnt
pack their suitcases.
Ex. 40. Make the sentences interrogative and then negative.
Model: This dictionary is sold out.
Is this dictionary sold out?
This dictionary isnt sold out.
1. The bridge was repaired last year. 2. His books were translated into many
languages. 3. The landscape will be finished next week. 4. You are invited to
the party. 5. All the students were examined. 6. His music is played in
restaurants. 7. The roads will be paved too. 8. The airfield was repaired and
enlarged. 9. Your work is monitored. 10. Many workers were sacked.
IV. In the passive voice by + agent is used to say who or what did / caused
the action and with + instrument / material to say what the agent used, e.g.
She was hit on the head by (who?) the burglar with (what?) a
piece of wood.
In some cases, however, you have to memorize the right preposition,
e.g. (be done) by hand, (be written) in ink/pencil.
The picture was done in water colours.
In questions the preposition is usually placed at the end of the sentence, e.g.
Who was it destroyed by?
What is the table laid with?
Ex. 41. Supply the missing preposition.

32

1. Most children are strongly influenced their parents. 2. The jam

sandwiches were made white bread. 3. Jake was dismissed his boss.
4. The note was written her handwriting. 5. The show was presented Mr
Jones. 6. The parcel was tied string. 7. The meal was eaten chopsticks.
8. The song was performed Madonna. 9. This awful mess was made
Carols dog. 10. The pottery was painted hand. 11. My hair was cut a
top stylist. 12. The goal was scored Liverpools youngest player. 13. The
beds were made up clean sheets. 14. The supermarket trolley was filled
cat food. 15. My camera was loaded a black and white film.
16. Was his drawing made ink?
Ex. 42. Ask questions about the words in bold type.
1. Paints are mixed on a palette. 2. You will be protected by a bodyguard
24 hours a day. 3. Plants are used by herbalists to cure common illnesses.
4. The table was laid with her finest china. 5. The mountain peaks were
covered in sparkling snow. 6. Symphony #7 was composed by D.
Shostakovich in Leningrad in 1941. 7. His first novel was received with
enthusiasm.
V. After some verbs you can use the passive infinitive (to be done) to say that
the subject of your sentence is the logical object of the action:
a) He wanted (what?) them to choose him for that job.
He wanted (what?) to be chosen for that job.
b) With verbs that take a gerund (-ing form) the passive form (being
done) is used to say that the subject of your sentence is the logical
object of the action:
She likes (what?) people admiring her. She likes (what?) being
admired.
Ex. 43. Open the brackets using the proper form of the verb.
1. I wanted (show) them my collection. 2. I wanted (show) the
collection. 3. He expected (give) some explanation. 4. Im going (take)
the students round the university. 5. She liked (clean) the house before the
guests arrived. 6. What am I going (ask) at the interview? 7. I hate
(interrupt). 8. I expected (find) you in. 9. He didnt expect (dismiss).
10. When are we going (examine)? 11. I cant stand people (play) such
jokes! 12. He hated (deceive). 13. They expected (invite) to the party.
14. I didnt want (ask) about my family. 15. He was going (punish) for
his bad behaviour. 16. He expected me (invite) them to the exhibition.

33

17. I love people (give) me flowers. 18. She likes (compliment) on her
work. 19. She likes her paintings (admire). 20. They cant stand people
(criticise) them.
VI. After modal verbs the passive infinitive (to) be done can be used to say
that the subject of your sentence is the logical object of the action:
MODAL VERB + (TO) BE + PARTICIPLE II (DONE)
may / might
can / could
must
need(nt)
should
have / has / had
am / are/ is / was / were
ought

be
done
to be

You must serve (what?) dinner. Dinner must be served.

I neednt translate (what?) this text. This text neednt be translated.
You have to do (what?) it today. It has to be done today.
Ex. 44. Change the sentences from the active into the passive.
1. You should take these tablets before meals. 2. You must wash coloured
clothes separately. 3. The strike may delay your flight. 4. You neednt do
these exercises for tomorrow. 5. We can settle this problem in no time. 6. You
cant leave your children here alone. 7. He was to deliver the packet the next
day. 8. You mustnt disturb him. 9. We had to postpone the meeting. 10. You
ought to take the dog for a walk. 11. We neednt change the agenda. 12. Im
afraid you have to clean your car. 13. Nobody can repair this chair. 14. They
ought to drive tourist buses more carefully. 15. You must lengthen your skirt.
16. They may lose our luggage. 17. We couldnt divert his attention. 18. We
have to check this information. 19. You should cover the pan with a lid.
Ex. 45. Supply the necessary modal verb with the proper form of the
infinitive.
Model: Synthetics (wash) in hot water.
Synthetics mustnt / shouldnt be washed in hot water.

34

1. The document (sign) by the director. 2. Butter (leave) in a warm

place. 3. The walls (paint) blue. 4. The picture is awful! It (exhibit) in
the gallery. 4. It was part of our agreement. I (place) in charge of the
office. 5. (Police notice) Cars (park) here. 6. (Notice) Cameras, sticks and
umbrellas (leave) at the desk. 7. He (disturb). Hes working.
8. Courgettes (eat) raw. 9. Children (allow) to play with matches.
10. (Notice above petrol pump) All engines (switch) off. 11. Exams
(retake) twice. 12. (Park notice) All dogs (keep) on leads. 13. Champaign
(serve) cool. 14. Test papers (mark) by all the teachers. 15. Exit doors
(lock) during performance.
Ex. 46. Translate into English using the Passive.
1. . 2.
. 3.
. 4. . 5.
. 6.
. 7. .
8. , . 9.
, . 10.
. 11. .
12. .
NOTE: Some verbs and phrases in English, for example need, want, be
worth require an active gerund (doing), though the Russian equivalent is
passive, e.g.
The window needs cleaning. = You need to clean (what?) the window.
.
The film is worth seeing. = You should see (what?) the film.
.
Ex. 47. Complete the sentences logically using a gerund.
1. Your shoes need 2. This students course paper is worth 3. The Mona
Lisa is worth 4. Their concerts arent worth 5. This information needs
6. His flat needs 7. This knife wants 8. Her advice is worth
9. Your fingernails want 10. Is the film Avatar worth ?
Ex. 48. Translate into English.

35

1. . 2. ?
3. . 4. . 5.
(trim). 6. . 7.
. 8. . 9.
(grieve about). 10. . 11.
.
***
Ex. 49. Supply the missing auxiliary or modal verbs.
1. The telegram sent at five oclock yesterday. 2. I am sure, a lot of
questions asked when he finishes speaking. 3. The shops opened at 8
oclock in the morning. 4. When the road made? 5. Its very cold. You
be dressed warmly. 6. This report be sent at once. 7. This work is easy. It
be done by a child. 8. The doctor called early in the morning. 9. These
questions be raised at tomorrows meeting. 10. The book be enjoyed by
a person of any age. 11. All his documents lost during the war. 12. This
museum closed in summer. 13. Traffic rules must always followed.
14. The room filled with smoke.
Ex. 50. Ask questions using the question words in brackets.
Model: The doctor was called at 5.30. (When?)
When was the doctor called?
1. Such books are sold in special shops. (In what shops?) 2. These magazines
must be returned in an hour. (When?) 3. The picture was spoilt by fire.
(How?) 4. This work can be done in two days. (In how many days?) 5. The
money will be spent on food. (On what?) 6. Such question are often raised by
students. (By whom ?) 7. Hot meals are served in this restaurant till 11 p.m.
(Till what time?) 8. Umbrellas and coats must be left in the cloak-room.
(What?)
Ex. 51. Make the sentences negative. Explain why something cant be
done (Use the prompts in brackets).
Model: This book can be taken home. (It/read/reading-room)
This book cant be taken home. It must (can only) be read in the
reading-room.
1. This dress can be washed. (It/dry-clean) 2. The letter can be sent. (It/
stamp) 3. He can be relied on. (He/not/keep/promises) 4. The envelope was
found on the desk. (It/find/floor) 5. The advertisements were looked through

36

very attentively. (An important one/miss) 6. Dictionaries may be used at the

exams. (It/forbid) 7. The book was read. (The pages/not/cut) 8. The note was
written in pencil. (It/write/in ink) 9. Everything was ready for the party. (!)
(Cakes/not/bake) 10. His plan should be changed. (Everything/
plan/carefully)
Ex. 52. Translate into English using the passive voice.
1. . 2.
. 3.
. 4.
. 5.
. 6. ,
. 7. . 8.
. 9. .
10. . 11.
. 12. ?
***
Passive Voice of Verbs with Two Objects or a Prepositional Object.
I. With verbs that take two non-prepositional objects, for example, give,
send, tell, show, pay, promise, offer, hand, etc, sb sth, there are two patterns
of the passive construction:
She handed (who?) me (what?) the plate.
1.

I was handed the plate. (The who-object becomes the subject of the
passive construction. This pattern is neutral and more common.)
.

2.

The plate was handed to me. (The what-object becomes the subject
of the passive construction. The emphasis in this case is on the
who-object which is used with the preposition to.)
.

NOTE: If it is possible to make two different passive constructions, it is

more usual to begin with the person.
Ex. 53. Make sentences with both passive patterns.
Model: They gave him an apple.

37

a) He was given an apple.

b) An apple was given to him.
1. They showed us the way to the station. 2. He will give me the money for
my holiday. 3. Did you send him a telegram? 4. They promised their son a
bicycle. 5. They cant tell her the truth. 6. We told him the news before he
left. 7. They gave us no explanation. 8. They offered him a good job after
graduation. 9. I showed them the garden. 10. They promised us a good pay
rise.
Ex. 54. Disagree making the sentences negative and passive, emphasize
the correct information.
Model: They gave him the first prize. (she)
- No, he wasnt given the first prize. It/The prize was given to her.
1. They offered him that post. (his colleague) 2. They promised you
promotion. (another clerk) 3. They showed him the documents. (his boss)
4. They will give her a new computer. (her brother) 5. They offered her a twoweek holiday. (I) 6. He paid them a bonus. (you) 7. They gave you a ticket to
the concert. (my friend) 8. They sent her an invitation. (he) 9. He gives you
driving lessons. (my wife) 10. They handed you their passports. (the customs
officer)
Ex. 55. Put questions to the parts in bold type.
1. He was given two days to think the matter over. 2. We were shown a new
film. 3. The instructions were given to everybody. 4. The new method will be
shown to the young specialist today. 5. He was told that she had finished
school the year before. 6. He was paid $3000. 7. You were offered this job
because your qualifications are excellent. 8. The students are given two
lectures a week on this subject.
Ex. 56. Ask all possible questions about the following sentences.
1. My elder brother was offered three part-time jobs.
2. Three best students will be given awards for their course-papers.
Ex. 57. Translate into English using the passive voice.

38

1. . 2.
. 3. . 4.
2000 . 5. ?
6. . 7. .
8. ? 9. . 10.
. 11. ?
12. , . 13.
. 14. - ? 15.
. 16.
. 17. . ( ?) 18.
? 19. . 20.
? 21. .
II. With the verbs ask, envy, teach sb sth practically only one passive
construction is used, i.e. when the direct object denoting a person becomes
the subject of the passive construction, e.g.
They asked (who?) him (what?) a lot of questions.
He was asked a lot of questions.
. (!)
Ex. 58. Translate into Russian.
1. He was asked his occupation. 2. He was envied his enormous fortune. 3. I
was never taught riding a horse. 4. The minister was to be asked that question
at the end of the interview. 5. He had to be asked so many questions because
we wanted him to see that we were really interested. 6. Do you think Ill be
asked this at the examination? 7. He was taught a lesson hell remember
forever. 8. Who were you taught Chinese by? 9. He was envied his ability to
get away with his wrongdoings.
Ex. 59. Make the following sentences passive. Translate them into
Russian.
1. The lecture was interesting, the students asked the professor a lot of
questions. 2. Do you think they will envy me my promotion? 3. They taught
him several languages when he was a child. 4. They often ask him such
questions. 5. They teach us two foreign languages at the university. 6. My
elder brother taught me the rules of the game. 7. He asked them their names.
8. They envied him his talent. 9. Professor Smith taught us physics last year.
10. Everybody envied him his staggering success. 11. Im sure theyll ask you
about your income. 12. Our father was to teach them computer. 13. In this

39

course they will also teach you diplomatic etiquette. 14. Our classmates
envied us our friendship.
Ex. 60. Make the sentence a question and give a positive answer in the
passive voice.
Model: You envied him his strength.
- Did you envy him his strength?
- Yes, he was envied his strength.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

You asked him some questions.

They taught him a lesson.
You asked them their names.
They asked you your telephone number.
You taught them Spanish.
They envied you your luck.
They asked you your age.
You taught her computing.
She envied him the love of his fans.

Ex. 61. Ask all possible questions about the following sentences.
1. All the students will be asked three additional questions at the spoken
exam.
2. The students of our group were taught simultaneous translation by an
experienced interpreter.
Ex. 62. Translate into English using the passive voice.
1. . 2.
, . 3.
. 4. ? 5. ,
. 6. , . 7. ,
. 8. ? 9.
, . 10.
. 11.
. - . 12.
.
III. With the verbs explain, suggest, describe, dictate, repeat, mention,
announce, etc. sth to sb only the what-object can become the subject of the
passive construction, e.g.

40

He described (what?) the situation (to who?) to me.

The situation was described to me.
. (!)
Ex. 63. Make the following sentences passive. Translate them into
Russian.
1. They will dictate the telegram to her over the phone. 2. We repeated the
same thing to him several times. 3. Among other things he mentioned this
most interesting fact to me. 4. Did they explain the problem to you? 5. They
described to us the life in this out-of-the way place. 6. They announced the
news to their friends at yesterdays party. 7. They repeated the arrival time to
the passengers. 8. Somebody suggested a trip to the Balkans to us. 9. She
described her house and garden to them. 10. Are they going to repeat the
names of the participants to us? 11. You should explain the possible problems
of the experiment to them. 12. She must describe the mugger to the police.
13. My boss dictates different documents to me every day. 14. We announced
the day of our wedding to our friends.
Ex. 64. Make the sentence a question and give a negative answer in the
passive voice.
Model: You mentioned this fact to them.
- Did you mention this fact to them?
- No, this fact wasnt mentioned to them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

They suggested another plan to you.

He dictated the address to you.
They explained the situation to her.
They announced the names of the prize-winners to the students.
You repeated the phone-number to him.
They described the criminal to the police.
The professor mentioned this strange fact to his colleagues.
He described the place to you in detail.
She announced the time of the exam to all the students.

Ex. 65. Ask all possible questions about the following sentences.
1. Two challenging projects were suggested to us at the graduates meeting.
2. The reason for our silence about it wasnt explained to her.

41

Ex. 66. Translate into English using the passive voice.

1. , . 2. .
3. , .
4. . 5.
. 6.
. 7. 15
. 8. . 9.
? , . 10.
. 11. ,
? 12. ,
. 13. . (in passing)
14. .
IV. Passive Voice of Verbs which Have a Prepositional Object.
When a verb + preposition + object combination is put into the passive, the
preposition should not be dropped and should come immediately after the
verb, e.g.
They looked at the painting with admiration.
The painting was looked at with admiration.
We must write to him.
He must be written to.
Ex. 67. Change the sentences into the passive voice.
1. They listened to his lecture with great interest. 2. He throws away all his
old note-books at the end of the school year. 3. You must think the matter
over. 4. They spoke to the Dean on the subject. 5. We must send for the doctor
immediately. 6. People talk much about this film. 7. People always laughed at
his jokes. 8. They argued about the incident for a long time. 9. We cant speak
of such important matters lightly. 10. She likes it when people talk about her.
11. We looked through all the advertisements very attentively. 12. The
gardener gathered all the dry leaves and set fire to them. 13. People will talk
much about the successful debut of the young actress, no doubt.
14. You can rely upon your guides experience. 15. Why didnt the speaker
dwell longer upon this question? 16. You should send the sick man to
hospital. They will look after him much better there. 17. He was very glad
that nobody took notice of his late arrival. 18. He was a brilliant speaker, and,
whenever he spoke, the audience listened to him with great attention.

42

19. Why did they laugh at him? 20. Nobody ever referred to that incident
again. 21. If you wear this, theyll laugh at you. 22. Nobody lives in this
house. 23. We always look after our pets. 24. We never listen to this kind of
music when we want to have a rest. 25. You should take care of this business.
26. I should pay attention to my teachers advice. 27. Nobody slept in the bed.
28. They didnt pay for the package at once. 29. People speak much about his
new play. 30. We shouldnt argue about such trifles. 31. They looked down on
him.
Ex. 68. Recast the sentence using the words in brackets.
Model: He seldom keeps his promise. (he/can/rely on).
He cant be relied on.
Hes very sensitive. (he/not like/ to laugh at).
He doesnt like to be laughed at.
1. The child is very ill. (the doctor/send for) 2. The old car is in excellent
condition. (it/look after/well) 3. He was speaking for two hours. (he/listen
to/in silence) 4. She is going to hospital tomorrow. (she/take good care of)
5. This little boy is always dirty. (he/not look after/properly) 6. She is always
breaking things in the kitchen. (she/speak to/about her carelessness) 7. Hes a
sensible man. (his advice/listen to/carefully) 8. The dentist said her teeth were
very bad. (they/take care of) 9. He never broke a promise in his life.
(he/can/rely on) 10. Shakespeare was born more than 400 years ago. (he/look
upon/the greatest of English poets)
Ex. 69. Supply the missing prepositions.
1. They read all the books that are much talked . 2. She always felt
uncomfortable when she was looked . 3. When are the old newspapers
going to be thrown ? 4. He is spoken with warmth. 5. The question was
not to be argued . 6. The tickets must be paid immediately. 7. Each
word he spoke was listened . 8. The matter was argued for days.
9. Whats that thing meant ? 10. This idea was given long ago. 11. The
passports were carefully looked . 12. He wondered if the wounded would
be taken care . 13. The delegation was seen at the airport by all the
ministers. 14. The task we were charged seemed impossible to do. 15. All
the materials were handed .
Ex. 70. Translate into English using the passive voice.

43

1. C . 2. .
3. . 4. ,
. 5. . 6.
. 7. . 8.
. 9. . 10.
, . 11.
. 12. ! 13.
! 14. ? 15. ?
WORD- BUILDING. PREFIXES
I)

Adjective prefixes with the meaning not.

un is used with many different words, e.g.

unfriendly, unable, unemployed, untidy, unkind, unpleasant, unlawful
im is used before some words beginning with m or p, e.g.
impolite, immoral, impatient, improper, impossible, impure
il is used before some words beginning with l, e.g.
illegible, illiterate, illegal
ir is only used before some words beginning with r, e.g.
irresponsible, irregular, irrelevant
dis is used before some adjectives, e.g.
dishonest, disabled, discouraged
in is used before a limited number of words, e.g.
invisible, invariable, inaccurate, incorrect
II)

Verb prefixes : un- and dis-

These prefixes mean the opposite of an action or to reverse an action. This

meaning is used with certain verbs, e.g.
I locked the door when I left , but I lost the key, so I couldnt unlock it
when I got back.
I had to pack my suitcase very quickly, so when I unpacked at the
hotel, most of my clothes looked terrible.
The plane appeared in the sky, then suddenly disappeared behind a
cloud.
In the morning you get dressed ; when you go to bed you get
undressed.
The prefix dis- can also have a negative meaning not to (as above, e.g.
dislike, disagree, disbelieve)
III)

Other verb prefixes with specific meanings.

44

re-

(= again)

over-

(=too much)

mis-

(=badly or
incorrectly)

My homework was terrible, so I had to redo it.

The shop closed down but will reopen next month.
I failed my exam but I can retake (or redo/resit) it.
I think my boss is overdoing it (overworking) at the
moment.
Im afraid youre overeating.
Two of the students misread the first question.
Im afraid I misunderstood what he said.
The boy misbehaved in class.

Ex. 71. Add prefixes which form the opposite of these words.
happy
patient
polite
legal
pack

correct
regular
visible
possible
lock

legible
friendly
employed
honest
agree

familiar
tidy
clear
able
like

rational
arm
sane
accustomed
perfect

Ex. 72. Complete the verbs in these sentences.

1. Im sorry, I mis.. her message completely.
2. We un as soon as we got to the hotel, then went out for a
walk.
3. She was here a minute ago, but then she dis . Im afraid I
dont know where she is now.
4. We normally have similar opinions but I dis with him totally on
the subject of drugs.
5. My homework was so awful that I had to re. it.
6. Apparently her alarm clock didnt ring and she over. .
7. She finally managed to un.. the door and we were able to go
inside.
8. I dis the film, but the others enjoyed it.
9. I dont think Ill pass the exam, but I can always re.. it in
September.
10.The post office shuts for lunch but it should re at 2.00 p.m.
11.Shes over at the moment. She really needs a holiday and a
complete break from her job.
12.My sister wrapped up my present so well that it took me about five
minutes to un it.
ARTICLE with names of people

45

I. We usually use zero article before the names of particular people, e.g.
_Robert is my best friend.
_Charlie Chaplin was a famous actor in silent movies.
II. However, we use the:
a) when there are two people with the same name and we want to specify
which one we are talking about (when there is a limiting attribute), or
when we want to emphasize that a person is the one that everyone
probably knows, e.g.
That is not the Stephen Fraser I went to school with.
Do they mean the Ronald Reagan or someone else?
b) with an adjective or a noun to describe a person or their job, e.g.
the late (=dead) Buddy Holly;
the artist William Turner;
the aboriginal writer Sally Morgan;
the wonderful actor Harrison Ford.
c) with the plural of the family name when we talk about a family as a
whole, e.g.
The Robinsons are away this weekend. (= the Robinson family)
III. The indefinite article a/an is used
a) with a name to mean that someone else has or does not have the
particular excellent qualities of the person named, i.e. in comparisons,
or when names of persons become countable nouns indicating typical
features of a well-known name, e.g.
Jane plays tennis well, but shell never be a Steffi Graf.
Why, you are quite a Monte Cristo.
She felt like an Alice in Wonderland.
b) to speak about one member of a family, e.g.
I have often wondered if Tim was really a Burton.
(= one of the Burtons)
c) to refer to a work of art by a famous artist, e.g.
He has a Van Gogh and several Sezannes.
d) before a persons name (often modified by the adjective certain) if
you dont know the person yourself, e.g.
Theres a Dr.Kenneth Perch on the phone. (=I havent heard of
him before) Do you want to talk to him?
I heard it from a certain Mr.Jagger.

46

Ex. 73. Insert the proper articles.

1. He felt like Columbus on his way to an unknown land. 2. I dont know
anybody who could afford Goya. 3. The young writer has the humour of
J.K. Jerome. 4. Are you Anne Bolton whose picture is in todays paper?
5. She isnt exactly Cleopatra, yet a very beautiful girl. 6. He had just
enough money to buy second hand Ford. 7. I know as much about him as
you do; he is Mr. Kingsley. 8. Now she no longer looks like Jane you
used to go to school with. 9. If he is Morgan, he must be awfully rich.
10. Fords are one of the richest families in the USA.
Ex. 74. Translate into English using the proper articles.
1. - . 2. ,
. 3. , ?
4. , . 5.
- . ,
? 6. ,
. 7. , , ,
. 8.
(Cezanne) (Van Gogh). 9.
- - . 10. (Thomas
Gainsborough) XVIII
. 11. ?
TENSE AND VOICE REVISION.
Ex. 75. Open the brackets, using correct tense forms (active and
passive). Retell the passage in narrative form.
When he (be) twenty-three years old Paul Morel (send) in a
landscape to the winter picture show at Nottingham Castle. His pictures
already (admire) greatly and much (talk) about.
One morning the young postman (come) just as Paul (wash) in the
kitchen. Suddenly Paul (hear) a loud cry that (come) from the front
door. He (hurry) to the door and (find) his mother with a letter in her
hand that the postman (hand) to her.
Mrs. Morel (cry): Hurrah
Paul (be) surprised and shocked. Why, Mother! he (exclaim).
Hurrah, my boy! I knew you (get) it!

47

He (be) afraid of her that small woman with grey hair who (cry) so
excitedly. The postman (come) back, as he (be) afraid something
(happen). Mrs. Morel (open) the door to him.
His picture (get) first prize, Fred! she (cry). And it (buy) by a
Major Moreton!
The young postman, whom they (know) all his life was glad he
(bring) such an important letter.
the letter (say) how much the picture (sell) for?
It (sell) for 20 guineas!
Paul (follow) his mother into the room. He (be) sure his mother
(make) some mistake reading the letter and now he (want) to read it. He
slowly (read) the letter over unable to believe that it (be) true.
Mother! he (exclaim).
Didnt I say we (do) it, Paul!
(After Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence)
WRITING. ADDITION ( A + B ) and CONTRAST ( A B )
Ex. 76. Study the tables.

B
in one sentence
The food is excellent and very good value.
In two sentences
They also serve very good wine.
The food is excellent in that
It is also very good value.
restaurant.
It is very good value as well / too.
In addition / Besides, you get a free
The set menu is $15, which is
glass of wine.
excellent value.
Moreover / Furthermore, it is one
The food is usually very good.
of the cheapest restaurants in town.
A

B
in one sentence
She still won the game although / (even) though she had a bad knee.
Although / (Even)Though she had a bad knee, she still won the game.
They still went for a walk in spite of / despite the rain / being tired.
He service is worse in spite of the fact that / despite the fact that they
have more staff.
(just a fact of contrast about two different things or people, without a
shade of surprise)
A

48

John is very careful whereas Christopher makes a lot of mistakes.

The south is hot and dry whereas the north gets quite a lot of rain.
In two sentences
(the opposite is true)
On the contrary, I think its
It doesnt seem ugly to me.
beautiful.

I dont agree with a lot of his

methods.
We didnt like the hotel at all.

I thought it was a great film.

(the second fact about the same thing

or person is surprising after the first)
Yet / However / Nevertheless,
he is a good teacher.
Yet / However / Nevertheless, we
still enjoyed ourselves.
(about two different things or people)
He, however / on the other hand,
thought it was stupid.

Ex. 77. Choose the correct word. Both answers may be correct.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Although / In spite of we left late, we still got there in time.

It was a fantastic evening although / in spite of the terrible food.
We decided to go in spite of / despite the cost of the tickets.
They enjoyed the course even though / whereas it was very difficult.
I love the sea furthermore / whereas most of my friends prefer the
mountains.
6. He didnt pass the examination. In addition / On the contrary, he failed it.
7. We found a lovely villa near the lake that we can rent. In addition /
Moreover, it has its own swimming pool, and we have free use of a car
provided by the owners.
8. We both told John the car was too expensive. However / On the other
hand, he still decided to buy it.
9. Most people we met tried to help us. They were very friendly as well /
too.
10. The questions were very difficult. Yet / Nevertheless, I was able to do all
of them.
11. During the week the town centre is very busy. At the weekend whereas/
on the other hand, it is very quiet and almost empty.
12. My uncle is the owner of the factory opposite. He also / however runs the
restaurant next door and the car hire company down the road.

49

Ex. 78. Combine parts from each column to form a meaningful whole.
A
He went to school today

B
the pay isnt very good.

She managed to do it in time

Hes the most experienced.

even though

He always did his best at

school
Hes got the right
qualifications.

The incomes fell sharply.

in spite of
The help I gave him.
However,
He didnt feel very well.

He didnt pass the exam

whereas
All the difficulty of the job.

He decided to take the job.

The prices went up

Moreover,
Most of his school friends
were very lazy.

Ex. 79. Fill the gaps with a suitable link word or phrase.
1. taking a map, they still got lost.
2. It took me two hours to do it .. the others finished in less than an
hour.
3. The hotel has a very good reputation. , it is one of the cheapest
in the area.
4. The situation didnt improve. , things got worse.
5. She managed to get there . she had a broken ankle.
6. Its not the best dictionary you can buy; , its better than
nothing.
7. Shes younger than the others in the group, and shes better than most
of them .. .
8. We were able to obtain a grant .. that there was only limited
money available for research.
9. It was a well-paid job. .. , there were good chances of
promotion.
10. The workers threatened with a strike. The management , . ,
pretended to take no notice.
11. He decided to quit .. a good salary.
12. The book was a bestseller, it . won The Times Literary Award.

50

13. Germans are usually very punctual . Italians may arrive an hour
late.
Ex.80. Complete the sentences in a logical way.
1.
2.
3.
4.

I was able to follow what she was saying even though ..

I was able to follow what she was saying whereas
We enjoyed the holiday in spite of ..
If you buy a season ticket, you can go as often as you like.
Furthermore, ..
5. The journey through the rain forest was very dangerous.
However, .
6. Although it was a very long film, ..
7. He was not promoted. On the contrary, ..
Ex. 81. Fill the gaps with the words from the box.
on the contrary
in spite of the fact
however
too

unlike
although(2)
on the other hand
whereas
and
compared to
despite
moreover
besides

Bob and Sheila lived in New York for two years _________________
they enjoyed their stay there greatly. ____________________________ they
worked they could still lead a normal life. All the shops are open till ten
oclock ___________________________ in England they close early.
_____________________ , some supermarkets are open twenty four hours a
day. ________________________, shops in America, __________________
England, dont open until 10 or 11 in the morning.
_____________________________ that public holidays in the States
are much shorter than in England, only the banks are closed. Everything else
stays open, so it makes life much easier.
New York is as cosmopolitan as London. ______________________ ,
it is not as mixed. Different nationalities stay in their own areas.
_________________________ London, everything in New York is
higher and faster. But the people are ruder ___________________ .
________________________________ Americans themselves are really
friendly, the taxi drivers never speak to you. ________________________ ,
they dont seem to know where anything in New York is.
New York is quite a dangerous place. __________________________
that fact, Bob and Sheila made there more friends in two years than they have
after two years of living back near London. They think that Americans are

51

more
open,
they
speak
their
minds.
The
British,
____________________________ , may think one thing and say another.
***
Ex. 82. Write a contrasting comparison of two different films, books,
music groups, cities, styles, genres, holiday tours, etc. Make use of the
connectives given in this section. Write about 200-250 words.