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Cycle
C. H. Marston
Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Villanova University,
Villanova, PA 19085
Mem. ASME
The Kalina Cycle utilizes a mixture of ammonia and water as the working fluid in a
vapor power cycle. When the liquid mixture is heated the more volatile ammonia
tends to vaporize first and at a lower temperature than does pure water. This property of ammonia-water mixtures makes possible a better match to the enthalpy-temperature curve of a hot gas heat source such as a gas turbine exhaust and
also permits circulation of fluids of different composition in different parts of the
cycle. Taking advantage of the latter feature, condensation (absorption) can be
done at slightly above atmospheric pressure with a low concentration of ammonia,
while heat input is at a higher concentration for optimum cycle performance. Computer models have been used to optimize a simplified form of the cycle and to compare results for a more complex version proposed by El-Sayed and Tribus. A
method of balancing the cycle was developed and key parameters for optimizing the
cycle identified.
Introduction
Many thermodynamic cycles have been considered for the
utilization of the thermal energy in a hot gas stream in the production of mechanical or electrical work. The most often used
cycle is some form of Rankine Cycle, with steam as the working fluid. Heat transfer to the steam takes place in a
counterflow heat exchanger, sometimes called the heat
recovery steam generator (HRSG).
In the Rankine Cycle more than half of the heat transfer occurs during the boiling process. Since the HRSG operates at
essentially constant pressure, temperature is also constant during boiling; the gas at the pinch point, where the water starts
to boil, must be at a higher temperature than the boiling water
(Fig. 1). The pinch point is a limitation on power output
because:
1 It can force a higher than otherwise necessary stack
temperature.
2 The gas at the point where vaporization is complete will
be at a much higher temperature than the steam and the
large temperature difference results in a loss of
availability.
The Kalina Cycle utilizes a mixture of ammonia and water
as the working fluid. When the liquid mixture is heated, the
more volatile ammonia tends to vaporize first and at a lower
temperature than does pure water (Fig. 2). The temperature of
the remaining saturated liquid rises as the ammonia concentration decreases. Thus a better match to the temperature change
of the gas is obtained and the potential exists for significant increases in cycle efficiency without the materials problems encountered with high-temperature advanced cycles. Moreover,
different parts of the cycle can have different concentrations
of ammonia. Thus condensation (absorption) can take place
^ ^ ^
0.8
Steam
g 0.6
"
0.4
Pinch Point
EEconomizer
0,2
]3oller
+>
0
Contributed by the International Gas Turbine Institute and presented at the
34th International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and. Exhibition,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 4-8, 1989. Manuscript received at ASME
Headquarters February 1, 1989. Paper No. 89-GT-218.
Superheater
/ C o m b u s t i o n Gas
yS
100
200
300
400
Temperature <C)
500
600
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1.0
350
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
100
200
300
Temperature
400
<C)
500
600
1.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Annonla Mass F r a c t i o n , X
1.0
200
computer model of the entire cycle has been developed for the
purpose of parametric optimization. Another motivation for
the work was the preparation of a computer project for an
undergraduate course in thermodynamics. A project involving
the analysis of some sort of power generation system has been
an annual activity since 1983 (Marston, 1986) and the prospect
of working on a genuinely new cycle was appealing.
For the student project a simplified version of the cycle was
developed, with advice from Dr. Kalina (1986b). The
simplified cycle is nearly as efficient as the one studied by ElSayed and Tribus. It brings out more clearly the key features
of the cycle and was therefore studied in some detail.
While the primary application is as a bottoming cycle, this
study has focused on a stand-alone cycle. Thus cycle efficiency
(net power out divided by thermal energy into the cycle), while
higher than for a comparable steam cycle, is relatively low.
Kalina and Leibowitz (1987) have shown combined cycle efficiencies in excess of 50 percent (based on higher heating
value).
Property Data
2.1 Characteristics of Ammonia-Water Mixtures.
Analysis of the Kalina Cycle requires property data for ammonia-water mixtures, for which composition (expressed as
mass fraction of ammonia in the mixtures) represents a third
independent variable. Figure 3 shows plots of temperature and
composition of liquid and vapor phases in equilibrium at three
pressure levels associated with the cycle.
The dew point temperature is represented by the upper
curves and the bubble point temperature by the lower curves.
For a pure substance the bubble point and the dew point are
identical; hence the curves must meet at the extremes of pure
water (X=0) and pure ammonia (X= 1).
Pressure and ammonia mass fraction are sufficient to fix the
state of saturated liquid or saturated vapor. For a saturated
mixture, temperature is again an independent variable and
properties of interest include both those of the mixture and
those of the liquid fraction (FL) and the vapor fraction (FG)
0.2
0,4
0.6
0.8
Annonla Mass F r a c t i o n , X
150
Pressure
200 kPa
100
50
+
a
s.
-50
-100
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Annonla Mass F r a c t i o n , X
1.0
Nomenclature
FG = in a saturated mixture of
ammonia and water, the
fraction of the total mass
that is vapor
FL = in a saturated mixture of
ammonia and water, the
fraction of the total mass
that is liquid
108/Vol. 112, JANUARY 1990
h = enthalpy, kJ/kg
KC1 = designation of the computer model for the
simplified cycle
designation of the comKC2
puter model for the cycle
analyzed by El-Sayed and
Tribus
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XL
X
Anmonla Mass Fraction
Fig. 4 Relationships among bubble point temperature, dew point
temperature, liquid fraction, vapor fraction, and composition for a
saturated mixture of ammonia and water
BFP
600
X=0.70
500
P 400
P <MPa)
10/
300
+>
MXR3
Fig 7
t 200
a.
100
I
-100
-2
Fig. 5
water
2
4
6
Entropy <kJ/kg-K>
10
3000
""I"
X=0.70
2500
P <MPa>
1/0.1/
10/
2000
1500
1000
//
//
/ // /y
Jy
500
0
-500
-2
Entropy
Fig. 6
water
10
(kJ/kg-K)
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SYMBOL
REMARKS
Absorber
ABS
Boiler Feed
Pump
BFP
Irreversibilities are
accounted for by specifying
an efficiency.
Boiler
BLR
Condensate
Pump
CDP
irreversibilities are
accounted for by specifying
an efficiency. They are
somewhat more significant
than in an ordinary steam
system because the mass
flow rate is much larger
than the flow rate through
the turbine.
Condenser
CND
Distiller
DST
Feedwater
Heaters
FWHx
Mixers
MXRx
Reheaters
RHTx
Separator
SEP
Separates a saturated
mixture into an
ammonia-rich vapor stream
and an ammonia-poor liquid
stream.
Splitters
SPLx
Turbine
TBN
Throttle
THR
losses as additional nodes will not be difficult. To this approximation the cycle operates at three pressure levels:
(1) Turbine inlet:
Design specification.
(2) Turbine exhaust: Fixed by the temperature and composition of the saturated liquid leaving the absorber (State 17).
Fixed by the temperature and com(3) Intermediate:
position of the saturated liquid leaving the condenser (State 9).
3.2 Boiler. The boiler is assumed to be an HRSG with a
gas exit temperature determined by the greater of a specified
exit temperature or a minimum pinch point temperature difference. The pinch point temperature difference has been
taken as 25C.
110/Vol. 112, JANUARY 1990
Fig. 8
(!) =
X{\l)-X{\)
FG*[X(5)-X(\)}
m(20) =
X(5)-X(U)
X(5)-X(l)
(1)
(2)
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Table 2
Item
Base Case
Value
Remarks
SI
BASE CASE
CPMOD
FWH2SW
SI or Engl. Engrg.
Up to 25 Character
title.
Model for combustion gas specific
heat; 1 = c constant,
2=c p temperature
dependent.
Second feedwater
heater; Y = include,
N = delete.
Temperatures (C)
T( 1)
T(13)
T(41)
T(46)
T(51)
T(52)
70
500
15
25
550
150
TDIFG
25
TDIF
Pressure (kPa)
P(13) :L0000
Separator inlet.
Turbine inlet.
Cooling water inlet.
Cooling water exit.
Combustion gas inlet.
Combustion gas exit
(minimum).
Minimum difference in
the boiler.
Minimum difference in
the ammonia-water heat
exchangers.
Turbine inlet.
Turbine.
Condensate pump.
Boiler feed pump.
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Table 3 KC1 system code output; base case: 7(1) = 70C, X(13) = 0.7,
no FWH2
RUN ID: BASE CASE
UNITS: SI
T<13)=500C
VER: 8.0
12
13
15
16
21
22
PRESS
.5391E+02
.5391E+02
.5391E+02
.9904E+02
5391E+02
5391E+02
.5391E+02
.5391E+02
5391E+02
0030E+04
0000E+04
.0000E+04
0000E+04
9904E+02
9904E+02
9904E+02
9904E+02
5391E+02
.5391E+02
5391E+02
5391E+02
.5391E+02
TEMP
70.00
70.00
25.06
25.17
70.00
27.36
42.92
42.92
20.00
22.36
22.36
39.09
500.00
118.87
57.47
40.15
20.00
20.06
20.06
20.06
52.47
70.00
MASF
0.4481
0.3459
0.3459
0.3459
0.9685
0.9685
0.7000
0.7000
0.7000
0.7000
0.7000
0.7000
0.7000
0.7000
0.7000
0.4481
0.4481
0.4481
0.4481
0.4431
0.4481
0.4481
ENTH
3.1216E+02
B.2225E+01
-1.1759E+02
-1.1759E+02
1.4828E+03
1.3168E+03
5.579BE+02
5.5798E+02
-1.0775E+02
-8.0337E+01
-8.0337E+01
7.0419E-03
2.7980E+03
1.8972E+03
1.0148E+03
2.0927E+02
-1.5479E+02
-1.5408E+02
-1.5408E+02
-1.5408E+02
1.2933E+01
3.1217E+02
ENTR
1.4991E+00
7.6995E-01
1.4359E-01
1.4494E-01
5.2115E+00
4.7166E+00
2.3138E+00
2.3138E+00
1.0101E-01
1.3779E-01
1.3779E-01
4.0203E-01
6.2771E+00
6.5296E+O0
4.0119E+00
1.2746E+00
4.3865E-02
4.4688E-02
4.468SE-02
4.4688E-02
5.8565E-01
1.4993E+00
P<13>=10 MPo.
^ 4 .
\\V
1/1
s_
o
p
a
c
a
a.
X<13>
,55
OJ
,60
.65
11
12
13
17
18
19
20
21
22
MASS FL
2.94871
2.46462
2.46462
2.46462
0.48409
0.48409
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
1.00000
3.46462
3.46462
3.46462
2.94871
0.51591
2.94871
2.94871
HEAT
O.OOOOE+00
0.0000E+00
-4.9247E+02
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
-8.0344E+01
O.OOOOE+00
0.0000E+00
-6.6574E+02
O.0000E+O0
O.OOOOE+00
8.0344E+01
2.7980E+03
0.0000E+00
-8.8236E+02
0.0000E+00
-1.2613E+03
0.0000E+O0
0.0000E+00
O.OOOOE+00
4.9247E+02
8.8236E+02
WORK
O.OOOOE+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.OO00E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
O.OOOOE+00
-2.7418E+01
O.OOOOE+00
0.0000E+00
O.OOOOE+00
9.0080E+02
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
0.000OE+00
-2.4719E+00
O.OOOOE+00
0.0000E+00
O.OOOOE+00
O.OOOOE+00
MASS FL
46.0578
30.1463
30.1463
15.9115
15.9115
46.0578
6.6239
6.6239
ERROR
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
1.0E-02
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
-8.6E-02
O.OE+00
-1.5E-03
7.4E-02
0.0E+00
-7.0E-02
0.0E+00
-2.4E-03
0.0E+00
-3.0E-02
1.5E-03
4.9E-02
O.OE+00
O.OE+00
-3.3E-02
-6.7E-02
' I
XG3>
,65
.55
FL=0.8358
T<13>=500C
--^_^,
P<13)=10MPa
,60 - ^ _ _ ^
,60
,65
~-__^^
.70
_____
.55
SDIF=-.0001
.50
~--^^^
DTPP- 84.23
SDIF=0.0001
,45
SDIF=0.0000
HEAT
0.000E+00
0.000E+00
1.261E+03
O.OOOE+OO
6.657E+02
1.927E+03
O.OOOE+OO
-2.798E+03
60
70
80
90
Separator Temperature <C)
Fig. 10 Dilution mass flow, m(20), as a function of separator
temperature, T(1), and turbine inlet composition, X(13). Dilution mass
flow is primarily related to X(13).
T<13>=500C
60
70
80
90
Separator Temperature <C)
STATE
1
2
,70
o
+>
P<13>=10 MPa
50
X<13)
d
i.
d
a.
.70
o
o_
O
CJ
.65
s'
,60
p
i/i
____^
OJ
4U
"
,55 30
60
70
80
90
S e p a r a t o r T e m p e r a t u r e <C)
Fig. 11 Separator inlet composition, X(1), required to balance the cycle
for specified values of turbine inlet composition, X(13), and separator
temperature, 7(1).
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0,0
u.u
TO3>=500C
P<13>=10MPa
.33
- ,57
X<13>
005
-.01
.56
'
.55
,32
,60 '
//
Base Case
X<13>=.70
,010
,55
/y^
~>^/
-.02
.54
,65
,31
^ ' ^
.015
- ,53
,70
-.03
.87
,88
,89
,90
Turbine Efficiency
Fig. 14 Effect of turbine efficiency on cycle efficiency and exergy fraction. Other peak efficiency cases fall between the two lines plotted.
,85
60
70
80
90
S e p a r a t o r Temperature <C)
for
.86
.
T<13)==500C
P<13> =10 MPQ
,33
..33
X<13>
,57
.56
.32
__;60
-___Jj5
- ,57
- ,56
W i t h FWH2
<^ .32
,55 I
-^-^^
,55
Without
FWH2
,54
53
.31
"
^ 2 _ _ _ . ,53
2
-4
6
Mass Flow t o S e p a r a t o r , m<l>
Fig. 13 Cycle efficiency and exergy fraction (150C stack temperature)
as a function of separator mass flow, m(1), and turbine inlet composition, X(13)
,54
,31
60
70
80
90
S e p a r a t o r Temperature <C)
Fig. 15 Effect on efficiency and exergy of adding FWH2 for a turbine
inlet composition of 70 percent ammonia and 30 percent water
.70
I ,60
150C S t a c k
Temperature
.50
,50
,60
.70
.80
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Table 4 Results for the El-Sayed and Tribus configuration and comparison with the KC1 base case
160
Input data:
Case
Turbine
Eff.
140
120
0.865
0.865
0.865
4
5
0.900
0.900
Case
M ioo
1
2
3
4
5
.50
.60
(-)
1
2
3
Pump
Eff.
Hin . Temp
Ht. Sxch .
(-F)
(C)
3.3
6.0
3.3
6.0
3.3
6.0
(-)
" 1.0
" 1.0
' 1.0
0.600
0.600
5.0
5.0
9.0
9.0
Diff.
Boiler
(C)
CF)
13.3 24.0
13.3 24.0
13.3 24.0
25.0
25.0
CO
66.2
CF)
(-)
(-)
45.0
45.0
Stack Temp.
CC)
70.6
70.6
70.6
(*F)
159.0
159.0
159.0
150.0
150.0
302.0
302.0
Bypass Mass
Flow t o HXR1
(-)
Comb. Gas
Mass Flow
(-)
66.2
66.2
151.2
151.2
151.2
4167
4167
3953
4.23
4.359
6.366
0.482
0.4848
0.4701
5.691
5.667
5.663
70.0
70.0
158.0
158.0
4100
4481
5.043
2.949
0.4807
0.5159
6.478
6.624
.70
Case
Het Heat
Met Woirk
kJ/kg)
(kJ/kg)
Cycle
Eff.
(")
1
2
3
1105.
939.9
921.1
940.1
.3313
.3395
4
5
904.0
870.9
904.0
870.9
.3292
.3113
--
Max. Availability
Change
;BTU/lbm)
(kJ/kg)
102.
237.4
102.
237.4
102.
237.4
105.4
105.4
245.2
245.2
Exergy
Fraction
(-)
0.673
0.684
0.699
0.569
0.536
MXR3
Fig. 18
ferred from the combustion products. For ammonia concentrations below 60 percent the lower volatility of the mixture
forces a rise in stack temperature.
The configuration shown in Fig. 18 is that analyzed by ElSayed and Tribus (1985c). The main program and the input/output routines were suitably modified and designated
KC2. A new heat exchanger model was added to the component routines but no change to the data routines was needed.
5.1 Modification of the Computer Model. Modeling of
the El-Sayed and Tribus configuration is more complicated
because several heat exchangers have more than two streams.
A multistream heat exchanger model was coded in which one
114/Vol. 112, JANUARY 1990
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code does not yet include piping losses but it does include
pump efficiency. Air properties are generated using a
piecewise linear fit and agreement with the air tables is very
good. El-Sayed and Tribus assumed a constant cp of 0.25
Btu/lbm-F, which is also a very good approximation, taken
as an average value over the temperature range of interest.
There is good agreement in the calculation of maximum
change in availability but the corresponding exergy fraction is
somewhat higher using the KC2 computer model; see Table 4
(Cases 1 and 2) and Appendix C.
The KC1 cases were run at slightly different input conditions, as indicated in Table 4, so, to obtain a direct comparison between the KC1 and KC2 configurations, KC2 was
run using the KC1 inputs. Results are also shown in Table 4 as
cases 4 and 5. The more complex KC2 configuration yields
slightly less than a two percentage point gain in efficiency over
the basic KC1 configuration (excluding FWH2) and about
three percentage points in exergy fraction. The lower exergy
fractions for cases 4 and 5 are due in part to slightly more conservative assumptions for input data and partly to calculation
of maximum availability using a temperature-dependent
specific heat.
6
Conclusions
While ammonia-water mixtures have been used for many
years in refrigeration cycles, the Kalina Cycle appears to be a
genuinely new development for power generation. Efficiencies
reported here are modest because they are for a stand-alone
cycle with inlet conditions appropriate to a bottoming cycle,
but the potential has been shown elsewhere for combined cycle
power plant efficiencies as good or better than advanced
energy conversion technologies, which depend on a hightemperature topping cycle. Stack temperatures as low as 92C
can be achieved if not limited by other constraints such as
plume buoyancy or acid dew point.
Composition at the turbine inlet and temperature at the
separator are the key parameters for optimizing the cycle.
These can be controlled operationally by adjusting flow rates.
The development of fluid property and component models
makes possible extensive parametric studies of cycle configurations to optimize the cycle further.
Actual performance data and a detailed economic analysis
will be required to establish viability, but the relative simplicity of the components and compatibility with existing steam
turbine design provide room for optimism.
Acknowledgments
The advice and encouragement of Dr. Y. M. El-Sayed, Dr.
Myron Tribus, and Dr. A. I. Kalina are gratefully
acknowledged. I especially thank Dr. El-Sayed for his
assistance in resolving difficulties with the property data.
The work was accomplished using the computer facilities of
Villanova University. Interaction with my students was of
significant importance in developing the ideas expressed
herein.
Press.
(psia)
Temp.
Mass Fr
Ammonia
(F)
(-)
Enthalpy
Entropy
(BTU/lbm) (BTU/lbm-R))
Relative
Mass Flow
(-)
0..4167
0,.4167
48 .38
49 .5
0.2135
0.219
4.359
4.23
2
2.7
70.82
69.9
151.20
151.2
0 .4167
0 .4167
99 .30
104 .6
0.2989
0.3113
4.359
4.23
3
2.8
70.82
69.9
151.20
151.2
0,.3431
O..34
28 .23
31 .5
0.1720
0.1809
3.848
3.71
4
2.10
70.82
69.9
'128.00
126.7
0..3431
0..34
3 .26
3 .6
0.1300
0.1343
3.848
3.71
70.82
66.00
0..3431
-61 .79
0.0131
3.848
20.01
66.14
0 .3431
-61 .79
0.0136
3.848
7
2.9
70.82
69.9
151.20
151.2
0 .9703
0 .964
633 .63
628
1.2533
1.245
0.5118
0.518
8
2.11
70.82
69.7
128.00
128.
0 .9703
0..964
604 .84
598
1.2068
1.197
0.5118
0.518
70.82
125.45
0..7000
304 .37
0.6722
1.0000
10
2.12
70.82
69.6
103.32
102.8
0,,7000
0 .7000
238 .78
2 4 0 .2
0.5566
0.5616
1.0000
1.000
11
3
70.82
69.6
61.00
60.
0 .7000
0 .7
-54 .02
-50 .7
0.0095
0.0176
1.0000
1.000
12
3.1
1570.0
1580.
61.00
60.
0..7000
0..7
-4 6 .19
-54 .1
0.0095
-0.0039
1.0000
1.000
13
4
1570.0
1580.
119.45
121.
0..7000
0..7
19 .41
11 .02
0.0130
0.1182
1.0000
1.000
14
1
1570.0
1570.
950.00
950.
0,.7000
0 .7
1.4987
1.501
1.0000
1.000
1214..6
1215
15
2
20.01
20.9
231.98
222.6
0..7000
0..7
809 .78
814
1.5927
1.59
1.0000
1.000
16
2.1
20.01
20.7
148.50
148.5
0..7000
0..7
587 .81
600
1.2412
1.259
1.0000
1.000
17
2.2
20.01
20.5
126.00
126.
0..7000
0..7
455.,34
452.,9
1.0193
1.0144
1.0000
1.000
18
2.3
20.01
20.4
80.00
80.
0..7000
0..7
302,.46
289,,1
0.7472
0.7227
1.0000
1.000
19
20.01
79.22
0,,4167
13..35
0.1643
4.8476
20
20.01
60.00
0.,4167
- 7 4 ,.82
-0.0053
4.8476
21
2.4
70.82
70.6
60.00
60.
0.,4167
0.,4167
- 7 4 .,63
-75.
-0.0053
-0.0027
4.8476
4.71
22
70.82
120.00
0. 4 1 6 7
- 1 0 . 58
0.1118
4.8476
23
70.82
120.00
0.,4167
- 1 0 ..58
0.1118
0.4883
24
2.5
70.82
70.3
120.00
120.
0. 4167
0. 4167
- 1 0 .,58
- 9 .,91
0.1118
0.116
4.3594
4.23
25
2.6
70.82
70.1
142.90
137.7
0. 4 1 6 7
0. 4167
66. 49
49. 5
0.2439
.219
4.3594
4.23
COOLING WATER
41
55.00
15.
55.00
55.
23. 00
42
7
15.
75.00
75.
43
8
44
7
15.
55.00
55.
45
8
15.
75.00
75.
46
75.00
HOT GAS
51
14.7
5
15.
52
6
14.7
15.
1000.00
1000.
158.97
159.
~
~
23.,00
23.
43. 00
43.
23. 0
23.
36.01
21.37
0.0457
21.37
0.0838
14.64
0.0457
4 3 . 00
43.
14.64
0.0838
4 3 . 00
36.01
3 5 9 . 08
242.
0.272
5.7817
5.691
1 4 8 . 17
3 1 . 75
0.0574
5.6669
5.691
References
El-Sayed, Y. M., and Tribus, M., 1985a, "Thermodynamic Properties of
Water-Ammonia Mixtures: Theoretical Implementation for Use in Power Cycle
Analysis," Center for Advanced Engineering Study, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA, Draft Report.
El-Sayed, Y. M., and Tribus, M., 1985b, "Thermodynamic Properties of
Water-Ammonia Mixtures: Theoretical Implementation for use in Power Cycle
Analysis," ASME Publication AES-Vol. 1.
El-Sayed, Y. M., and Tribus, M., 1985c, "A Theoretical Comparison of the
Rankine and Kalina Cycles," ASME Publication AES-Vol. 1.
Kalina, A. I., 1984, "Combined Cycle System With Novel Bottoming Cycle,"
ASME JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR GAS TURBINES AND POWER, Vol. 106, pp.
737-742.
Kalina, A. I., Tribus, M., and El-Sayed, Y. M., 1986a, " A Theoretical Approach to the Thermophysical Properties of Two-Miscible-Component Mixtures
for the Purpose of Power-Cycle Analysis," ASME Paper No. 86-WA/HT-54.
Kalina, A. I., 1986b, Private Communication, Feb. 20.
Kalina, A. I., and Leibowitz, H. M., 1987, "Applying Kalina Technology to a
Bottoming Cycle for Utility Combined Cycles," ASME Paper No. 87-GT-35.
Marston, C. H., 1986, "Three Computer Based Thermodynamics Projects,"
Int. J. Appl. Engng. Ed., Vol. 2, pp. 115-126.
Marston, C. H., 1987, "Parametric Analysis of the Kalina Cycle," Report,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA.
JANUARY1990, Vol.112/115
Downloaded 02 Jun 2010 to 171.66.16.108. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
A P P E N D I X
Properties
of
Item
1
2
3
4
Page
90
91
94
95
Column
2
1
2
1
C
Mi
Location/Correction
Assumption 4: . . . temperature
Equation 7: . . . )dp-R(ln(p))
Equation A-2: . . . X))')( . . .
fourth constant in the a, array for the
Gibbs free energy departure function: 0.672809
constants following Equation A-4b:
c2 = - 0.0048
line prior to Equation A-4.5: P = P(p, T)
line following Equation A-4.5: p in kg/m
E q u a t i o n A - 5 : . . . (A ) ( p ) ' ~ '
(Cl/7\ . .
first line: . . . VOLUME SPECIFIC
HEAT . . .
line following Equation A-8a: T in C
C,2
Cl6
C )3
M7
C14
Oil
2 The bubble point temperature to be entered into the equation for specific volume of the liquid should be in C.
A P P E N D I X
Computer Codes
The codes used for this analysis were developed on a VAX
minicomputer and are described in more detail elsewhere
(Marston, 1987). They have subsequently been transferred to
an MS-DOS based computer system using Version 4.0 of
Microsoft FORTRAN. Source code for VAX and MS-DOS is
now identical. Listings and/or diskettes with the properties
data subroutines, menu lookup program, and system programs can be made available.
A P P E N D I X
95
116/Vol.112,JANUARY1990
Downloaded 02 Jun 2010 to 171.66.16.108. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm