Fluid Statics and Manometers

January 24 and 29, 2008

Outline

Introduction to Fluid Statics

and Manometers

Review course introduction

Pressure independent of direction
Pressure-density-distance relationship
in a static (nonmoving fluid)
Use of manometers for pressure
measurements
Calculations with manometers.

Larry Caretto
Mechanical Engineering 390

Fluid Mechanics
January 24 and 29, 2008

Review

Review Typical Units

Quantity

Dimensions and units

SI, BG and EE unit systems

Density
Pressure &
shear stress

Fluid density, , (mass/volume) and

specific weight (weight/volume), = g,
and specific gravity
States of matter and vapor pressure
Viscosity
Surface tension

Velocity
Viscosity
Specific
weight = g

SI units

EE units

BG units

kg/m3
kPa =
kN/m2

slug/ft3
lbm/ft3
1 psi = 1 lbf/in2 =
144 psf = 144 lbf/ft2
m/s
ft/s
Ns/m2 =
lbfs/ft2 =
lbfs/ft2 =
kg/ms
32.2 lbm/fts
slug/fts
lbf/ft3
N/m3
Tabulated values at standard gravity

Review States of Matter

Viscosity

Triple point:
solid, liquid and
vapor coexist
Critical No liquid-gas
transition above
Point
critical point
Vapor pressure
Gas
for liquid-gas
transition

Solid

Pressure

Boiling line
shows Pvapor
= f(T)

Liquid

Triple Point

Temperature

ME 390 Fluid Mechanics

Newtonian
Fluids
have a linear
variation of
shearing stress
with rate of
shearing strain
slope is
viscosity
Figure 1.4 (p.
15)

u
y

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald

Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fluid Statics and Manometers

January 24 and 29, 2008

Review Surface Tension

Pressure Relations
Pressure is a scalar
The force exerted by a pressure is the
same in all directions
Want to see how pressure changes in a
static (nonmoving) fluid
Look at balance of pressure force and
fluid weight over a differential volume
element, xyz

Vertical force balance: R2h = 2Rcos

Surface tension depends on fluid, temperature;
wetting angle, , depends on fluid and surface

h=

2 cos
R

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald 7

Young, and Theodore Okiishi,Copyright 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fz = 0 = (xyz )g
p

+ p
z

p+
z

Gravity in z direction

Sum
forces in
each
direction
and divide
by xyz

z
xy
2
z
xy
2

Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi,Copyright
2005 by John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights reserved.

Results

p
=0
x

p
=0
y

p
+=0
z
9

Integrating the Result

Since p/x =p/y = 0, p = f(z) only, and
we can write p/z = as dp/dz =
Multiply by dz and integrate between
two points (p1, z1) and (p2, z2)
p2

z2

p1

z1

dp = p2 p1 = dz

To integrate dz we have to know how

depends on z
10

Incompressible Fluid

Incompressible Fluid II

An incompressible fluid has constant

density (and specific weight)
For an incompressible (constant density)
fluid then

p2 + z2 = p1 + z1 Which pressure is

z2
z1

p2 + z 2 = p1 + z1
11

ME 390 Fluid Mechanics

h
z1

z1

p2

z2

z2

p2 p1 = dz = dz = ( z2 z1 )

higher?

p1

p1 = p2 + ( z 2 z1 )
p1 = p2 + h > p2
Pressure
increases with
depth
12

Fluid Statics and Manometers

January 24 and 29, 2008

Problem

Solution

If the pressure at the surface of a body

of water ( = 9789 N/m3 at 20oC) is 101
kPa, what are the pressures at depths
of 10 m and 100 m?
Given: p1 = 101 kPa at z1 = 0
Find: p at z2 = 10 m and z3 = 100 m
Equation:

p2 + z2 = p1 + z1

Depth = 10 m

p2 = p1 + ( z1 z 2 ) = 101 kPa +
2
9789 N
[0 m ( 10 m)] kPa m = 198.9 kPa
3
m
1000 N
Depth = 100 m

p2 = p1 + ( z1 z 2 )

p3 = p1 + ( z1 z3 ) = 101 kPa +
9789 N
kPa m 2
[
(
)
]
0
m
100
m

= 1080 kPa
m3
1000 N

13

P = 1 Atm for Water at 20oC

Pressure Head
p1 = p2 + ( z2 + z1 ) Fluid height
z2

z1

14

p2 p1
equivalent to h =
p1 = p2 + h > p2

a pressure
p2
difference
h
h is called pressure head
p1 For p2 p1 = 14.696 psia =
101.325 kPa, h = 0.76 m =
29.92 in for Hg
What is h for water at this
15
p?

Free Surface

At 20oC, water = 9789 N/m3 = 62.32 lbf/ft3

(p 761, text)

14.696 lb f 144 in 2
p p1
in 2
ft 2
h= 2
=
= 33.96 ft
62.32 lb f

ft 3

p p1
h= 2
=

1000 N
kPa m 2 = 10.35 m
9789 N
m3

101.325 kPa

16

Free Surface II

Surface of liquid open to atmosphere is

called a free surface
Pressure, p0, is atmospheric pressure, p0
Height, z0 = 0
In the liquid, p + z = p0 + z0, where z < 0
Depth h = z0 z > 0
p = p0 + (z0 z) = p0 + h

Pressure, p, at depth, h, not influenced

by size or shape of container

Pressure, p, at depth, h, not influenced

by size or shape of container
17

ME 390 Fluid Mechanics

Figure 2.4, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

18

Fluid Statics and Manometers

January 24 and 29, 2008

Reference Pressure

Gage Pressure

Free surface equation: p = p0 + (z0 z)

Apply this to two different pressures

For taking pressure differences, we can

use any reference pressure
Many pressure measurement methods
measure the difference between actual
and atmospheric pressure
We can used this measured pressure
difference, called gage pressure,
directly in p calculations
pabsolute = pgage + patmosphere

p1 = p0 + (z0 z1)
p2 = p0 + (z0 z2)

Find p2 p1 from these equations

Result: p2 p1 = p0 + (z0 z2) [p0 + (z0
z1)] = (z1 z2) independent of p0 or z0

Reference pressure cancels in taking

pressure differences
19

Gage and Absolute Pressure

20

Barometric Pressure
Mercury barometer used
to measure atmospheric
pressure
Top is evacuated and fills
with mercury vapor
Patm = h + pvapor
pvapor = 0.000023 psia =
0.1586 Pa at 68oF (20oC)
h = 760 mm = 29.92 in
for standard atmosphere

Figure 2.7, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

21

Figure 2.8, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

22

What a Barometer Measures

Gage/Absolute Notation

It actually measures the local pressure

A barometer in a undersea submersible,
pressurized to 4 times atmospheric
pressure would measure this level
Weather barometer readings are
corrected to mean sea level
Standard atmosphere: 760 mm Hg,
760 torr, 29.921 in Hg, 101.325 kPa,
14.696 psia, 2116.2 psfa, 1013.25 mbar

For pressure differences a specification

of gage or absolute is not required
Traditional notation is psig (or psfg) and
psia (or psfg) for gage and absolute
pressure, respectively
Can also use kPa(abs) or kPa(gage)
Munson uses psi or kPa for gage
pressures and psi(abs) or kPa(abs) for
absolute pressures

23

ME 390 Fluid Mechanics

24

Fluid Statics and Manometers

January 24 and 29, 2008

Variable Density

Variable Density II

Problem: integrate dp/dz = z when

density (and hence ) is not constant
Simple solution: for gases is small so
that p does not change much with z

Result: the pressure change of 0.1181

kPa is only 0.12% of patm = 101.325 kPa
Simple solution: for gases with small
elevation changes we can assume that
the specific weight is constant!
This is not valid for changes of several
kilometers as in the atmosphere

E. g. air at atmospheric pressure and T =

20oC has = 11.81 N/m3
If = 11.81 N/m3 were constant an
elevation change of 10 m gives p = (11.81
N/m3)(10 m) = 118.1 N/m2 = 0.1181 kPa

Standard atmosphere defined and used for

aerospace designs

25

26

U. S.
Standard
Atmosphere
(See appendix C
for more data)

Constant specific
weight is a good
assumption for gases
except for large
elevation changes

Figure E2.2, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright
2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Piezometer

Figure 2.6,
Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, 5/E
by Bruce Munson,
Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi
Copyright 2005 by
John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights
reserved.

27

Open means
p = patm

Problem

A passage between a container

(such as the pipe at A) and the
atmosphere is called a
piezometer tube
For a piezometer
tube the pressure
in the fluid, pA =
p1 = patm + 1h1
patm(gage) = 0
Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 Fluid Mechanics

28

Find the pressure at point A if

the fluid is water at 20oC, h1 =
0.2 m, and patm = 101 kPa
From table B.2,
1 = water = 9.789
kN/m3 at 20oC
pA = p1 = patm +
1h1
29

Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

30

Fluid Statics and Manometers

January 24 and 29, 2008

Solution

Simple U-Tube Manometer

h1 = 0.2 m, patm = 101 kPa,

and 1 =water = 9.789 kN/m3
pA = patm + 1h1
PA = 101 kPa +

9.789 kN
m

Manometers measure pressure

by measuring height differences

(0.2 m ) kPa m

Point A is
fluid ( = 1)
in a pipe

1 kN

pA = 103 kPa
(absolute)
pA = 1.96 kPa
(gage)

h1 and h2 are measured

Gage fluid has = 2
What is pressure at A?
31

Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Simple U-Tube Manometer II

Right side: p3 = patm + 2h2
Left side: p2 = pA + 1h1

32

Figure 2.10, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young,
and Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Simple U-Tube Manometer III

Result for absolute pressure:
pA = patm + 2h2 1h1

patm

p3 = p2 gives
patm + 2h2 =
pA + 1h1
p2 = p3 = p0 2h0

Conclusion:
pA = patm + 2h2 1h1

Result for gage pressure:

pA = 2h2 1h1

h0
p

33 0
Figure 2.10, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young,
and Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Given: Known specific weights and

measured heights shown above
Find: pA pB Equation: p + z = p + z
35

FigureE2.5, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 Fluid Mechanics

34

Figure 2.10, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young,
and Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

p A = p1 + 1h1 p1 = p2 = p3 p3 = p4 + 2 h2
p5 = p4

p B = p5 + 1 (h1 + h2 )

36

FigureE2.5, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fluid Statics and Manometers

January 24 and 29, 2008

FigureE2.5,
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by
Bruce Munson, Donald
Young, and Theodore
Okiishi Copyright
2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights
reserved.

Combine first set of equations

p A = p1 + 1h1 p1 = p2 = p3 p3 = p4 + 2 h2
p A = p1 + 1h1 = p3 + 1h1 = p4 + 2 h2 + 1h1

Combine result from

previous page with
second set of equations

p A = p5 + 2 h2 + 1h1 = p B 1 (h1 h2 ) + 2 h2 + 1h1

p A p B = ( 2 1 )h2

37

FigureE2.5, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Incline Manometer Problem

38

Incline Manometer Problem II

p1 = p A + 1h1

Incline used to increase accuracy for

small pressure differences
Want to find pB pA when we know 1,
2, 3, h1, l2, h3, and

p2 = p B + 3h3

p1 = p2 + 2 ( z2 z1 ) = p2 + 2 l 2 sin

p B = p2 3h3

p B = p2 3h3 = p1 2 l 2 sin 3h3

p B = p A + 1h1 2 l 2 sin 3h3

p A pB =
3h3 + 2 l 2 sin 1h1

Equation:
p + z = p + z
39

Figure 2.9, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Solving Manometer Problems

Basic equation: pressures at two depths open
in same fluid: p2 = p3 + (z3 z2) = p3 + h
3
Open means p = patm
patm = 101.325 kPa = 14.696 psia
For gage pressure, patm = 0

Same pressures at same

level on two sides of a
manometer
p 2 = p3
41

ME 390 Fluid Mechanics

p A = p4 + 2 h2 + 1h1
p5 = p4 p B = p5 + 1 (h1 + h2 )

40

Solving Manometer Problems II

Write equations for (1) pressures at two open
depths in same fluid and (2) equal
3
pressures at same level (with same fluid)
at all branches in manometer.
Eliminate intermediate
pressures from equations to
get desired P
Watch units for length, psi or
psf, N or kN
For gases z 0
42

Fluid Statics and Manometers

January 24 and 29, 2008

Problem

Problem Continued

Given: air at 0.50 psig, pA = 2 psig, and

oil = 54.0 lbf/ft3 and other data shown
on diagram. Find: z and h
p A pair = oil z
z = 4 ft

Given: air at 0.50 psig, pA = 2 psig, and

oil = 54.0 lbf/ft3 and other data shown
on diagram. Find: h
popen =
p A + oil (2 ft ) =
0 psig

p A pair
oil
2 lb f 0.5 lb f

2
in 2
= in
54.0 lb f
ft 2
3
ft
144 in 2
z=

popen + mano h
mano = SGmano H 2O

62.4 lb f
= 3.05
3
ft

Figure P2.27, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

43

Problem Concluded
popen = 0 psig, mano = 190.3
h=?
p A + oil (2 ft ) = popen + mano h
p A + oil (2 ft ) popen
h = 2.08 ft
h=
mano
0
2 lb f 144 in 2 54.0 lb f
(2 ft )
+
in 2
ft 2
ft 3
h=
190.3 lb f
ft 3
45

Problem 2.38 Part 2

PoceanP

left

Pshell

= Pshell + Hg (0.735 m)
= Pright = Pocean +
water

Pshell =
Hghbaro
hbaro = 765 mm Hg

Use specific weight

data from Table 1-6
(ignore difference in
temperature)
Hg = 133 kN/m3
sea water = 10.1 kN/m3
47

ME 390 Fluid Mechanics

44

A hemispherical shell on
the ocean floor has an
internal barometric
pressure of 765 mm Hg.
A mercury manometer
measures the differential
pressure between the
sea outside and the
shell interior as shown in
the diagram.
What is the pressure at
the ocean surface? 46

Problem 2.38 Part 3

sea (10 m + 0.36 m)

Equal
pressure line

Figure P2.27, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Problem 2.38

lbf/ft3,

Figure P2.27, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce

Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi Copyright 2005
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

190.3 lb f
=

ft 3

Rearrange equations from previous

slide and substitute given data

Pleft = Pshell + Hg (0.735 m) = Pright = Pocean + sea (10.36 m)

water

Pocean = Pshell + Hg (0.735 m) sea (10.36 m)

water

101.745 kN
133 kN
Pshell = Hg hbaro =
(0.765 m) =
m2
m3
101.745 kN 133 kN
10.1 kN
Pocean =
+
(0.735 m)
(10.36 m)
m3
m3
m3
94.9 kN
Pocean =
= 94.9 kPa
48
m2