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Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
2
Cultivation and Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Department, National
Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
Abstract: The seeds of Ocimum americanum were introduced and cultivated in Egypt as a new source
of the essential oil. The growth, yield and essential oil of O. americanum were studied during two
successive seasons. Chemical constituents of the essential oil were studied with (GLC). The mean values
of the growth parameters of the second cut in both seasons were higher than those of the first cuts.
Essential oil percentage ranged from 0.175% to 0.253% in both seasons, while the essential oil yield
ranged from 27.8 to 41.69 liter per feddan. The total yield of the essential oil reached 60 and 76 liter per
feddan in the first and second season, respectively. Eugenol was identified as the major compound in the
essential oil and accounted for 28.46 %. Methyl chavicol was found to be the second main compound and
reached 17.34%. The insecticidal properties of the American basil essential oil and its major component
were evaluated against the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon in laboratory and a semi field trail. There was
a positive correlation between the concentration and the percentage of larval mortality and malformed
pupae and adult. Basil oil at 3% (conc.), only 35 % of the larvae reached the pupal stage with 67.16 %
reduction than control and 13 % of the pupae were deformed. Eugenol caused 40 % larval mortality with
36.84 % reduction in pupation % than control. Pupal weights were significantly lower than control. In
semi field experiment, basil oil was more effective on adult longevity than eugenol. Basil oil had repellent
effect on A.ipsilon moths with 66.42 and 35.95% repellency at (3 % ) in case of basil oil and eugenol,
respectively. The basil essential oil was more effective than its active component (eugenol) on the
concerned biological aspects of A.ipsilon.
Keywords: Ocimum americanum, essential oil, eugenol, GLC, black cutworm, A. ipsilon, repellency,
insecticidal activity.
mycoides, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, Vibrio cholerae,
Staph. albus, Sal. paratyphi and Xanth. campestris.
Also O. americanum oil showed antifungal activity
against a great number of fungi which included some
human pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of O.
americanum oil was studied [1 ].
The black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon ( Huf.) is one
of the most severe insect pests in Egypt, this noctuid
is polyphagous and attacks a large number of field and
vegetable crops. The growers usually use the
conventional insecticides, especially organophosphates,
in controlling this pest. However, the use of pesticides
has
resulted
in environmental contamination [2 ]
negative effects o n n o n ta rg et o rganism s [ 3 ] .
Plantderived extracts and phytochemicals have been
shown to possess insecticidal activity [4 ,5 ,6 ]. The natural
plant products showed also a strong disruption
of insect growth and development against a variety
of insect pests, e.g. Spodoptera exempta [7 ], S. littoralis
( Boisd.) [8 ], Agrotis ipsilon ( Huf.) [9 ,1 0 ].
INTRODUCTION
The genus Ocimum family labiatae (lamiaceae) has
long been used as a medicinal and aromatic plant in
many countries, i.e. Egypt, India, Greece, Italy,
Morocco and others. It contains between 50 to 150
species of herbs and shrubs from tropical and
subtropical regions of Asia, Africa as well as central
and South America.
Ocimum americanum, L. (Syn. O.canum), hoary
basil or mosquito plant has three distinct chemo-types:
floral-lemony, camphoraceous and spicy. From the
pharmacological point of view, it was found that the
essential oil obtained from O. americanum showed
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,
S trep to m yces p yo g enes, Escherechia coli and
Salmonella typhosa. Antitubercular activity against
Mycobacterium spp at 100 ppm concentration. The
essential oil from the leaves exhibited antibacterial
activity against Xanthomonas malvacearum, Bacilluls
Corresponding Author: Shadia E, Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
E-mail: shadia_abdelaziz2001@hotmail.com
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Table 5: Latent biological effects of eugenol when (4 th instar A. ipsilon larvae) fed on treated baits for (2days).
Egg H atchability
M alform ed
Adult Em ergency
M alform ed
Pupal weight +
Pupation
Larval M ortality
Conc.
(% ) *
Adult (% )
(% ) *
Pupae (% )
S.E.(m g) (range)
(% ) *
(% )
(% )
75
5
53
7
300.5+ 1.71
60
40
3
(23.47)
(44.21)
(294 310) e
(36.84)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80
2
65
5
322.7 +2.44
70
30
2
(18.37)
(31.58)
(310335) d
(26.32)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
1
74
4
333.5+2.41
78
22
1
(10.20)
(22.11)
(320 345) c
(17.89)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91
0.0
90
0.0
346.7 + 2.76
90
10
0.5
(7.14)
(5.26)
(335 360) b
(5.26)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------97
0.0
95
0.0
355.7+ 3.2 1
95
5
0.25
(1.02)
(0.0)
(330 368 ) ab
(0.0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------98
0.0
95
0.0
358.2+ 1.62
95
5
C o n tro l
----(350 367) a
--M eans followed by the sam e letter are not significantly different AN O VA(LSD ) p> 0.05
* N um bers between brackets represent percent reduction than control
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4.
REFERENCES
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