1.

Do plants or animals have any metabolic reactions that cannot be modelled by

hypotheses and verified by experimentation and observation? What was the vital
force thought to be?
2.In the Concepts section of this chapter, three major discoveries of the 1800s are
described. One concerned the synthesis of biological compounds; one involved
enzymes and the third was a discovery made by Louis Pasteur. List three
discoveries, and explain why they are important.
The importance of this three discoveries are (1) if they arent discovered, until now,
we could not be able to synthesized biological compounds inside the laboratory.
(2)the process of fermentation will still be not that fast. And (3) we will still believe
that there is vital forces and spontaneous generation does occurs, which can
confuse the people.
3.Some elements are more stable as ions than as neutral atoms. Why? Give
examples of biologically important positive ions.
4.What does it mean to say that after sodium reacts with chlorine, the resulting
compound NaCl is more stable than the two reactants? If they are more stable, did
they give off energy? If so, did they become warmer during the reaction? If so,
where did the energy of that heat go?
5.If a reaction gives off energy(liberates it to the environment), is the reaction
exergonic or endergonic? If the energy is given off as heat, what is the reaction
called?
6.The reaction for the formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen and can be
,made to run in the opposite direction(water is broken down into hydrogen and
oxygen) If energy is supplied. This reverse reaction occurs in plants in the process of
photosynthesis. What do you think is the source of the energy? Because energy is
put into the reaction (rather than being liberated), what type of reaction is this?

7.What type of bond holds hydrogen to oxygen in water?

8.Examine Figure 2-3b, which shows hydrogen bonding in water. Within any plant or
animal cell there are millions of water molecules that are hydrogen bounded
together. This allows a plant to pull water upward through its body(water is pulled in
plants and pushed in animals) Imagine how water is pulled. What would happen if
there were no hydrogen bonds?
9.If a solution has a high concentration of protons(H+), is it acidic or basic? What
about if it has a high concentration of hydroxyl ions(OH-)? When HCL is mixed with
water, it breaks down to H+ ions and Cl- ions. Because of the H+ ions it produces, is
HCL an acid or a base?

10.The bonding between carbon atoms is important because virtually all biological
molecules in plants(and our own bodies) contain carbon atoms bonded to other
atoms, often to other carbon atoms. What is the shape of a molecule in which the
carbon has only single bonds? What is the shape of two carbons bonded by a double
bond? What about a triple bond?
11.Why is it necessary for two reactants to collide vigorously for a reaction to occur?
What happens to the shape of valence orbitals if a reaction occurs? What happens if
no reaction occurs?
12.Although there is no way to change the energy activation of a reaction, it is
possible to change the___________. There are two names for the substances that do
this; ______________(is a general term) and ____________(is used when this is a protein
in a living organism)
13.An endergonic reaction tends to proceed slowly because it absorbs energy. How
do plants force endergonic reactions to occur rapidly? Is ATP involved? Why is ATP
such a versatile molecule? Because its breakdown to ADP and P is highly exergonic,
is its synthesis endergonic?
14.Name five functional groups and give chemical fomula for each. What properties
does each functional group give to the molecule to which it is attached
15.What are the carbohydrates, pentoses and hexoses? Name several hexoses, and
describe how they differ from each other. How can enzymes distinguish between
them?
16.Various sugars in a class may have the same chemical formula but differ in their
atomic arrangements; such molecules are called________________
17.Examine Figure 2-10. Monosaccharides are a bit unusual in that they are just
long enough that as they vibrate one end often accidentally comes close to the
other end of the same molecule and the two can react. Therefore they can exist as
ring-shaped molecules or as open, chain-shaped ones. Do the two forms of the
same molecule have the same chemical and physical properties
18.When we eat plants, we are eating mostly polysaccharides. What are the two
starches that we eat? One is unbranched:_____________________; the other is
branched:_____________________. (By the way, if we eat more starch than we need,
we store it in our bodies as the polysaccharide glycogen.) Another polysaccharide
that we eat is in the cell walls; it is____________
19.What is the technical name of the bond in starch? What is the technical name of
the bond in cellulose? They both involve the same carbon atoms of the glucose
molecules(the #1 carbon and the #4 carbons). Starch and cellulose are virtually
identical, except that all of the glucoses face the same way in starch, whereas in

cellulose alternation glucoses face in the opposite direction. Does this matter; Can
you digest starch? Can you digest cellulose?
20.Proteins are unbranched polymers composed of ___________ _____________
______________. The bond that holds the monomers together in proteins is called
a____________bond.
21.What are the three groups found in every amino acid? What are R groups, and
how do they differ from one amino acid to another? Would you agree that because R
groups are not involved in forming a peptide bond they are not really very
important?
22.What is the primary structure of a protein? Are proteins flexible or rigid? Are any
of the bonds in the backbone a double or triple bond, or are all of them single
bonds?
23.If proteins had double bonds in the backbone, they would be rigid molecules. Do
you think they would then have a secondary, tertiary, or quanternary structure?
Why is the tertiary structure of the hypothetical protein in Figure 2-15b different
from that of Figure 2-15c?
24.The tertiary structure of a protein is affected by pH(acidity) and heat, Can you
give examples of that? Our stomachs secrete acid. What do you think is its effect on
our ability to digest protein? Have you ever fried or boiled an egg? What is the
change caused by the heat?
25.What do initials DNA and RNA stands for? What are the four nucleotides that
occur in DNA? What are the four that occur in RNA? Which nucleotide, unique to
DNA, is never found in RNA? Which nucleotide is unique to RNA?
26.What sugar occurs in DNA? What sugar occurs in RNA?
27.Fats and oils are substances known as______________ These are always
hydrophobic and insoluble in water, If one of these molecules encountered a protein
that has a region of hydrophobic amino acids and a region of hydrophilic ones,
which region would the molecule associate with?
28.The basic units of many lipids are fatty acids. What is a saturated fatty acid? Do
they tend to be straight or kinked(see Figure 2-18)?
29.What is an unsaturated fatty acid? Do they tend to be straight or kinked?
30.If you place both a stick of butter and a cup of oil in the refrigerator, the butter
becomes hard while the oil remains liquid. Which is composed of saturated fats, and
which is the mostly composed of unsaturated ones? It is very important for plants
(and animals) to have fats in their cell membranes that remain liquid-otherwise the

plant would die. Do you think plants of cold climates have more unsaturated fats in
their cell membranes than do plants of hot climates?
31.Fatty acids tend to polymerize with each other, especially when exposed to
oxygen. If the fatty acids are relatively short, the polymer is
called____________________. If they are relatively long, it is called____________.
32.How does a triglyceride differ from a phospholipid? How do these two differ in
their ability to dissolve in water? How does this make one especially suitable for the
construction of membranes?
33.Confactors are essential to the activity of some enzymes. Name two confactors
34.Each coenzyme carries one of the three things into a reaction. What are the
three things?
35.What is the full name of ATP? The last two phosphate groups of ATP are attached
by ___________-________________bonds.
36.When a reaction needs to have energy put into it, forcing it to proceed, what is
the molecule that usually participates? After the reaction, what has the energycarrying coenzyme been converted to?
37.Examine Figure 2-22. The breakdown of ATP to ADP and P gives off energy. The
reaction A+B to AB absorbs energy. How does combining these two reactions allow
the second one to proceed? Would combining the two reactions force the second
one to proceed? Would combining the two reactions force the second one to
proceed if the breakdown of ATP gave off only 2 units of energy?
38.Many reactions in plants generate molecules that have a strong tendency to
donate electrons. Other reactions need electrons to proceed. Name three electron
carriers that transport electrons from one type of reaction to the other
39.The atoms or molecules that an enzyme interacts with are its______, ad these
must fit into and be bound by the enzymes__________ _________ if a reactions is to
occur
40.Some enzymes will bind to only one or two substrates. Is their subtrate
specificity high or low? Other enzymes will bind to various substrates as long as
they are at least somewhat similar. Is their substrate specificity high or low?
41.Cells control the activities of their enzymes by a variety of methods. Name
atleast five factors that affect enzyme activity.