CHAPTER 2 : BLOOD

CIRCULATION & TRANSPORT

2.1 : Transport
System in
Human
2.2 : Human blood
2.3 : Transport
System in Plants

2.1 : Transport System in Human

General Structure of the Human Heart
Human heart is located
inside the thoracic
cavity, behind the
breastbone & between
the left and right lung
Cone-shaped and tilts
slightly towards the left
side of our body
Has a mass of about 300g
& is built of thick and
strong cardiac muscles
Entire heart is covered
with a long lasting
membrane
The space between the
heart and the membrane
is filled with fluid to
reduce friction between
the heart and other
organs next to it

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Detailed Structure of the Human Heart
There are four
muscular
chambers

Left side : left

atrium, left
ventricle
Right side : Right
atrium, right
ventricle

Septum separates
the left and right
chambers WHY ?

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Detailed Structure of the Human Heart
VENTRICLES
Has a larger
volume of space
than the atrium
Has a thicker wall
than the atrium
Left ventricle is
thicker and more
muscular than the
right ventricle
WHY ?

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Detailed Structure of the Human Heart
Each ventricle &
atrium is linked
to one big blood
vessel
vLeft atrium
pulmonary vein
vRight atrium
vena cava
vLeft ventricle
aorta
vRight ventricle
pulmonary
artery

Pulmonary
artery

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Detailed Structure of the Human Heart
The one-way flow of blood
in the heart is controlled
by three types of valves
vBicuspid valve (mitra
valve) controls blood
from left atrium to left
ventricle
vTricuspid valve
controls blood from
right atrium to right
ventricle
vSemilunar valve
controls blood from Semilunar valve
left ventricle to
Tricuspid
aorta
valve
right ventricle to
pulmonary artery

Semilunar
valve
Bicuspid
valve

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Functions of the Heart
Functions as a
strong muscular
pump to collect :-
Deoxygenated
blood from the
rest of the body
is pumped to the
lungs
Oxygenated
blood from the
lungs is pumped
throughout the
body

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Functions of the Heart
Functions to
circulate and
transport :-
Nutrients &
oxygen to the
body cells
Excretory
products (C02,
urea & water)
from the body
cells to be
removed from the
body

From
body

Vena cava

To body

Pulmonary artery

12

Semilunar valve

To le( lung

11

Pulmonary
1 veins

To right lung

From le( lung

From right lung

2
Pulmonary veins 1

Right atrium 8

Tricuspid valve 9
Right ventricle 10

Aorta

Aorta 6

To body

Left atrium

Bicuspid valve

Semilunar valve

Left ventricle
Septum

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Pathway of Blood Circulation
Vena
cava

Right
Atrium

Lungs
Pulmonary
veins

Left
atrium

Aorta
(Whole body)

Tricuspid
valve
Pulmonary
artery

Right
ventricle
Semilunar
valve

Bicuspid
valve
Semilunar
valve

Left
ventricle

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Types of Blood Vessels
Each blood vessel has
lumen the tract that
allows blood to flow
in the blood vessel
Lumen is important
because the size of
lumen affects the
blood flow in the
blood vessels
Narrow lumen will be
an obstacle to the
blood flow blood
flows faster & under
high pressure
Wide lumen provides
less resistance to the
blood flow blood
flows more slowly &
under low pressure

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Types of Blood Vessels

There are 3
types of blood
vessels :
Artery
Vein
Capillary
As blood is
pumped out of
the heart, it
travels through
arteries, veins
and capillaries

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Types of Blood Vessels

ARTERY
Carries blood out of
the heart
Aorta : artery that
carries blood from
left ventricle of the
heart
Pulmonary artery :
artery that carries
blood from the
right ventricle to
the lung
Carries oxygenated
blood except
pulmonary artery
Has narrow lumen

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Types of Blood Vessels
ARTERY
The artery wall is
thick, elastic and
muscular to
withstand high
blood pressure
Arteries dont have
valves except
pulmonary artery
and aorta
Arteries which
branch into
smaller blood
vessels are known
as arterioles

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Types of Blood Vessels
VEIN
The blood vessel
that carries blood
into the heart

Vena cava :
transports blood to
the right atrium of
the heart
Pulmonary vein :
transports blood
from the lung to the
left atrium

Transport
deoxygenated
blood except
pulmonary vein

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Types of Blood Vessels
VEIN
Have wide lumen
blood flow is slow
and under low
pressure
The wall is thin &
less muscular
Have semilunar
valves to ensure
one-way of blood
flow
Branch into
smaller vessels
called venules

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Types of Blood Vessels
CAPILLARY
Joins the artery to
Artery
the vein
The narrowest
blood vessel
Carries a
combination of
oxygenated &
deoxygenated
blood
Its wall is very fine :
one-celled thick
enables the
exchange of gases
& nutrients
between blood &
body cells

Capillary

Vein

2.1 : Transport System in Human

Types of Blood Vessels
CAPILLARY
Blood flow is very slow and under low
pressure so that exchange of substance can
take place more efficiently
Does not have any valves

2.1 : Transport System in Human

The Human Blood Ciculatory System
Heart is at the
centre of the human
circulatory system
Blood circulation in
the body happens
due to the pumping
action of our heart
Human blood
circulation is
completed through
2 stages :-
Pulmonary
circulation
Systemic
circulation

2.1 : Transport System in Human

The Human Blood Ciculatory System
Both stages cause
the blood to flow
twice through the
heart
Complete
pulmonary
circulation is the toand-fro circulation
from the heart to
the lung
Pulmonary
circulation
alternates with the
systemic circulation
to complete the
circulation around
the body