PROPIEDADES MECANICAS DE LOS MATERIALES

ESFUERZO Y DEFORMACIN
EN UN PLANO

124

PROPIEDADES MECNICAS DE LOS MATERIALES

itilir+iir:ir.'irir=,,f,:.:.
'..;"'.tf,tt....

:ll-r':l

*ir*
"f##ffi

, ,. - ., , -, -,..,.,,..=-,.,.,-.,

-,ii.i.

o:r{

:::-,,:-::r::j:rij.:rr;rjli.i+:::i:rrfii:ir'.,,=.,,-,,.,1;,'a,i..,.

o a ,oo
aovoo== E"o=
Ee = Z0
7o X
i tO,
ro, ix OO
oo ix lO-ur,
lo_u *

:tirli|l ir| Xi.:.:ili$

iiliiit=iiu,iix*i
==**=l-=*****I="

:ii,o.l.,ii.ii:r,,.'

De la ecuacion 3 l2c se obene e..,

*i*=$$ur*=*n*i='

-.:l',',*,1(,1,.i,,!.1!,).-

0'25(54'13

+ 3453)

iiiiiiii.:rtiiri

'tt*iitiiuii
Gomentar[os
I.

t,as ecuaciones

i,t:i.+;r:=

El y E2 tienen una estructura

muv ca

:iiili::ri=

.trains are always of opposite signs for uniaxial tress (i.e., if one strain is elongation, the
>ther strain is contraction).
Values vary for different materials, but for most metals, Poisson 's ratio has a value
)etween and
Becau e the volume of material must remain constant, the largest
'ossible value for Poisson's ratio is 0.5. Yalues approaching this upper limitare found
Jnly for materials such as rubber.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN f, G, ANO v

55
POISSON'S RATIO

The Poisson effect exhibited by

matcrials causes no additional
stresses in the lateral direction
unless the transverse deformation is inhibited or prevented in
sorne manner.

Poisson's ratio is related to the elaslic modulus E and the shear modulus G by the formula

le=
E-- 1
L ~+jj

(3 .7)

EXAMPLE 3.1
A tension test was conducted on a 1.975-in.-wide by 0.375-in.-thick specimen of a
Nylon plastic. A 4.000-in. gage length was marked on the specimen before load application. In the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve al an applied load of P = 6,000 lb,
the elongation in the gage length was measured as 0.023 in., and the contraction in the
bar width was measured as 0.004 in. Determine:

-~
. - - - -.- -:1. .

(a) the elastic modulus E.

(b) Poisson's ratio v.
(e) the shear modulus G.

... L.::_1_.9Ls-m.~-:-:::::---t-__..---p

Plan the Solution

4.000 in. ~

(a) From the load and the initial measured dimensions of the bar, the normal stress can be
computed. Thc normal strain in the longitudinal (i.e., axial) direction i; 100g can be computed from the elongation in the gage length and the initial gage length. With these two
quantities, the elastic modulus E can be calculated from Eq. (3.4). (b) From the contraction in the width and the initial bar width, thc strain in the lateral (i.e., transverse ) direclion t:131 can be computed. Poisson' s ratio can then be computed from Eq. (3.6). (c) The
shear modulus can be calculated from Eq. (3.7).

SOLUTION
(a) The normal stress in the plastic specimen is
(J

6,000 lb
.
= 8,101.27 psi
( 1.975 in.) (0.375 in .)

The longitudinal strain is

CJong

(0.023 in. )
. .
. ) = 0.005750 m./ m.
(4. 00o Jl.

Therefore, the elastic modulus E is

CJ
(8, 101.27 psi)
E= - = (000
.
f;

5750

ll . ll.

)=

.
.
1,408,9 16psi= 1.409.000psi

Ans.

(b) The lateral strain is

1'1at

(-0.004 in.) = _ 0.002025 in.f in.

' 1.975 in.\

From Eq. (3.6), Poisson's ratio can be computed as

1'1a1

V= - - -

f.1ong

(-0.002025 in.f in.) = 0.352

(0.005750 in.f in.)

Ans.

(c) The shear modulus G is computed from Eq . (3.7) as

E
1.408,916 psi
.
.
e= 2( 1 + v) = 2( 1 +0.352) = 521,049 psi= 521,000 psi

Ans.

EXAMPLE 3.2

..
( 1)

IOOmm

---+

l.3m
p

Strain
gage

'

8
1.0m

Rig id bar ABC is supported by a pin at A and a 100-mmwide X 6-mm-thick aluminum [E = 70 GPa; 'Y. = 22.5 X
10 - 6 / C; v = 0.33] alloy bar at B. A strain gagc affixed to
the surface of the aluminum bar is used to measure its
lo ngitud inal strain. Before load P is applied to the rig id
bar at C, the strain gage measures zero longitudinal strain
at an ambient temperature of20 C. After load Pis applied
to the rigid bar at C and the temperature drops to -10 C,
a longitudinal strain of + 2,400 i: is measured in the
aluminum bar. Determine:
(a) the stress in member (l ).
(b) the magnitude of load P.
(c) the change in the width of the aluminum bar (i.e., the
100-mm dimension).

Plan the Solution

T his proble m illustrates sorne misconceptions common in applying Hooke' s Law and
Poisson's ratio, particularly when temperature change is a factor in the analysis.

SOLUTION
(a) Since the elastic modulus E and the longitudinal strain i; are given in the problem, one
might be tempted to compute the normal stress in aluminum bar (l) from Hooke's
Law [Eq. (3.4)]:
a 1 = E 1e1 = (70 GPa)(2.400 i:) [

l ,000 MPal [ 1 mm/ mm ] = 168 MPa

t GPa
1,000,000 ;

This calculation is not correct fo r the normal stress in member (1). Why is it
incorrect?
From Eq. (2.7), the total strain 1'to wi in an object includes a portion due to stress
and a portion due to temperature change "r The strain gage affixed to member

f.,,

56

597
THEORIES OF FAILURE

Compression

(a)

- uuc

Experimental data from

1cnsion and compression tests.

(b)

FIGURE 15.12

Mohr' s failure criterion (planc stress).

Mohr's failure criterion for a plane stress state rnay be represented on a graph of
principal stresses in the <Jpi - <Jpi plane (Fig. 15.12b). The principal stresses for ali
Mohr's circles that have centers on the a ax is and are tangent to the dashed lines in
Fig. 15.12a will plot as points along the dashed lines in the r' - ar 2 plane of
Fig. l 5. l 2b.
The Mohr's fail ure criterion applied to aplane stress state with in-plane principal
stre ses ar' and a ri predicts that failure will occur under the following conditions.

If <Jp i and

ri

are both positive (i.e., te nsion), then failure will occur if <Jp 1 ::=:

<JuT

l f r' and ar 2 are both negative (i.e., cornpression), then failure will occur if
<Jp2 :::; - a u c

l f the narning conventi on for principal stresses is followed (i.e., <Jpi > ap2 ), then all
cornbinations of r' and a,,2 will plot to the ri ght of or below line AB shown on Fig.
l 5. l 2b. Stress states wi th a,, 1 > O and a pi < O fall in the fourth quadrant of Fig. l 5.1 2b.
For these cases, Mohr's fai lure criterion predicts that failure will occur for those cornbinations that plot on the dashed line, or in other words:

l f r' is positi ve and <Jpi is negative, then fai lure will occur if

<lpl <JuT

<Jpi
a uc

~ 1.

If torsion-test data are available, the dashed line in the fourth quadrant rnay be
modified to incorporate these experimental data.
The following exarnples illustrate the application of the theories of fai lure in predicting the load-carrying capacity of a member.

EXAMPLE 15.8
The stresses on the free surface of a machi ne cornpone nt are shown on the stress element.
The cornponent is made of 606 l-T6 aluminurn with a yield strength of <Jy = 270 MPa.
(a) What is the factor of safety predicted by the maximurn-shear-stress theory of failure
for the stress state shown? Does the cornpone nt fail according to this theory?
(b) W hat is the value of the Mises equivalent stress for the given state of plane stress?
(c) What is the facto r of safety predicted by the fail ure criterion of the rnaxirnurndistortion-energy theory of failure? Does the cornponent fail according to this theory?

.__1m;=;
~u r
~

75M Pa

Plan the Solution

The principal stresses will be determined fo r the given state of stress. Using these stresses, the maximum-shear-stress theory and the max imum-distortion-energy theory will
be used to investi gate the potential fo r failu re.

SOLUTION
The principal stresses can be calculated from the stress transformation equations [Eq.
(12.12)] or from Mohr's ci rcle, as di scussed in Section 12.9. Equation 12.12 will be
used here. From the stress element, the values to be used in the stress transformation
equations are ax= + 75 MPa, ay= O MPa, and r,y = +90 MPa. The in-plane principal
stresses are calculated as

a pi .p2

ax+ ay

(ax ;

75MPa +O MPa

Y)
1

+ r;Y

2
/ (75MPa-OMPa)
(
)2
+ 9 OMPa
2

= 135.0MPa, -60.0MPa

..

- . . 1mum-Shectr-Stn"'-' 1ht.1Q

Since aP 1 is positive and ap2 is negative, failure will occur if lap 1 - a p2I 2'. ay. For the
principal stresses existing in the component:
lap1 - ap2 I = j 135.0 MPa - ( -60.0 MPa)I = 195.0 MPa < 270 MPa
Therefore, the component does not fai l according to the maximum-shear-stress theory.
The factor of safety associated with this state of stress can be calc ul ated as
270 MPa = .385
FS = l95.0MPa

Ans.

l qllli dcnt Stn

The Mises equi valent stress aM associated with the maximum-distortion-energy theory
can be calculated from Eq. ( 15.8) for the plane stress state considered here.
a M --

[apl
2 - a,,1 ap2

= [( 135.0MPa)

2 l' / 2
+ ap2
2

( 135.0MPa)(-60.0MPa) + (- 60.0MPa)2]1/ 2

= 173.0MPa

Ans.

e: 1 .:,in .um-llasto t n-l n1 r (., l'hc:. 'r 3 I .;(tor cif S1frt.\

The factor of safety for the maximum-distortion-energy theory can be calcul ated from
the Mises equi valent stress:

270MPa = 1.561
FS = l 73.0 MPa
According to the maximum-shear-stress theory, the component does not fai l.

598

Ans.