Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
In chemical reactions, heat is exchanged between the system and the surroundings.
Enthalpy refers to the heat content of a substance. The enthalpy change (H) is often measured and
calculated, because the absolute value of enthalpy cannot be determined.
Reactions that release more heat than they absorb (they heat up the surroundings) are called exothermic.
As the system loses energy, its H is negative.
Reactions that absorb more heat than they release (they cool down the surroundings) are called
endothermic. As the system gains energy, its H is positive.
Standard enthalpy change of combustion refers to the energy change associated with the combustion of
1 mol of a substance in standard conditions. Combustion is an exothermic process.
http://www.swotrevision.com/pages/alevel/chemistry/images/img_64.GIF
Standard conditions:
temperature: 298K = 25C
pressure: 100kPa
[ 1 ] =
[]
[]
type of
reaction
exothermic
endothermic
Qsystem
Qsurroundings
negative
positive
negative
positive
positive
negative
positive
negative
http://www.ausetute.com.au/images/aphrapp.gif
= 1 + 2
It is important that you follow the direction of the lines
you draw! Let us look at an example:
Common mistakes:
1) Always follow the lines you draw. If you
see a combustion going the opposite way
(oxygen is formed, rather than used), invert
the sign of the enthalpy too!
2) Work with the definition. If your reaction
involves stoichiometric coefficients, adjust
your calculation. For example, if you were to
produce 2CO, you will need to multiply the
enthalpy change of combustion by 2 as well.
3) If you are given seemingly less information
than you need, think about the last process
you might need. In our reaction, we are not
given Hoc of oxygen. However, O2+O2->2O2
and no energy change is involved -> use a
zero.
As you can see, it is necessary to break down the reaction into partial reactions using the information you
were given. Remember to change the signs if the process goes the opposite way than the data you were
given.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/a293de71e95495207d52de788ac8b6af5b485715.gif
=
*(Substracting the breaking of bonds is the same as adding the making of bonds)
It can thus be deduced that reactions in which the sum of bond enthalpies of products is greater than the
sum of bond enthalpies of reactants are exothermic!
It can thus be deduced that reactions in which the sum of bond enthalpies of reactants is greater than the
sum of bond enthalpies of products are endothermic!
Reactions will be spontaneous if the enthalpy change of breaking bonds in reactants can be provided by
heat in the surrounding will occur spontaneously at those conditions. (Note: this is almost true, yet a simplification, the
energy could also be provided by a change in entropy. You can use it at SL, at HL you need to take entropy into account)
When calculating H of a reaction using enthalpies, you must remember to multiply the bond enthalpies
by the occurrences of that type of a bond. Also, you must remember to change the sign if a bond is made,
rather than broken.
The standard state of a substance is the pure form of the substance under standard conditions.
For rest, see 5. 1. 1.
First electron affinity is the energy change associated with the attraction of 1 mol of electrons by 1 mol of
gaseous atoms.
Enthalpy of atomization is the energy change associated with the formation of 1 mol of gaseous atoms
from the element in standard state.
15. 2. 2. Explain how the relative sizes and the charges of ions affect the lattice
enthalpies of different ionic compounds.
The exchange of electrons required in formation of an ionic bond in itself is endothermic. However, ionic
lattice formation is a very exothermic process and therefore on the whole, formation of a salt is
exothermic.
To answer this assessment statement, we must remember electron affinity and ionization energy and
how these are affected by size and charge. Please, refer back to my notes on Periodicity
15. 2. 3. Construct a Born-Haber cycle for Group 1 and 2 oxides and chlorides and
use it to calculate an enthalpy change.
A Born-Haber cycle is a diagram applying Hesss law. It shows all the various energy changes and can be
used to work out any reaction described in it.
4
+ )
+
(
+
Where Knm is a constant which depends on the geometry of a lattice and (
+ ) is the sum of the
ionic radii of both ions. Notice that this means that lattice enthalpy is greater for ions with smaller ionic
radii.
4
http://wpcontent.answcdn.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BornHaberLiF.PNG/350px-BornHaberLiF.PNG
The picture demonstrates this. Since Al2O3 will deviate from the
assumptions of the models most, the % error will be the greatest.
The % error can also be used to determine the covalent character of
an ionic compound it will be greatest for the most covalent ones.
This is because a covalent bond can be considered an extreme case
polarization.
15. 3. 2. Predict whether the entropy change for a given reaction or process is
positive or negative.
15. 3. 3. Calculate the standard entropy change for a reaction using standard
entropy values.
15.4 Spontaneity
15. 4. 1. Predict whether a reaction or process will be spontaneous using the sign
of G o .
http://scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/fundamental/images/polarisation.jpg