Revised Midterm Report Chemical Product Design

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
WATER PURIFIER FOR DISASTER RELIEF
Revised Midterm Report

GROUP 1
GROUP PERSONNEL:
ACHMAD FATHONY (1106007602)
ANIFAH
(1106011461)
FARIS RAZANAH Z.
(1106005225)
MAUHIBIYA SHOFA (1106010515)
RIZKY PANDU S.
(0906557045)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK
2014
LIST OF CONTENT
List of Content ............................................................................................... ii

List of Figures ................................................................................................ iv
List of Tables ................................................................................................. v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1
1.1. Background ................................................................................. 1
1.2. Formulation of Problem ............................................................... 4
1.3. Identification of Problem ............................................................. 5
1.4. Limitation of Problem .................................................................. 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................. 6
CHAPTER III NEEDS ............................................................................. 17
3.1. Determining Needs ...................................................................... 17
3.2. Needs Interpretation ..................................................................... 26
3.3. Group and Rank of Needs ............................................................ 28
CHAPTER IV PRODUCT SPECIFICATION ........................................ 33
4.1. List of Metrics ............................................................................. 33
4.2. Benchmarking ............................................................................. 36
4.3. List of Specification ..................................................................... 37
CHAPTER V GENERATING PRODUCT CONCEPT .......................... 40
5.1. Background ................................................................................. 40
5.2. Splitting Problem ......................................................................... 41
5.3. Existing Concept .......................................................................... 42
5.4. New Concept ............................................................................... 44
CHAPTER VI CONCEPT SELECTION ................................................ 46
6.1. Concept Description Based on Work Principle ............................. 46
6.2. Concept Screening ....................................................................... 55
6.3. Concept Scoring .......................................................................... 61
6.4. Concept Testing ............................................................................ 70
CHAPTER VII FINAL PRODUCT ......................................................... 75
7.1. Product Positioning ...................................................................... 75
7.2. Product Description ..................................................................... 79
7.3. Product Material .......................................................................... 81
ii
Universitas Indonesia
CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSION ............................................................. 84

References ..................................................................................................... 86
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Spectrum of Light Regarding Disinfection Effectiveness. 13

Figure 2.2. Filtration Process .......................................................................... 14
Figure 2.3. Size Matters Regarding Ultra Filtration and Reverse Osmosis ...... 15
Figure 3.1. Respondents Distribution Based on Their Age .................................. 18
Figure 3.2. Respondents Distribution Based on Their Profession .................. 19
Figure 3.3. Answers Ratio Based on Question 1 ............................................ 19
Figure 3.8. Answers Ratio Based on Question 6............................................. 22
Figure 3.9. List of Needs with Rank ............................................................... 32
Figure 5.1. Mind Map of Existing Water Purifier Concept ............................. 43
Figure 5.2. Mind Map of New Water Purifier Concept ................................... 44
Figure 5.3. Mind Map of Existing and New Water Purifier Concept ............... 45
Figure 6.1. Respondents Distribution Based on Their Profession .................. 73
Figure 6.2. Respondents Distribution Based on Their Age ............................ 74
Figure 6.3. Result of Concept Testing about Respondents Interest with the
Product ........................................................................................ 75
Figure 7.1. Perceptual Mapping ..................................................................... 78
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1. Main Parameter of Drinking Water ................................................ 8

Table 1.2. Additional Parameter of Drinking Water ....................................... 9
Table 1.3. Comparison of Some Methods of Purifying Water ......................... 11
Table 3.1. Needs Interpretation From Customer Statement ............................. 24
Table 3.2. Customer Needs ............................................................................ 26
Table 3.3. Tidy Up Needs .............................................................................. 27
Table 3.4. Grouping Needs ............................................................................. 28
Table 3.5. Rank of Needs ............................................................................... 29
Table 3.6. Needs Ordered by Rank ................................................................. 30
Table 4.1. List of Metrics ............................................................................... 33
Table 4.2.Matrix of Needs and Metrics .......................................................... 34
Table 4.3. List of Metrics from Existing Product ............................................ 36
Table 4.4. List of Specification ...................................................................... 37
Table 6.1. Concept Description Based on Work Principle .............................. 47
Table 6.2. Product Concepts ........................................................................... 55
Table 6.3. Criteria in Water Purifier Product Concept Screening .................... 57
Table 6.4. Concept Screening ......................................................................... 59
Table 6.5. Concept Combination .................................................................... 60
Table 6.6. The Description of Scoring Rating ................................................. 64
Table 6.7. Concept Scoring ........................................................................... 66
Table 7.1. Comparison of Our Product and Existing Product Based on Criteria. 75
Table 7.2. Specification of Chitosan .............................................................. 82
v
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
As we already know, water is essential thing for our life and health.
Wherever they are, people need water to live. Not only is the human body 60
percent water, the resource is also essential for producing food, clothing, moving
our waste stream, and keeping us and the environment healthy.
Unfortunately, data from WHO Joint Monitoring Programmer (JMP) for
Water Supply and Sanitation shows that freshwater makes up a very small fraction
of all water on the planet. While nearly 70 percent of the world is covered by
water, but only 2.5 percent of it is fresh. The rest is saline and ocean-based. Even
then, just 1 percent of our freshwater is easily accessible, with much of it trapped
in glaciers and snowfields. In essence, only 0.007 percent of the planet's water is
available to fuel and feed its 6.8 billion people. Due to geography, climate,
engineering, regulation, and competition for resources, some regions seem
relatively flush with freshwater, while others face drought and debilitating
pollution. In much of the developing world, clean water is either hard to come by
or a commodity that requires laborious work or significant currency to obtain.
While, In Indonesia, 17% of rural population and 5% of urban population
have no access to safe drinking water. Every year, about 300 out of 1,000
Indonesians suffer from water-borne diseases such as cholera, dysentery and
typhoid fever. Other data also said that in Indonesia, about 75.25% rivers are
highly polluted, while 22.52% rivers are moderately polluted. High level of
contaminants, such as arsenic and fluoride causes about 50,000 deaths annually in
Indonesia. Water contamination has been reported in both surface as well as
ground water sources in the country. According to a freshwater researcher at the
Indonesian Research Institute (LIPI), Indonesia has the worst drinking water in
Southeast Asia.
Water is essential in every situation. In emergencies or
in a disaster
condition such as flood, volcano eruption, etc that annually happen in Indonesia it
1
is often not available in adequate quantity or quality, thus creating a major health
hazard. People can survive longer without food than without water. Thus the
provision of water demands immediate attention from the start of a emergency
situation such as disaster. The aim is to assure availability of enough water to
allow sufficient distribution and to ensure that it is safe to drink. Adequate storage
and backup systems for all aspects of water supply must be assured, since
interruptions in the supply may be disastrous. To avoid contamination, all sources
of water used by refugees and disaster victims must be separated from sanitation
facilities and other sources of contamination. It is important, however, to bear in
mind the fact that due to difficulties in predicting the lifespan of a refugee camp,
the most appropriate alternative will always be the one which adapts better to a
cost-effective long term service.
Water availability will generally be the determining factor in organizing the
supply of sufficient quantities of safe water. It may be necessary to make special
arrangements for the identification and development of new sources, water
extraction, storage and distribution. Measurement will be required to protect the
water from contamination and in some circumstances treatment will be needed to
make itsafe to drink. The safety of the water must be assured right through to
consumption at home.
Water quality is always difficult to access. Always assume that all water
available during an emergency is contaminated, especially if available sources are
surface water bodies (lakes, ponds ,rivers, etc.). Immediate action must be taken
to stop further pollution and to reduce contamination. If it is proven that available
sources are inadequate (in terms of quality or quantity), arrangements must be
made to find alternative sources and, if necessary, to import water to the site (by
truck, barge, pipelinesor any other relevant means). Where even the most basic
needs for water cannot safely be met by the existing resources at the site or its
surroundings, and when time is needed for further exploration and development of
new sources, refugees and disaster victims should be moved to a more suitable
location.
Timely and adequate provision of clean water to refugees of special
importance given that they have traditionally faced difficulties in fully exercising
their rights and are very prone to exploitation. The right of water for refugees
revolves around UDHR (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948) Article
25: Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and
well-being of himself and his family.
The right to get water was explicitly recognized and has become an
international priority when in late 2002 ECOSOC (Economics and Social
Council), a UN organ and the supervisory body for International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), adopted a General Comment
stressing The human right to drinking water is fundamental for life and health.
Though it is important to provide adequate quantities of water, the water
quality and hygiene is also of the utmost importance. Even if the water that is
provided is not contaminated, the transfer of water between vessels, the storage of
water in the home, and touching the inside of water vessels with the hands are risk
factors for contamination. It is also important for the water to be readily
accessible, and the taps should be centrally located. If the water taps are far away,
children might have to interrupt their schooling to collect water for their families.
In addition, if the water taps are very far away, the physical burden of water
collection grows immensely. For example, if a person draws water for all of their
familys needs (around 80L) from a well located 200 meters from their home, they
may use up to 1/6 of his/her rationed calories for the day on this one task. The
UNHCR therefore recommends that all households have access to a water tap that
is less than 200 meters away. Unfortunately, many people in disaster condition do
not meet this standard.
This is essential for disaster victims to receive an adequate quantity of good
quality water because water has an impact on so many vital sectors of society,
including nutrition, health, education and sanitation. Ensuring that the refugees
receive an adequate quantity of water is an important public health issue because
lack of clean water is correlated with the presence of diseases such as diarrhea and
cholera.
From the data that we have explained above, to cover and fulfill adequate
quantity of good quality water supply for refugees in disaster relief, water purifier
is usually mentioned as the solution. According to the recently published report by
4
TechSci Research Indonesia Water Purifier Market Forecast & Opportunities
2018, the demand for water purifiers is increasing and water purifier market
revenues are expected to grow by over two folds, increasing at the CAGR
(Compound annual Growth Rate) of around 14% during 2013.
Unfortunately, most of existing water purifier product use the danger
substance such as chlorine to purify the water, it is so danger that the using of
chlorine on water purifying process has been forbidden. On the other side, the
existing water purifier product has difficult and complicated operation procedure,
needlong time process to produce purified water, the purified water thats not
good in quality, difficult of maintenance procedure, the expensive of water
purifier, and of course the purified water output that is still doubtful. From that
weakness of existing water purifier product we want to make a water purifier
thats cheaper so it can become an inclusive product for refugees and also more
effective and healthy than the existing water purifier.
1.2. Formulation of Problem

The concept of designing this water purifier product for disaster victims in
Chemical Product Design Subject is to cover the weakness of the existing water
purifier and fulfill the brand new needs of water purifier user in Indonesia
especially for increasing the supply of clean and drinking water when disaster
happen. While, there are some weakness that have been identified from the
existing water purifier product as these follows: difficult and complicated
operation procedure, the long time process needed to produce purified water, the
purified water that not good in quality, difficult of maintenance procedure, the
expensive price of water purifier, the purified water output that is still doubtful
also the using of danger substance such as chlorine to purified the water. From
that we want to make a water purifier that can resolve the problems.
1.3. Identification of Problem

From the existing water purifier product can be identified some are as
follows:
a.
The needs of clean and drinking water for the victim disaster in disaster
relief.
b.
Most of existing water purifier need long time on purifying process to

produce drinking water.
c.
Most of existing water purifier is so expensive so it cant be reached by

middle-low class society
d.
Most of existing water purifier is not portable so it make the people

difficult to place and operate the existing wate purifier
e.
Some of the existing water purifier still using the harmful chemical
substance such as chlorine to purify the water.
1.4. Limitation of Problem

In order to make study about water purifier does not extend, in this chemical
product design it will be limited by:
a.
This water purifier is designed to fulfill the healthy and drinking water
for disaster
b.
This water purifier product is designed and formulated to produce the

healthy and drinking water.
c.
This water purifier product is designed and purposed to be inclusive and

healthy issue.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Definition of Water

Water is chemical compound with the chemical formula H 2O. A water
molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent
bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient temperature and pressure. Water covers 71%
of the earths surface. Water is vital for our life. Water is used for almost all
organism activities. Generally, water is colorless, tasteless, and odorless. However
water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying colours, tastes,
and odors. Water is very abundant in the earth. There are two classification of
water based on its source. First classification is surface water which water comes
from surface like rivers, streams, waterways, lakes, swamps, and other natural or
artificial, excluding ground water. Second classification is ground water which
water flowing through earth material beneath the ground surface, excluding
surface water.
2.2. Classification of Water Based on Quality
Water can be classified based on its quality. The ability to dissolve many
substances makes it possible to have various water quality, even in the same form
(liquid). There are many factors of it,including location, sanitation of
environment, and many things. Classification establish the water quality classes,
their designated uses, and specify quality criteria to be met for each classification.
Here is two major classification of water based on quality from Minister of Health
Regulation (Permenkes) created in 1990:
a.
Clean water
Clean water is water thats qualified for daily activities such as
bathing, washing clothes, etc.
6
b.
Drinking water
Drinking water is water, either going through treatment process or
not, that has specific standard to be consumed for human.
Though water is abundant, humans have inadequate access to drinking

water. Surface water without treatment cant be used as drinking water because it
has high concentration of natural organic matter. The same thing applies for
ground water. There are several things and parameter that should be considered
before consuming water.
2.3. Parameter of Drinking Water
Drinking water quality standard is described as the quality parameter set for
drinking water. There are no universally recognized and accepted standards for
drinking water. World Health Organization (WHO) has set drinking water quality
standard but its not applied to all country. Every country has its own drinking
water quality standard. However, most of it are expressed as guidelines or targets
rather than requirements. Two exceptions are European Drinking Water Directive
and the Safe Drinking Water Act in the USA, which require large compliance
with specific standards.
Although drinking water standards frequently are referred to as if they are
simple lists of parametric values, standards documents also specify sampling
location, sampling method, sampling frequency, analytical methods, and
accreditation. So it means that the standard created is not absolute, because it give
complex, detailed requirement, and seasonal variations. A parametric set on
drinking water quality standard is most commonly the concentration of a
substance. The parameter not only parametric value that related to health aspect
but also include colour, turbidity, pH, and others.
In Indonesia, Minister of Health already made regulation (Permenkes) about
drinking water quality standard, created in 2010. It consists of main parameter and
additional parameter of drinking water. The main parameters mainly related to
parameter value related to health (microbiological parameter, anorganic chemical
parameter) and non-health (physical parameter and chemical parameter as well).
Table 1.1. Main Parameter of Drinking Water
No
1
Parameter Value
Unit
Maximum Content
Permitted
Parameter Related to Health

a. Microbiological Parameter
1) E.Coli
2) Coliform Bacteria
b. Anorganic Chemical
1) Arsen
2) Fluoride
3) Chromium
4) Cadmium
5) Nitrite (as NO2-)
6) Nitrate (as NO3-)
7) Cyanide
8) Selenium
Parameter Not Related to Health
a. Physical Parameter
1) Odor
2) Color
3) Total Dissolved Solid
(TDS)
4) Turbidity
5) Taste
6) Temperature
b. Chemical Parameter
1) Aluminium
2) Ferrum
3) Ammonia
4) Chloride
5) Mangan
6) Acidity
7) Zinc
8) Sulphate
9) Copper
Unit/100
ml sample
Unit/100
ml sample
0
0
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
0.01
1.5
0.05
0.003
3
50
0.07
0.01
TCU
Odorless
15
mg/l
500
NTU
5
Tasteless
Atmospheric
Temperature +- 3
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
pH
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
0.2
0.3
1.5
250
0.4
6.5-8.5
3
250
2
(Source : Permenkes, 2010)
Table 2.2. Additional Parameter of Drinking Water
No
1
Parameter Value
Chemical
Anorganic substance
Mercury
Antimon
Barium
Boron
Molybdenum
Nikel
Sodium
Timbal
Uranium
Organic substance
KMnO4
Detergent
Chlorinated alkanes
Carbon tetrachloride
Dichloromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Chlorinated benzenes
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Di(20ethylhexyl)phthalate
Acrylamide
Epichlorohydrin
Hexachlorobutadiene
EDTA
NTA
Pestiside
Alachor
Adicarb
Aldrin
Atrazine
Carbofuran
Unit
Maximum Content
Permitted
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
0.001
0.02
0.7
0.5
0.07
0.07
200
0.01
0.015
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
10
0.05
1
0.3
0.008
0.0005
0.0004
0.0006
0.6
0.2
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
0.02
0.01
0.00003
0.002
0.007
0.004
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.02
10
Table 2.2. Additional Parameter of Drinking Water (continued)
No
Parameter Value
Unit
Chlordane
Chlorotoluron
DDT
Disinfectant and Its
Byproduct
Chlorine
Bromate
Chlorate
Chlorite
Chlorophenols
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Bromoform
DBCM
BDCM
Chloroform
Radioactivity
Gross alpha activity
Gross beta activity
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Maximum Content
Permitted
0.0002
0.03
0.001
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
5
0.01
0.7
0.7
Bq/l
Bq/l
0.1
1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.06
0.3
(Source : Permenkes, 1990)
In Indonesia, monitoring and supervision of drinking water quality is carried

by two institution : local health departement and water supply company (PAM).
Though monitoring already and continues to be done, until now it has yet to be
evaluated the extent whether the water quality meet the requirement from
Permenkes or not.
2.4. Water Purification
Since the quality of water is different in every area and its hard to control,
water from unimproved sources is often supplied to communities. Therefore,
water need to be processed to change it into drinking water standard. Water
purification is the process of removing contaminants and undesirable chemicals,
solids, and gas as well from contaminated water.Water purification may also
designed for other purposes, including meeting the requirements of medical,
pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications. But its commonly used to
process fresh-water into drinking water, since drinking is one of main human
11
need. The purification process will reduce the concentration of particulate matter
like suspended particles, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Environmental problem
faced by the world nowadays makes water purification process is very important
for human.
2.5. General Water Purification Methods
There are so many methods to purify water. They are different in process
and mechanism but has one goal, rise or lower some substances content in water
into standard level. The methods to purify water cover microbiological, chemical,
and physical including disinfection (chlorination, solar disinfection, UV
irradiation, and boiling), particle filtration (filter technology), adsorption, and
others (coagulation, flocculation). The choice of the method will depend on
different factors such as cost, ease to use, availability, and practicality.
Table 2.3. Comparison of Some Methods of Purifying Water
Treatment
Boiling Water
Chemical Treatment
(Chlorine)
Solar Disinfection
UV Lamp Treatment
Filtration
Availability and
Practicality
Varies
Technical
difficulty
Low-moderate
Varies
High to moderate
Low-moderate
Moderate
High
Varies
Varies
Low-moderate
Low-moderate
Low-moderate
Low
Moderate-high
Varies
Cost
(Source : Ray, 2011)
2.5.1. Chlorination
Chlorination is a method in which adding the chlorine substance to the
fresh-water to kills bacteria, viruses, etc. Its common and cheap method but
extremely toxic. If the concentration is too low, chlorine lacks activity against
certain organism like protozoal cysts. But if the concentration is too high, it can
damage our health. Its should be noted that chlorination does not decrease
physical or chemical contamination.
12
2.5.2. Adsorption
Adsorption processes are widely used in water purification. Activated
carbon is the most important adsorbent applied in water purification. Its widely
used to remove organic substances from different types of water, including
drinking water.
At the beginning, taste and odor compounds were main target of adsorbent
in adsorption process, whereas later the application of adsorbent (such as activated
carbon) was also proved to be efficient for removal of wide range of further
organic micropollutants, such as phenol.
Activated carbon filtering utilizes a form of powder activated carbon (PAC)
with a high surface area, and adsorbs many compounds, including many toxic
compounds. Water passing through activated carbon is commonly used in concert
with hand pumped filters to address organic contamination, taste, or objectionable
odors. Activated carbon filters aren't usually used as the primary purification
techniques of portable water purification devices, but rather as secondary means
to complement another purification technique. It is most commonly implemented
for pre or post-filtering, in a separate step, for the addition of chemical
disinfectants used to control bacteria or viruses that filters cannot remove.
Activated charcoal can remove chlorine from treated water, removing any residual
protection remaining in the water protecting against pathogens, and should not, in
general, be used without careful thought after chemical disinfection treatments in
portable water purification processing.
2.5.3. Boiling
Bringing the water up to boiling point will sterilize the water. Even
temperature of 55oC will inactivate most bacteria. Boiling water for 15 to 20
minutes kills 99.9% of all living things and vaporizes most chemicals. Minerals,
metals, solid, and the contamination can also become more concentrated. It is
great method but it takes quite a long time and depent on the quantity of water.
The more water boiled, the more power needed in form of heat required to boil the
water.
13
2.5.4. UV Purification
Portable UV water purification was patented in 1999 by Hydro-Photon, Inc.
when the first personal UV water purifier was introduced. Feed water flows past
an ultra violet light bulb and the UV rays will destroy the DNA in organisms,
including bacteria and viruses. Effectiveness of UV purification is determined by
water clarity, flowrate, and UV Ray output. The light source must be sufficiently
bright and the feed water must have the proper flow to be effective. The main
advantage of UV purification is energy costs are smaller than those for boiling
water.
Disadvantage of UV purification is UV only kills microorganisms. UV
cannot remove salts, minerals, heavy metals, pesticides, and other inorganic
compounds from water. Also if the feed water is turbid, dissolved solids that
makes water turbid will block UV light, making it much less effective. So it will
be better if the feed water is clear. concern with UV portable water purification is
that some pathogens are hundreds of times less sensitive to UV light than others.
Figure 2.1. Spectrum of Light Regarding Disinfection Effectiveness

(Source : Franklin, S., http://coldstorage.macbonsai.com/adp-library/Public/projects/waterfiltration-bds/documents/Water-Purification-Comparison.ppsx; 26th Feb 2014)
2.5.5. Filtration
Filtration sieves out contaminants by molecular size and weight. This
method creates a barrier to remove contaminants. Filtration usually is divided into
14
ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Pore size is extremely small on reverse

osmosis systems and a bit larger on ultrafiltration systems. The pore size affects
the amount of pressure, and therefore energy, required to push the water through
the membrane.
Figure 2.2. Filtration Process Effectiveness

Ultra filtration is good especially if the water is from lakes, streams, and
wells. It removers bacteria, viruses, parasites, pesticides, medications, algae, dirt,
silt, and other suspended solids. Ultrafiltration has low energy requirement.
Meanwhile in reverse osmosis, high pressure feed water is forced against a dense,
membrane surface. Water molecules diffuse through the membrane leaving the
concentrated salts, other ions, and contaminants behind. Its designed for non
portable water.
15
Figure 2.3. Size Matters Regarding Ultrafiltration and Reverse Osmosis Effectiveness
2.5.6. Coagulation and Flocculation

In process of coagulation and flocculation, three main mechanism occurs in
series, start from destabilization, then precipitation, and coprecipitation.
Coagulation and flocculation usually become the first process to purify water. In
coagulation, the attachment of small particles to one another and to surfaces is
promoted in aquatic environment. When micro flocks collide they form
aggregates which are larger structures, and are generally stated as flocks.
Inorganic coagulants which normally are iron or aluminium salts are added to
begin chemical coagulation. This process is needed to remove small particulate.
Coagulation will be followed by flocculation. Flocculation is a phase where the
flock begin to form from ever larger particles. Flocculation happens in slower
mixing stage. The particles will form larger particles while the water is gently
mixed. Then it will be combined with other methods.
2.5.7. Combination of methods

Some methods are often combined to utilise the process. The combination
of low-pressure membrane process and powder-activated carbon adsorption have
16
proven to be effective for water purifying process. Membrane such as UF/MF

process can be barrier to particulate contaminants as well as the added adsorbent,
while powder-activated carbon remove dissolved organics including pestisides,
pharmaceuticals.
2.6. Water Purifier
Water purifier is a device used to process untreated sources of water (rivers,
lake, etc) into drinking water. Water purifier is essential to obtain water that meet
specification to be consumed. Inside water purifier, there are water purifying
process that use methods mentioned above. The choice of methods contain many
aspect, include the source of fresh water, effectivity of every method, cost. One
should be considered that its important to keep water quality after being purified.
Usually the storage of drinking water is directly connected and in conjuction with
the water purifier itself. The maintenance of water quality during storage depends
on a number of factor, including: the amount of biodegredable organic matter
available to support the growth of bacteria, the availability and nature of
attachment surfaces, the growth conditions, such as hydraulic conditions and
temperature. Its a must to have water purifier that can purifies all kinds of water.
The source of water people have is different but the water purification system
must be able to make any kind of water fit for drinking safely.
One should be considered about water purifier is technology inside water
purifier. The components in water purifier dependent on the method chosen for
purifying water. Usually the water purifier uses more than one method. The
combination of methods will greatly improve the process and produce drinking
water with good standard quality. At the most basic, the water purification system
in water purifier should make sure that the larger solute particles are held back in
the first step and only pure solvent passes through, then the next step should make
sure that all the harmful bacteria and other pathogenic microorganisms are
destroyed. The choice in the first step is either reverse osmosis or filtration.
Meanwhile the second step is more advanced methods like chlorination,
adsorption, UV purification, etc.
CHAPTER III
NEEDS
3.1. Determining Needs

For determining needs, first we gather consumer data by interviewing
people in which related to disaster relief from 3 segments of consumer include;
governor institution, high class society, and middle-low class society. The most
important thing to determine needs is asking them about their opinions about
water purifier.
We obtained the data by doing the interview to some people in Jakarta who
was the refugee when the flood happened in this city. Among the disaster that
happened in Indonesia, flood is one of the disaster that causes the waters
contaminated. Because of that, we have interviewed the people in Rawajati and
Kampung Pulo. Those regions are some of the area in Jakarta which got the worst
effect from flood disaster last January. Beside of that, we also interviewed some
Governor Institution which involved directly in disaster management such as
Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah (BPDB) in East Java concerning the
volcano eruption in Kelud Mountain, as well as students who are the victim of
flood disaster and other social activist that help the refugee in the flood shelter.
Then, from the interview from the costumers we got the list of customers
statement about the product. We translate the list of the statements into list of
needs. How we translate customers statement into needs are based on what our
product (water purifier) should do. After that, We need to tidy up the data from
list of needs and then it will be used for grouping and ranking the needs. We
already interviewed 50 people and here is the result of the interview in terms of
customer identity and water purifier product :
17
18
14%
42%
17 - 25
26 - 40
44%
> 41
Figure 3.1. Respondents Distribution Based on Their Age

(Source : reproduced from interview)
Pie chart above shows us the distribution of correspondents age to get the
data about the water purifier. This age distribution of the correspondent is very
important in order to see the correspondents way of thinking based on their age.
We tend to choose 26-40-years-old-interviewee because they are the main target
of the water purifier product that has been released in Indonesia and the age
distribution can be seen on the pie chart above.
12%
Housewives
8%
36%
PNS
Enterpreneur
16%
Professional
8%
4%
16%
Swasta
Others
Student
Figure 3.2. Respondents Distribution Based on Their Profession

19
Pie chart above is used to see the distribution of correspondents job. By

knowing this distribution, we can see the distribution of the knowledge and salary
of every correspondent. Based on this data, we can arrange the concept of the
water purifier that suitable with the consumers economical condition.
18%
Yes
82%
No
Figure 3.3. Answers Ratio Based on Question 1: Have you ever used water purifier before?
Pie chart above shows the ratio of correspondent who have ever used water
purifier before. We do compare this condition in order to see how many people in
Indonesia, the flood disaster refugee specifically who have ever used water
purifier. We can see on the pie chart above that 82% of correspondent never used
water purifier and the rest already used it. There are many reasons why they did
not use it and the reasons will be shown in the next pie chart.
20
too expensive
12%
7%
been a habit to consume

boiled water
37%
20%
not sure about the quality of

purified water
24%
never heard about water

purifier
take a long time to process
the dirt water
Figure 3.4. Answers Ratio Based on Question 2: Why didnt you use water purifier?
Pie chart above shows the reason why our correspondents never used water
purifier before. The distribution of their reason will be used as a reference in
developing the concept of our product. As we can see that 37% said that they
didnt use water purifier because its not affordable for low-middle class. Based
on that reason, we can conclude that our water purifier should be affordable for
every segment.
34%
Drinking water
66%
clean water
Figure 3.5. Answers Ratio Based on Question 3: Whats your expectation of water
puriferoutput ?
21
Pie chart above shows the distribution of correspondents wish for the
output of water purifier. Sixty six percent of correspondents want the output of
water purifier that can be consumed directly. From here, we can conclude that the
water purifiers market prefer the output of water purifier that can be consumed
directly.
20%
40%
Large
Medium
40%
Small
Figure 3.6. Answers Ratio Based on Question 4: What is the most suitable size of water
purifier which can fulfill your needs in a flood shelter?
Pie chart above shows the distribution of size that suitable for water purifier
which can be used due the disaster. Forty percent of correspondents want the
water purifier with medium size. Same with the destination of pie charts before,
from this data we can arrange the specification of water purifier that appropriate
with the marketing.
22
14%
50%
Mechanically
36%
Electricity
Automatically
Figure 3.7. Answers Ratio Based on Question 5: Which operation way do you think is the
best for a water purifier?
Pie chart above used as our reference for concepts development of our
water purifier product. Fifty percent of our correspondents want water purifier
which can be operated automatically. The meaning of can be operated
automatically is the water purifier that can operate without electricity, just enter
the input of water that we want to be purified.
22%
22%
<50.000
8%
50.000-200.000
200.000-500.000
48%
>500.000
Figure 3.8. Answers Ratio Based on Question 6: What is the ideal price of water purifer?
23
Pie chart above used as our reference for concepts development of our
water purifier product which is appropriated with correspondents wish for water
purifiers price. Forty eight percent of correspondents want the water purifier that
has price in range between Rp 50,000.00 to Rp 200,000.00. This data only used
for our reference to create the concept of our water purifier product. Most of
people want the water purifier with low price without think about the technology
that used inside the water purifier. Need to know that products price proportional
with its technology. The more advanced the technology, the more expensive.
24
Table 3.1. Table Interpretation of Needs from Consumer Statement
No
Question
Customer Statement
We didn't get enough clean waters supply for
bathing, washing, and going to toilet while in
refugee camps
While in refugee camps, we have to wait to get
clean water
How is the distribution supply of

clean water in refugee camps?
In our experience, water purifier will take long
time to process dirt water till become clean
water that can be consumed
While in refugee camps, our drinking water is
limited
Needs
Water purifier with a big capacity
Water purifier with high volumetric rate
Water purifier with many water taps
Water purifier with quick purifying process
The capacity of water purifier is large
How is the condition of the

output from water purifier thats The output from water purifier (public hydrant)
provided in refugee camps is turbid
(public hydrants)?
While in refugee camps, I often get the skin Water purifier that can produce water which
diseases because I consumed the water that had is free from certain compounds that cause the
Do you have any health issues been contaminated by certain compounds.
skin disease
related to the water you use in
refugee camps ?
While in evacuation, some of refugee will get Water purifier that produce water which is
the digestion diseases because the consumed free from certain compounds that cause
water is contaminated by certain compounds.
digestion disease
Water purifier that can produce clear water
(Source : Authors Personal Data)
25
Table 3.1. Table Interpretation of Needs from Consumer Statement (continued)
When the clean water supply is When the water supply is reduced, I will get the
Water purifier that can be operated without
insufficient during the disaster, water from underground by using a pump, but I
electricity
how did you handle it?
need power supply for operating the pump
I want to consume purified water if the water
have been proved by laboratory
Water purifier that has been clinically proven

by laboratory
It is more convientable to drink water from boiled

water compared to purified water
Water purifier that can be combined with

heater to produce hot water
I want to consume purified water if the filtration

process is clear
Water purifier with clear purifying process
How do you think about the

water purification that can I want to consume purified water if the output
from water purifier is free 100% from bacteria
produce drinking water?
The drinking water that will be consumed still
have dirt in it
Water purifier that gives a good result with

100% free bacteria
Water purifier with purified water which is
free from dirt
The process from water purifier will take long

time, so it's not efficient
Water purifier with quick process
It can be more easy if the output from water

purifier can be consumed directly
Water purifier that can produce the purified

water which can be consumed directly
We have to boil the water if we want to get hot

water
Water purifier that can produce a good hot

purified water
What is your complaint against

Water purifier with economically price
the water purifier that has been Water purifier is expensive
circulating in the market?
I don't know how to clean the components of
Water purifier with simple maintenance
water purifier after being used in a long time

26
3.2.
Needs Interpretation
After obtaining the characteristic list of consumer statements for water
purifier product that we want to produce, we interpret all statements into needs
and the result is summarized below,
Table 3.2. List of Needs
Need
Number
1
Need(s)
3
4

The capacity of water purifier is large
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Water purifier that can produces water which is free from

certain compounds that causes the skin disease
Water purifier that produce water which is free from
certain compounds that cause digestion disease
Water purifier that can be operated without electricity
Water purifier that has been clinically proven by
laboratory
Water purifier that combined with heater to produce hot
water
Water purifier that gives a good result with 100% free
bacteria
Water purifier with purified water which is free from dirt
17
Water purifier with quick process

Water purifier that can produce the purified water which
can be consumed directly
Water purifier that can produce a good hot purified water
18
19
16
27
3.2.1. Tidy Up Needs

The next step that we do after collect every correspondents answer and
interpreting them into the needs is deciding which need thats similar or has the
same meaning and merging them into single need. The purpose of this step is
to reduce the same need and make it easier to classify them into several
categories that we are going to use as a reference to develop the existing water
purifier.
Several of needs are duplicates (or almost so); 1 and 5; 4 and 15; 8 and
13 are covered by 7; 6 and 14; 10 and 17. Here is the result of tidy up needs.
Table 3.3. Results from Tidy Up Needs Step
Need
Number
Need(s)
Water purifier that can produce water which is free from certain
compounds that cause the diseases
10
Water purifier that has been clinically proven by laboratory
11
Water purifier that combined with heater to produce hot water
12
16
Water purifier that can produce the purified water which can be
consumed directly
18
19
As we can see at the table above that there are 13 needs that is needed
by the consumer. We can conclude from those needs that the consumer want
the water purifier which has the high quality of its process and output. Beside
of that, the consumers also want the water purifier which can be used daily and
easy to use when the disaster happens.
28
3.3. Group and Rank of Needs

List of need which is arranged from responden above, are grouped in some
of group that have purpose to define necessary from responden so the consumers
need to the produc that we design are known with clearly. We classify it into four
groups : regulation, retailing, product performance, and perception. Then we
decide the rank of each need. The rank is decided after discussed with our group
and also by combining the result of interview.
Table 3.4. Groups of Needs
Need Number
Need(s)
REGULATION
Water purifier that can produce water which is free from

certain compounds that cause the diseases
10
Water purifier that has been clinically proven by laboratory
RETAILING
11
Water purifier that combined with heater to produce hot water
18
PRODUCT PERFORMANCE

Water purifier that can produce the purified water which can
be consumed directly
16
19
PRODUCT PERCEPTION
12
Regulation group is a group which is going to be used as a reference to

develop the concept of existing water purifier that satisfy the standard quality of
Minister of Healths Regulation. Meanwhile retailing group will be used as a
29
reference to develop the water purifier which can compete with other similar
product and product performance group is a group of needs which are going to be
used as a reference to develop the performance of the water purifier that will be
the advantage of our water purifier product. Besides having a good quality and
able to compete with other similar product, the water purifier that we develop also
have ability to convince the consumer to use this product. Therefore, we classify
some needs into Product Perception group which is going to be used as a
reference to develop the concept of the product that can gain the consumers trust.
3.3.1. Rank of Needs
Each need will be given a rank to know what needs which will have
important value for our references to develop water purifier product. Rating
given to the needs including:
1:Undesirable,
2: Not important,
3: Nice to have,
4: Highly Desirable,
5: Essential
Table 3.5. Table Rank of Needs
Need
Number
Need(s)
Rank
REGULATION
Water purifier that can produce water which is free from

certain compounds that cause the diseases

laboratory
RETAILING

Water purifier that combined with heater to produce hot
water
10
11
18
2
4
30
Table 3.5. Table Rank of Needs (continued)
PRODUCT PERFORMANCE

Water purifier that can produce the purified water which
can be consumed directly
19
PRODUCT PERCEPTION
12
16
Table 3.6. Table of Needs Ordered by Rank
Need
Number
Need(s)
Rank
ESSENTIAL
4
6
7
16

Water purifier that can produce water which is free
from certain compounds that cause the diseases
Water purifier that can produce the purified water
which can be consumed directly
5
5
5
5
HIGHLY DESIRABLE
2
10
18

laboratory
4
4
4
NICE TO HAVE
1
12
19
31
Table 3.6. Table of Needs Ordered by Rank (continued)
Need
Number
11
Need(s)
Rank
NOT IMPORTANT
Water purifier that combined with heater to produce
hot water
There are some of needs that we got from the consumer wont be used
as our reference on developing the concept of the product. Consequently, the
rank granting of every needs is very important to do to get the best concept
that is going to develop further. The group of needs that get the 5 rank is
going to be used as a priority in developing the products concept and the
group of needs which get 4 and 3 rank is going to be used as a supporting
concept of the product.
32
Figure 3.9. List of Needs with Rank

CHAPTER IV
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
4.1.
List of Metrics
After we classify the needs that we get from the interview, now we have to
define the specification of the needs and their metric unit. We want to formulate
consumer needs into quantitative specifications. When we did the interview,
almost all statement gathered and needs we got are qualitative. We have to change
it into quantitative specifications to specify our product. Metric is something that
is measureable and describes the needs quantitatively. Defining the specification
and metric unit will help us to determine the things that we are going to compare
among the existing product.
Regulation
Group
Table 4.1 List of Metrics
Metric
Number
10
Retailing
1
3
11
Product
Performance
18
2
4
9
Need(s)
Water purifier that can
produces water which is free
from certain compounds that
cause diseases
Water purifier that has been
clinically proven by
laboratory
Water purifier with a big
capacity
Water purifier with many
water taps
Water purifier that combined
with heater to produce hot
water
Water purifier with
economically price
Water purifier with high
volumetric rate
Water purifier with quick
purifying process
Water purifier that can be
operated without electricity
33
Specification
(s)
Metric
Unit
Rank
Content
ppm
Certified
Yes/no
Volume
Quantity
Unit
Produce Heat
Water
Yes/no
Price
Rp
Volumetric
Rate
mL/s
Time
Minute
Power
Source
Yes/no
34
Table 4.1 List of Metrics (continued)
Quality
Standard
Qualified
or not
Time
Year

produces clear water
Turbidity
FTU
(Formazin
Turbidity
Unit)
12
Water purifier with clear

purifying process
Certified
Yes/no
16
19
Perception

produce purified water which
can be comsumed directly
Water purifier with simple
maintenance
The next step is making a matrix of needs and metrics. This step will help us
to see if there are some needs which have a same metric units. If there are some
needs that has same metric unit, that doesnt mean we have to erase one or some
of it. Because therere some needs that has subjective specification, its possible to
have needs that have same metric.
Table 4.2. Matrix of Needs and Metrics
Regulation
Water purifier
that can
produces water
which is free
from certain
compounds that
cause diseases
Water purifier
that has been
clinically
proven by
laboratory
Year
FTU
Qualified or
not
Minute
mL/s
Rp
Unit
Yes/no
Need
Description
Ppm
Group
Metric
35
Perception
Product Performance
Retailing
Table 4.2. Matrix of Needs and Metrics (continued)
Water purifier with a

big capacity
Water purifier with
many water taps
Water purifier that
combined with heater
to produce hot water
Water purifier with
economically price
Water purifier with
high volumetric rate
Water purifier with
quick purifying
process
Water purifier that
can be operated
without electricity
Water purifier that
can produce purified
water which can be
consumed directly
Water purifier with
simple maintenance
Water purifier that
can produces clear
water
Water purifier with
clear purifying
process
36
4.2. Benchmarking
Benchmarking in this topic means the process of comparing existing

water purifier products. The benchmarking is to prove that our specification
make sense. Its also to prove that our product is possible to be made with the
specification we choose. By comparing and analyzing them, we could make a
new better product. The key of benchmarking is to choose existing product that
already has customer and analyze how well they fulfill the customer needs. The
conclusion of benchmarking is you should be better in certain side than
existing products. We choose three competitors : PureIt Classic 23 L, UV
SteriPEN, and LifeStraw Community. They differ clearly in terms of size and
performance as well.
37
Table 4.3. List of Metrics From Existing Product
Group
Regulation
Retailing
Product
Performance
Perception
Need
Number
Specification
Rank
Unit
Pure It
Classic 23 L
Ppm
Yes/no
L
Unit
Yes/no
Rp
mL/s
Minute
Yes/no
Qualified or
no
Year
FTU
Yes/no
Yes
23
1
No
600.000
50
30
No
Qualified
7
10
1
3
11
18
2
4
9
16
Content
Laboratory Certified
Volume
Quantity of Taps
Produce Heat Water
Price
Volumetric Rate
Process Time
Power Source
Quality Standard
5
5
3
3
2
4
4
5
3
5
19
6
12
Maintenance
Turbidity
Clean Certified
3
5
3
1.5
Yes
Competitor
UV
LifeStraw
SteriPEN
Community
Classic
Yes
Yes
1
50
1
4
No
No
800.000
1.500.000
70
65
5
120
Yes
No
Qualified
Qualified
6
Yes
Yes
(Source: reproduced from literature)
4.3.
List of Specification
Table 4.3. shows us about the list of specification of our product. This is going to guide us to make our product. The specification
of our product based on ideal value and marginal value we create. Ideal value is value we hope our product reach, while marginal
38
value is just acceptable value considering customer view. Marginal value is obtained from existing product specification, while ideal
values obtained by our group discussion considering customers view.
Table 4.4. List of Specification
Group
Need
Number
7
Regulation
10
1
3
Retailing
11
18
Product
Performance
Needs
Water purifier that
can produces water
which is free from
certain compounds
that cause diseases
Water purifier that
has been clinically
proven by laboratory
Water purifier with a
big capacity
Water purifier with
many water taps
Water purifier that
combined
with
heater to produce hot
water
Water purifier with
economically price
Water purifier with
high volumetric rate
Marginal
Value
Ideal
Value
Yes/no
Yes
Yes
Yes
25
1 - 50
25
Quantity of Taps
Unit
1-4
Produce Heat Water
Yes/no
No
Yes or
No
Yes
Price
Rp
1.200.000
600.000
Volumetric Rate
mL/s
70
600.000
1.500.000
50 - 70
Specification
Rank
Unit
Own
ppm
Volume
Content
Laboratory Certified
70
39
Table 4.4. List of Specification (continued)
Group
Perception
Need
Needs
Number
4
Water purifier with
quick
purifying
process
9
Water purifier that
can be operated
without electricity
16
Water purifier that
can produce purified
water which can be
consumed directly
19
Water purifier with
simple maintenance
6
Water purifier that
can produces clear
water
12
Water purifier with
clear
purifying
process
10
Marginal
Value
1-30
Ideal
Value
15
Yes/no
No
No
No
Qualified
or no
Qualified
Qualified
Qualified
Maintenance
Year
1.5 - 6
Turbidity
FTU
Clean Certified
Yes/no
Yes
Yes
Yes
Specification
Rank
Unit
Own
Process Time
Minute
Power Source
Quality Standard
CHAPTER V
GENERATING PRODUCT CONCEPT
5.1.
Background
Water purifier is a technology device with purification process which occurs
to limit the levels of certain components or to remove contaminants from water

sources so it can reduce the potential associated health risks and can be used for
drinking, washing and industrial purposes. Water purification techniques have
evolved with advancing technology over the past decades, from a simple systems
based on the imitation and adaptation of naturally occurring processes (Brissaud,
2006) such as sand filters, to complex multi stage purification techniques such as
coagulation, flocculation and deionization.
Unfortunately, most of existing water purifier products use the harmful
substances such as chlorine to purify the water. It is so harmful that the using of
chlorine in water purifying process has been forbidden. On the other side, the
existing water purifier product has difficult and complicated operation procedure,
need a long time process to produce purified water, the purified water thats not
good in quality, difficult in maintenance procedure, the expensive of water
purifier, and of course the purified water output that is still doubtful. From the
weakness of existing water purifier products, we want to make a new water
purifier product that more effective so it can become an inclusive product for the
consumer (disaster victims) and also healthy than the existing water purifier.
To create new concepts of our water purifier product, we have to correlate it
with our early specification products that already determine from the first
assignment. Its already decided that our early specification products that related
to disaster relief which become appeal of our product are can be used when
disaster happen (effectiveness), easy to operate (simple maintenance), can be
brought everywhere, price, and process time. Because of that, to create our water
purifier product that can fulfill and suitable for our early specification, we have to
determine the concepts of water purification technology that will be used first.
40
41
The components in water purifier dependent on the method chosen for

purify the water. Usually the existing water purifier uses more than one method.
The combination of methods will greatly improve the process and produce
drinking water with good standard quality. At the most basic, the water
purification system in water purifier should make sure that the larger solute
particles are held back in the first step and only pure solvent passes through, then
the next step should make sure that all the harmful bacteria and other pathogenic
microorganisms are destroyed. The choice in the first step is either reverse
osmosis or filtration. Meanwhile the second step is more advanced methods like
chlorination, adsorption, UV purification, etc.
In order to create new ideas that suitable with our early specification, we
start by listing the methods in existing product. Next, we start brainstorming to
find many new ideas. Then we combine the existing concepts and new concepts.
Then we did the screening step where we eliminate some of the concepts that are
not feasible. The next step after screening concepts is scoring concepts. Concepts
that passed from screening step will be scoring in this step. After we found the
best concept, we did the concepts testing. In concepts testing, we interviewed
consumers of water purifier product to get their opinion about the best concept
that are resulted from scoring concepts. In the interview, we also asked consumers
about their eagerness to buy these two concepts of product.
5.2. Splitting Problem
In determination of our water purifier product, there are a few steps that we
have to do to get the best concept. The first step (optional) is to split the problem
into sub-problems and to analyse sub-functions. Focus on sub-problems that
appear to be critical to the product (J.A. Wesseling, 2007). Although this method
is simple, it is really helpful for development team as the initial step for creating
many new innovative concepts that acceptable for the market. Here are the few
problems that appear from our topic that will be developed further, water purifier
for disaster felief.
From this theme, finally found some of the following questions.
42
A.
Water Purifier
What is the meaning of water purifier?

What is the function of water purifier?
What is the principle work of water purifier?
What types of input that can be purified by water purifier?
Which substances are going to remove from the water?
Why the contaminated water sources have to be purified?
Are the problem could be avoided by keeping the water source clean?
What is the minimum concentration of contaminant substance in contaminated
water source that need to be purified?
What is the most suitable method to use in the water purifier so it can purify all
the contaminated water to be acceptable for drinking water?
B. Disaster Relief
What happen with the water source if disaster occurs somewhere?
How many liters water that people usually use for drinking?
What is the most important thing that people need from clean water?
What will people do when they didnt get enough clean water for daily
consume?
What happens with the people if the water sources are contaminated by
harmful substances?
How did people do to get clean water when disaster occurred?
What is the most uncomfortable thing that people feel when disaster occurred?
5.3. Existing Concept

Water purifier products that were sold in the market are made of a series of
combined water purifying technology which is used to remove various
contaminants in the water. They are different in process and mechanism but have
one goal, rise or lower the contaminants content in water into standard level. The
methods to purify water cover microbiological, chemical, and physical including
disinfection (chlorination, ozonation, UV technology, and boiling), particle
filtration
(sand,
membrane,
ceramic,
reverse
osmosis,
nanofiltration,
43
microfiltration, and ultrafiltration), adsorption, etc. The choice of the method will
depend on different factors such as cost, ease to use, availability, and practicality.
However, some of the drawbacks, notably the use of chlorine in water
purify process (chlorination), which the using of chlorine has been forbidden
because of the healthy issue. Nevertheless, most of the water purifiers in the
market possess a great performance and are able to compete. The mind map of
concept of existing product is shown below:
Figure 5.1 Mind Map of Existing Water Purifier Concept

44
5.4. New Concept

In water purifier technology, some technologies are combined so that we
can get good performance to clean completely the water from contaminants such
as microorganism, metal, turbidity, etc. For the new concept, we propose some
technology which are not widely used or is can be used for water purifier, so that
better combination technology can be achieved. Our new concept is divided into
six methods of purification process including: dialysis, electrochemical,
adsorption (using new adsorbent; chitosan, alumina, and nanomaterial),
electrocatadian, enzimation, and radiation. The mind map of our new concept of
product is shown below:
Figure 5.2 Mind Map of New Water Purifier Concept

45
Figure 5.3 Mind Map of Existing and New Water Purifier Concept
CHAPTER VI
CONCEPT SELECTION
6.1. Concept Description Based on Work Principle

In this chapter, first, we gathered a number of water treatment process that
resulting in drinking water. Then we described each concept before made a list
known commercial water purifier products. The list consists of water purifier
products that can be used directly & machine products. Water purifier products
that can be used directly means that it used work principle that just need to adding
chemical to dirty water to convert to drinking water. Meanwhile, the machine
products means that the water inlet need to enter a machine for getting processed
depend on the work principle used, before producing drinking water as the outlet.
We also stated whether the work principles are found as a stand alone process on
the known water purifier products or not. Then, we described the common
weaknesses or the disadvantages of the work principles that being used on water
treatment or water purification process. The result is shown on Table 6.1.
46
47
Table 6.1 Concept Description Based on Work Principle
Concept
Number
1
Work
Principle
Radiation:
Solar
Disinfection
(SODIS)
Description
PET (Polyethylene terephthalat) bottles or plastic bags with a volume of 1 to 2 litres are filled with water of low
turbidity and exposed to the sun for a certain time, depending on the local weather conditions. The SODIS
reference centre (www.sodis.ch) recommends, that 6 hours are sufficient under bright to 50% cloudy sky,
whereas 2 days of exposure are required for 100% cloudy sky (OATES 2003, EAWAG/SANDEC 2006). The
treatment efficiency can be improved if the plastic bottles are exposed on sunlight-reflecting surfaces such as
aluminium- or corrugated iron sheets (MEIERHOFER 2002).
Extraction:
Solvent extraction methods use non-polar solvents which are miscible with water to extract the target compound
Liquid-Liquid from water by using the greater solubility of the target compound in the solvent than water. Ideally, one
Extraction
selectively extracts the target compound by using a solvent whose polarity is close to that of the target compound.
Volatile solvents such as hexane, benzene, ether, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane are usually used for the
extraction of semi-volatile compounds from water. Hexane is suitable for extraction of non-polar compounds
such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, benzene is suitable for aromatic compounds, and ether and ethyl acetate are
suitable for relatively polar compounds containing oxygen.
Membrane
Include any adsorption membrane technology beside reverse osmosis, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, &
Filtration
nanofiltration. This technology can be compare with sand, activated carbon, ceramic, alumina, & hollow fiber
adsorption. Depth filters are matted fibers or materials compressed to form a matrix that retains particles by
random adsorption or entrapment. Screen filters are inherently uniform structures which, like a sieve, retain all
particles larger than the precisely controlled pore size on their surface. Surface filters are made from multiple
layers of media. When fluid passes through the filter, particles larger than the spaces within the filter matrix are
retained, accumulating primarily on the surface of the filter.
48
Table 6.1 Concept Description Based on Work Principle (Continued)
Sand
Filtration:
Biosand Filter
Ceramic
Filtration:
Ceramic
Candle Filter
Hollow Fiber
Filtration
Reverse
Osmosis
The biosand filter (BSF) is a simple household water treatment device, which is an innovation on traditional slow
sand filters specifically designed for intermittent use. A BSF consists of a concrete or plastic container filled with
specially selected and prepared sand and gravel. As water flows through the filter, physical straining removes
pathogens, iron, turbidity and manganese from drinking water. A shallow layer of water sits atop the sand and a
biofilm (Schmutzdecke) develops. The biofilm contributes to the removal of pathogens due to predation and
competition for food of non-harmful microorganisms contained in the biofilm and the harmful organisms in the
water.
Ceramic candle filters are simple devices made out of clay and used to filter drinking water in order to removes
turbidity, suspended materials and pathogens. Removal takes place by physical process such as mechanical
trapping and adsorption on the ceramic candles, which have micro-scale pores. Water is poured into the upper of
two container and flows through a candle situated in the bottom. Once the water has passed through the candle, it
is collected in the lower container. This system both treats the water and provides safe storage until it is used.
Maintenance includes frequent scrubbing with a brush and proper care during transport and its use.
Hollow-fiber membranes are micro-thin tubules with porous walls. The tubules (fibers) are about 1mm thick.
The pores that allow water to flow through the fibers are approx. .1 micrometer wide, which is about 600-800
times thinner than a human hair, too small for even the tiniest impurities to pass through.
Osmosis occurs when a semi-permeable membrane separates two salt solutions of different concentrations. The
water will migrate from the weaker solution to the stronger solution, until the two solutions are of the same
concentration, because the semi-permeable membrane allows the water to pass through, but not the salt.
In reverse osmosis, the two solutions are still separated by a semi-permeable membrane, but pressure is applied
to reverse the natural flow of the water. This forces the water to move from the more concentrated solution to
the weaker. Thus, the contaminants end up on one side of the semi-permeable membrane and the pure water is
on the other side.
49
Activated
Carbon
adsorption
Silica Gel
Adsorption
10
Activated
Alumina
Adsorption
11
Chitosan
Adsorption
12
Zeolit
Adsorption
The contaminant is attracted to and held (adsorbed) on the surface of the carbon particles. The characteristics of
the carbon material (particle and pore size, surface area, surface chemistry, etc.) influence the efficiency of
adsorption.
The characteristics of the chemical contaminant are also important. Compounds that are less water-soluble are
more likely to be adsorbed to a solid. A second characteristic is the affinity that a given contaminant has with the
carbon surface. This affinity depends on the charge and is higher for molecules possessing less charge. If several
compounds are present in the water, strong adsorbers will attach to the carbon in greater quantity than those with
weak adsorbing ability.
Silica Gel is a porous, amorphous form of silica (SiO 2). Due to its unique internal structure, silica gel is radically
different from other SiO2-based materials. It is composed of a vast network of interconnected microscopic pores.
Like zeolites, silica gel functions on the basis of physicsorption.
Activated Alumina is a granulated form of aluminum oxide. In this process, water containing the contaminant is
passed through a cartridge or canister of activated alumina which adsorbs the contaminant. The cartridge of
activated alumina must be replaced (or regenerated) periodically. Activated alumina devices can accumulate
bacteria, so treated water may have higher bacteria counts than raw water.
Chitosan is formed through N-deacylation of the chitin molecule. A unique aspect of chitosan is its ability to
chelate dissolved metals in water. Chelation is a process by which multiple binding sites along the polymer chain
bind with the metal to remove it from a solution. Studies have shown that chitosan was able to reduce metal
concentrations in water by over 75%.
Zeolites are microporous crystalline solids with well-defined structures. Generally they contain silicon,
aluminium and oxygen in their framework and cations, water and/or other molecules within their pores. It
functions on the basis of physisorption. Adsorption occurs due to van der Waals interactions and capillary
condensation at high humidity. Zeolites selectivity related to cations and anions is an important property in water
treatment procedure. Zeolites with low field strength and with higher Si content, such as clinoptilolite, are more
selective for cations with lower charge density (K+, NH4+, Ag+, Cs+). Zeolites with high field strength, i.e. higher
Al content, are more selective toward the high charge density cations (Na+, Li+).
50
13
14
15
Nanomaterial Advances in nanotechnology suggest that many of the current problems involving water quality could be resolved
Adsorption or greatly ameliorated using nanocatalysts, nanosorbents, bioactive nanoparticles, nanostructured catalytic
membranes and nanoparticle enhanced filtration among other products and processes resulting from the
development of nanotechnology. Nanomaterials which could be used in water purification and desalinations
includes metal, metal oxides nanoparticles, Graphene and carbon nanotubes. Additionally, nanotechnologyderived products that reduce the concentrations of toxic compounds to sub-ppb levels can assist in the attainment
of water quality standards and health advisories.
UV
UV purification works as the ultraviolet energy emitted by the light is absorbed by the cells of the microbe,
Purification
preventing cell enzymes from reading its DNA. Without intact DNA, microbes cant reproduce to make people
sick. The process is simple but effective, destroying over 99.9 percent of harmful microorganisms.
UV light is generally defined to be wavelength of electromagnetic radiation shorter than 400 nm and is further
divided into UV-A (315-400nm), UV-B (280-315nm) and UV-C (200-280 nm). UVA and UVB are responsible
for sun tanning and sunburning. UVB is partly filtered out by the atmosphere and only a few percent reach the
earth surface. This is good, because UVB light can be directly absorbed by DNA, where it would induce cellular
damage. UVC also penetrates cells and damage the DNA, but it is almost entirely filtered out by the ozone layer.
The UV tubes used for disinfection do contain the whole spectrum of UV light, including the UVB and UVC.
The light, when it reaches microbial cells leads to damage of the genetic material (DNA), rendering them unable
to replicate.
Boiling
The WHO recommends bringing water to a rolling boil as an indication that a disinfection temperature has been
achieved (WHO 2008). If practised correctly, boiling is one of the most effective water treatment methods to kill
or deactivate all classes of waterborne pathogens, including bacterial spores and protozoan cysts that have shown
resistance to chemical disinfection and viruses that are too small to be mechanically removed by microfiltration
(BLOCK 2001). Heating water to even 55 C has been shown to kill or inactivate most pathogenic bacteria,
viruses, helminths and protozoa that are commonly water borne (FEACHEM et al. 1983).
51
16
Distillation
17
Electro
chemical
18
Chemical
Precipitation
To remove impurities from water by distillation, the water is usually boiled in a chamber causing water to
vaporize, and the pure (or mostly pure) steam leaves the non volatile contaminants behind. The steam moves to a
different part of the unit and is cooled until it condenses back into liquid water. The resulting distillate drips into
a storage container.
Salts, sediment, metals - anything that won't boil or evaporate - remain in the distiller and must be removed.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a good example of a contaminant that will evaporate and condense with
the water vapor. A vapor trap, carbon filter, or other device must be used along with a distiller to ensure a more
complete removal of contaminants.
Electrochemical water treatment systems utilize electricity to induce the removal of dissolved contaminants in
the water. Positively charged contaminants such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, lead and uranium are called
cations. Negatively charged contaminants such as chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates and fluorides are called
anions. The introduction of a negatively charged electrode, or cathode, into the water will cause positively
charged cations to move toward it. A positively charged electrode, or anode, will cause negatively charged
anions to move toward it. Electrochemical water treatment systems take advantage of this property by combining
the electrode with ion exchange membranes.
The principle is thus simple: Introduce a negatively charged cathode to move the positively charged cations
through a cation membrane, where they collect and concentrate, leaving treated product water behind on the
other side of the membrane. Alternating anion membranes with cation membranes creates alternating concentrate
and purification zones. The product water can then be released to a storage tank, where it is collected for use.
Precipitation is a method of causing contaminants that are either dissolved or suspended in solution to settle out
of solution as a solid precipitate, which can then be filtered, centrifuged, or otherwise separated from the liquid
portion. Precipitation is assisted through the use of a coagulant, an agent which causes smaller particles
suspended in solution to gather into larger aggregates. Frequently, polymers are used as coagulants. When
colloidal matter such as emulsified oil or metal bearing particles are treated with metal salts and lime or NaOH,
the metal salts act as primary coagulants. The positively charged metal ions combine with the negative colloid
particles and neutralize their charge.
52
19
20
21
Chlorination
Chlorine inactivates a microorganism by damaging its cell membrane. Once the cell membrane is weakened, the
chlorine can enter the cell and disrupt cell respiration and DNA activity (two processes that are necessary for cell
survival). The chlorine can be in form of tablets that can be used directed make contaminated water suitable for
drinking. The chlorination process itself may generated by using electric energy that being provided by solar
energy, battery, or other electric energy resources.
Chlorine is most effective if the water has a pH in the range of 6.0-7.5. At pH 8.0 much more chlorine is required
to have the same effect than if the water had a pH of 7.0. At pH over 8.5 chlorine becomes ineffective as a
disinfectant.The warmer the water, the more effective free-chlorine is in disinfecting water and oxidizing iron.
Colder water less than 10C (50F) requires longer contact times and higher concentrations of chlorine
Dialysis:
Electrodialysis differs from pressure-driven membrane processes by utilizing electrical current as the main
Electrodialysis driving force in matter separation. This limits the possible solutes targeted for recovery separation to charged
particles. The charged particles must be mobile, and the separation media must be able to transfer the electrical
current with relatively low resistance. Electrodialysis is almost exclusively carried out on liquids.
Principally, it generates an electric current that separates chloride and sodium ions as water passes through the
system. The system comprises of an anode and a cathode. These attract negative and positively charged ions
respectively and trap them in semipermeable membranes fitted on both ends. As a result, it flushes off ions and
releases pure water that people can use for various activities.
Enzym:
Enzymatic
Treatment
Enzymes are highly specific and extremely efficient catalysts. They can selectively degrade a target pollutant
without affecting the other components in the effluent. Enzymes transform organic substances irreversibly into
water-soluble residue. It is this action which means that enzymes are considered a powerful cleaning agent.
Enzymes transform organic matter into smaller water-soluble residue. This broken-down residue is easier for
bacteria to assimilate; these bacteria then transform the residue into natural substances during the purifying
process.
53
22
Coagulation
23
Ion Exchange
24
Electrocatadian
Coagulation removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. Alum and other chemicals are added to water
to form tiny sticky particles called "floc" which attract the dirt particles. The combined weight of the dirt and the
alum (floc) become heavy enough to sink to the bottom during sedimentation. The common coagulants used in
water purification process are polymeric hydroxychloride, aluminium sulphate, ferric sulphate, and
polyacrylimide.
Coagulation destabilises the particles charges. Coagulants with charges opposite to those of the suspended
solids are added to the water to neutralise the negative charges on dispersed non-settable solids such as clay and
organic substances. Once the charge is neutralised, the small-suspended particles are capable of sticking
together.
Ion exchange is a water treatment method where one or more undesirable ionic contaminants are removed from
water by exchange with another non-objectionable, or less objectionable ionic substance. Both the contaminant
and the exchanged substance must be dissolved and have the same type of electrical charge (positive or
negative). A typical example of ion exchange is a process called water softening aiming to reduce calcium and
magnesium content.
Hard water containing a lot of calcium ions is treated over beads with negatively charged sodium ions. This
results in the replacement of sodium ions by positively charged calcium ions and the water eventually gets
softened, though with more sodium ions. Zeolites, made from silicates, are also used in because they can hold
plenty of cations. Similarly, there are anion exchange resins that are beds of polymer where cationic groups get
attached to the surface.
A doss of silver, which varies from 0.05 to 0.1 mg/L, is fed to water with the help of the direct current, which
removes all micro organisms. This is quite effective in eliminating all the bacteria in the water. Nano silver
attached to the filter releases the silver ions that frequently destroy the bacteria.
54
25
Ozonation
26
Micro
Filtration
27
Nano
Filtration
28
Ultrafiltration
Ozonation is a chemical water treatment technique based on the infusion of ozone into water. Ozone is a gas
composed of three oxygen atoms (O3), which is one of the most powerful oxidants. Ozonisation is a type of
advanced oxidation process, involving the production of very reactive oxygen species able to attack a wide range
of organic compounds and all microorganisms. Ozone is produced with the use of energy by subjecting oxygen
(O2) to high electric voltage or to UV radiation.
The effectiveness of ozone results from its powerful oxidising effect on chemicals and microorganisms caused
by the generation of reactive oxygen species during ozone transformation to oxygen. Ozone directly attacks the
surface of microorganisms and destroys their cell walls. The cells thus loose their cytoplasm and can no longer
reactivate themselves (STUCKI et al. 2005).
A microfiltration filter has a pore size around 0.1 micron. The principle of micro filtration and ultra filtration is
physical separation. The extent to which dissolved solids, turbidity and microrganisms are removed is
determined by the size of the pores in the membranes. Substances that are larger than the pores in the membranes
are fully removed. Substances that are smaller than the pores of the membranes are partially removed, depending
on the construction of a refuse layer on the membrane.
A nanofiltration filter has a pore size around 0.001 micron. The Nano filtration membrane technology is pressure
based technology that is meant for the separation of soluble ions from water by use of semi permeable membrane
where it produces same quantity product at 50 to 70% of the applied pressure as RO. These Nano-filtration
systems make effective use of high pressure for the separation of contaminants from water supply. As water is
forced through membranes having tiny holes(.0001 micron in size), bacteria, viral contaminants, VOCs, SOCs
and other unwanted water contaminants are effectively removed.
An ultrafiltration filter has a pore size around 0.01 micron. A simple procedure called "low pressure"
ultrafiltration permits the clarification and disinfection of water in a single step. A membrane barrier acts like a
filter for all particles over 10-20 nm in size: pollen, algae, bacteria, viruses, germs and organic molecules. The
ultrafiltration procedure is mechanical: it reduces treatment waste and the need to use chemicals, while
conserving the mineral equilibrium of the water.
(Source : Authors Personal Data and gather from any sources)
55
6.2. Concept Screening

After finding many existing concepts and generating new concepts, we
already get various concepts. Only one and the best concept will be used as
concept of our product. The next step we do is concept screening. The goal of
concept screening is to narrow the number of concept quickly and develop the
best concept. In concept screening, we should compare the concepts with many
criterias including technical and subjective criteria like comfort and safety. In
doing concept screening, five steps have to be done :
Prepare the selection matrix
Rate the concepts
Rank the concepts
Combine and improve the concepts
Select one or more concepts
From finding existing concepts and new concepts, we get 28 product
concepts. Its all based on work principle. Some concepts are on different level
with other concepts. Microfiltration, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration are concepts
that come from different filter media pore size. While membrane filtration, sand
filtration, ceramic filtration, and hollow filtration are concepts that come from
filter media material. All concepts are accepted as long as its related to work
principle to purify water. Here is the list of product concepts :
Table 6.2 Product Concepts
Concept
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Product Concept
Radiation
Extraction
Membrane Filtration
Sand Filtration
Ceramic Filtration
Hollow Fiber Filtration
Reverse Osmosis
Activated Carbon Adsorption
56
Table 6.2 Product Concepts (continued)
Concept
Number
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Product Concept
Silica Gel Adsorption
Alumina Adsorption
Chitosan Adsorption
Zeolite Adsorption
Nanomaterial Adsorption
UV Purification
Boiling
Distillation
Electrochemical
Chemical Precipitation
Chlorination
Dialysis
Enzime
Coagulation
Ion Exchange
Electrocatadian
Ozonation
Microfiltration
Nanofiltration
Ultrafiltration
Screening I
Concepts that already been listed above comes from existing product
concepts and new product concepts. The new ideas are generated from our group
brainstorming. The concepts that comes from brainstorming may be logic,
redundant, foolish, or vague. Now, we need to eliminate some of them to ease us
for the next step. Eliminated concepts are the ones that can be classified into
redundant (R), foolish (F), or vague (V). But because all of our concepts that
listed above are work principle that scientifically proven and commonly used in
purifying water, so there isnt any single concept that can be eliminated in the first
screening.
57
Screening II
6.3.1 Prepare The Selection Matrix
After going through the first screening, now we are in the second screening.
The first step of second screening is prepare the selection matrix. In selection
matrix, we choose the selection criteria and reference concept. The selection
criteria should consider the customer needs and enterprise needs (price,
manufacturability). The most important thing about criterias are that it should
differentiate the concepts. There are six criterias we choose. Those criterias are as
follow :
Table 6.3 Criteria in Water Purifier Product Concept Screening
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Criteria
Effectiveness
Cost
Process Time
Manufacturing Ease
Health and Safety
Life Expectancy
The first criteria is effectiveness. Its a must for our concept to be effective
in process, by means it can purify water into drinking water. We limit the
feedwater to enter our water purifier product is water that still contain
contaminant, not dirt water. Its based on our survey conducted in first assignment
to determine needs. The customer expect that the feedwater that enter our water
purifier product are tap water and ground water. It also because our customer
target is middle-end society. Effectiveness is the most important criteria which
will be weighted more than other criterias.
The second criteria is cost. We cant deny that cost plays very important
roles for our product. We at least can estimate relative cost of each concept. Our
water purifier product cost will be decided by the method we choose to purify
water. The third one is process time. All existing water purifier offers product
which will process the water in a very short time. Customer want water purifier
product which is quick to produce drinking water. We should choose concept
58
which has quick purifying process time. Its better if our product process time can
be faster than existing products process time. The fourth one is manufacture ease.
We will prefer concept thats more easy and already used in established
manufacturing. The fifth criteria is health and safety. We want to identify which
concept is safer and healthier than the existing product concept. The last criteria is
life expectancy. The life expectancy for every work principle are different. The
longer it is, the more it has possibility to become our product concept. After
making selection criteria, we should choose reference concept.
Concept that will become the reference for this concept screening step is the
best existing concept product that we make it as benchmark or new concept
product. We choose PureIt from Unilever as reference concept because its the
best water purifier product in market. The product concept of PureIt is
combination of membrane microfiltration and activated carbon adsorption.
Though the reference concept uses combination of two work principles, at this
concept screening step we dont combine work principles to get our listed product
concept because it will be carried out in combining concepts step.
6.3.2. Rate The Concept
For each concept, the criterias should be rated as plus (+), zero (0), or minus
(-).
Plus (+) means that its better than reference concept
Zero (0) means that its the same as reference concept
Minus () means that its worse than reference concept
6.3.3. Rank The Concept
Rank of the concept can be made by summing all of criterias rating for each
concept. Ranking the concepts used to review screening result and to check which
concept is qualified for most criterias and can go to the next step, concept scoring.
59
Table 6.4 Concept Screening
Criteria
Concept
Effectiveness
1
+
2
+
3
0
4
-
5
+
6
+
7
+
8
0
9
+
10
+
11
+
12
+
13
+
14
+
15
+
16
+
17
+
18
+
19
+
20
+
21
-
22
+
23
+
24
+
25
+
26
0
27
+
28
+
Cost
Process Time
Manufacturing
Ease
Health and
Safety
Life Expectancy
Amount +
Amount -
Total Amount
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-2
-4
Ranking
Result
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
60
6.3.4. Combine and Improve The Concepts

After the second concept screening, we already reduce our product
concepts into 7 concepts : concept 3 (membrane filtration), concept 5 (ceramic
filtration), concept 8 (activated carbon adsorption), concept 26 (microfiltration),
concept 11 (chitosan adsorption), concept 14 (UV purification), and concept 15
(boiling). Those concepts have highest total amount (5 and 4) by means it is
better than reference product concept in almost all criterias. At this stage, we can
also do combination of those concepts. Our group thinks that our product should
combine many methods so it can fulfill all specifications we have. The most
important specifications of our product regarding disaster relief are content
(can purify water into drinking water) and process time. Our second
consideration for combining concepts beside fullfil specifications is to produce
product which is better than existing product. The third consideration is to
combine some concept thats different in work principle. Concept 3 and 5
basically has same work principle so it cant be combined. The same case also
goes for concept 8 and 11. The fourth consideration is criterias. We want to
make product with product concept that fulfill all criterias needed. The example
is concept 3 (membrane filtration) has 0 rating in effectiveness criteria, while
concept 11 (chitosan adsorption) has + rating in effectiveness criteria so it can be
combined. Heres the combination of all concepts.
Table 6.5 Concepts Combination
Concept
Combination
A
B
C
D
E
Product Concept
Membrane Microfiltration Activated Carbon
Adsorption UV Purification
Ceramic Microfiltration Activated Carbon
Adsorption UV Purification
Membrane Microfiltration Chitosan Adsorption
UV Purification
Ceramic Microfiltration Chitosan Adsorption UV
Purification
Membrane Microfiltration Activated Carbon
Adsorption Boiling
61
Table 6.5 Concepts Combination (continued)
Concept
Combination
F
G
H
Product Concept
Ceramic Microfiltration Activated Carbon
Adsorption Boiling
Membrane Microfiltration Chitosan Adsorption
Boiling
Ceramic Microfiltration Chitosan Adsorption
Boiling
6.3. Concept Scoring

After concept screening, the next stage is concept scoring. At this
stage, we will do the scoring of some selected concept to narrow it again into
one or two best concept. In concept scoring, one main difference from concept
screening is we will give weight factor for each of selection criteria based on
their importance. The concept that will be chosen as our concept is the one that
has highest score. The score is obtained from multiplication between rating and
weight factor. The step of concept scoring is exactly the same with concept
screening.
6.3.1 Prepare The Selection Matrix
This matrix contains concept ideas, criterias, weight factor, and rating.
The concept ideas is the ones we choose after concept screening. Criterias is
quite different from concept selection, because its more detailed and specific.
Weight factor is importance percentage of each criteria.
The criteria and weight of each criteria from this scoring are:
a.
Standard Level Content = 20%

Standard Level Content means how effective this water purifier can
produce output water which can meet standard level content of drinking
water. We weight it 20% because its the most important criteria that
comes from our product specification and will become plus point of our
product compared to competitors.
62
b.
Turbidity = 10%
Turbidity means how effective this water purifier can produce output
water that is colorless/transparent. We weight it 10% because its one of
our main product specification yet its importance is not as high as
standard level content.
c.
Cost = 15 %
One of our product excellent specification is how to create water
purifier that has affordable price. So it is one of the important
considerations and weighted 15%. We weight it 15% because its the
criteria that has rank 4 in our product specification and this criteria
consider two point of view : producer and customer.
d.
Process Time = 20%

Process Time means how long the water purifier take to purify dirt
water. We weight it 20% because its one of our main product
specification. The uniqueness of our product regarding disaster relief is
how quick our water purifier product can process water into drinking
water.
e.
Easy To Obtain Raw Material = 5%

This criteria means means how easy that the component (such as the
UV, membrane, chitosan, e.t.c.) of the product is obtained. We weight it
5% because raw material is needed to be found first before we start
processing. So its essential to have raw material thats easy to find.
f.
Easy To Make Product = 10%

This criteria means how easy to assemble the components into the
product (the easiness of manufacturing). We weight it 10% because the
manufacturing is one of important criteria for us, producer point of view.
g.
Health and Safety = 15%

This criteria means how health the output water of the purifier and
how safe is the water purifier to be used. We weight it 15% because of
63
course we have to consider health and safety criteria in terms of the

purifying process we select and the output of water purifier.
h.
Life Expectancy = 5%
This criteria means how long the water purifiers life before it is
broken or its components should be replaced with a new one. We weight it
5% because our product has to long last and can be used in certain amount
of time so customer dont need to replace it in a short time.
6.3.2 Rating The Concept

The rating at this stage is based on group discussion and literature. Here is
the rating of every criteria.
64
Table 6.6 The Description of Scoring Rating

Rating
Criteria
Standard Level
Content
Turbidity
Cost
Process Time
Easy To
Obtain Raw
Material
Easy To Make Product
Health and Safety
Life
Expectancy
Cannot change water

contaminant concent
Muddy
Very Expensive
More than one

hour
Hard to found
Very complicated
manufacture method
and high technology
The process can harm

user in serious condition
Less than six

month
Change water
contaminant concent
very little
Turbid
Expensive
30 minutes 1
hour
Easier to
found
Quite complicated
manufacture method
and high technology
The process can harm

user in abnormal
condition
Six month
one year
Can meet Permenkes

drinking water
standard content
except microorganism
parameter
Quite clear
Quite Expensive
15 30 minutes
Easy to found
Use simple manufacture

method
The process is quite safe
More than a
year
Can meet Permenkes

drinking water
standard content
Clear
Cheap
5 15 minutes
Very easy to
found
Easy manufacture
method
The process doesnt

affect user health
condition
Around 2
years
Can meet WHO

drinking water
standard content
Colorless
Very Cheap
In a second
Can be found
everywhere
and free
Can use conventional

manufacture method
The process is safe for

people and follow safety
standard procedure
More than 3
years
65
6.3.3 Rank The Concept

Rank of the concept can be made by summing all of weighted scores in
every criteria for each concept. Every criteria should be weighted so we know
which criterias are more important.
6.3.4 Decide The Best Concept
After we made a matrix and scoring each concept, now we can decide which
concept is the best to be applied to our product. The best concept is the concept
which has highest score.
66
Table 6.7 Concept Scoring
Criteria
Effectiveness
Standard Level Content
Turbidity
Cost
Process Time
Manufacture Ease
Easy To Obtain
Material
Health and Safety
Life Expectancy
Weight
Rating
20%
10%
15%
20%
4
4
2
4
5%
10%
15%
5%
A
Weighted
Score
Rating
Weighted
Score
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.8
4
4
3
4
0.2
4
3
4
0.4
0.45
0.2
3.55
4
Sum
Rank
Rating
Weighted
Score
Rating
Weighted
Score
0.8
0.4
0.45
0.8
4
4
2
4
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.8
4
4
3
4
0.8
0.4
0.45
0.8
0.2
0.15
0.15
4
3
4
0.4
0.45
0.2
3.7
2
4
4
4
0.4
0.6
0.2
3.65
3
4
4
4
0.4
0.6
0.2
3.8
1
67
Table 6.7 Concept Scoring (continued)
Criteria
Weight
Rating
E
Weighted
Score
Rating
Weighted
Score
Rating
Weighted
Score
Rating
Weighted
Score
Effectiveness
Turbidity
Cost
Process Time
Manufacture Ease
Easy To Obtain
Material
Health and Safety
Life Expectancy
Sum
20%
10%
15%
20%
3
4
3
2
0.6
0.4
0.45
0.4
3
4
4
2
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
3
4
3
2
0.6
0.4
0.45
0.4
3
4
4
2
0.6
0.4
0.6
0.4
5%
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.15
10%
15%
5%
5
3
3
0.4
0.45
0.15
3.05
8
5
3
3
0.5
0.45
0.15
3.3
6
5
4
3
0.5
0.6
0.15
3.25
7
5
4
3
0.5
0.6
0.15
3.4
5
Rank
68
Explanation of Scoring
For concept A, the sum of scoring is 3.55. Concept A combines work
principle of membrane microfiltration, activated carbon adsorption, and UV
purification. Concept A is eliminated because it lacks in cost and health & safety
criteria. Membrane, compared to ceramic, is more expensive. And its become
more expensive because we use UV technology which of course has high cost
compared to boiling. For health & safety criteria, activated carbon has more
potency to harm people compared to chitosan, which is nature product.
For concept B, the sum of scoring is 3.7. Concept B combines work principle
of ceramic microfiltration, activated carbon adsorption, and UV purification.
Though it has quite high score, concept B is eliminated because it lacks in cost
and health & safety criteria, same case as concept A. Its true that ceramic is
cheaper than membrane. But because it uses UV technology which is more
expensive than boiling, it has low score in cost criteria. For health & safety
criteria, activated carbon has more potency to harm people compared to chitosan,
which is nature product.
For concept C, the sum of scoring is 3.65. Concept C combines work
principle of membrane microfiltration, chitosan adsorption, and UV purification.
Concept C is eliminated because of cost and easy to obtain raw material criteria.
Membrane and chitosan are expensive. Membrane, compared to ceramic, is more
expensive. Chitosan, compared to activated carbon which already be used for
adsorption in general, is more expensive. Chitosan also more difficult to obtain
compared to activated carbon.
For concept D, the sum of scoring is 3.8. Concept D combines work principle
of ceramic microfiltration, chitosan adsorption, and UV purification. It will
become chosen concept which will be tested in concept testing. It basically has
great score in almost all criterias. The combination of those work principles is
very effective to purify water. Membrane microfiltration is used to filter water
contaminant which size is bigger than micro size such as dirt, bacterias, and some
of viruses. Chitosan will adsorp metal ions. Lastly, UV technology will inactive
all microorganisms.
69
For concept E, the sum of scoring is 3.05. Concept E combines work

principle of membrane microfiltration, activated carbon adsorption, and boiling.
Concept E is eliminated because it is just good enough to meet drinking water
standard level content. Also it lacks in process time, due to boiling needs more
time for killing microorganims compared to UV technology. And because boiling
usually uses metal as heat conductive material, its life expectancy is short. Metal
is easily corroded even by water with low saline concentration.
For concept F, the sum of scoring is 3.3. Concept F combines work principle
of ceramic microfiltration, activated carbon adsorption, and boiling. Concept F is
eliminated because it is just good enough to meet drinking water standard level
content, same case with concept E. Also it lacks in process time, due to boiling
needs more time for killing microorganims compared to UV technology. And
because boiling usually uses metal as heat conductive material, its life expectancy
is short. Metal is easily corroded even by water with low saline concentration. The
only one criteria that makes concept F has quite higher score than concept E is its
cost is relatively cheap due to ceramic using for microfiltration, instead of
membrane.
For concept G, the sum of scoring is 3.25. Concept G combines work
principle of membrane microfiltration, chitosan adsorption, and boiling. The
reason why concept G is eliminated is the same as concept E and F. Boiling
process needs time to kill microorganisms compared to UV technology. Our
product specification wants product that can purify water in quick time.
For concept H, the sum of scoring is 3.4. Concept H combines work principle
of ceramic microfiltration, chitosan adsorption, and boiling. The reason why
concept H is eliminated is the same as concept E,F, and G. Boiling process needs
time to kill microorganisms compared to UV technology. Our product
specification wants product that can purify water in quick time. The only one
criteria that makes concept H has quite higher score than concept E, F, G is its
cost is relatively cheap due to ceramic using for microfiltration, instead of
membrane.
After the concept scoring, we get concept D as our final concept. It combine
the work principle of ceramic microfiltration, chitosan adsorption, and UV
70
purification to purify water into drinking water. The chosen concept use ceramic
microfiltration to filter bigger polutant which size is larger than ceramic micro
pore diameter. Water then is exposed with chitosan, in which chitosan will adsorp
almost all metals, negative ion, and make the water clear. After that, water will be
exposed with UV ray so it will kill microorganisms.
6.4 Concept Testing

The next step after we give the score to our concept is concept testing. In
this stage, we have to do things to test if our concept have fulfill the consumers
needs. These are the step that we have to do to do the concept testing.
6.4.1 Determining the purpose of concept testing

The purpose of concept testing to see if the concept that we propose have
fulfilled the consumers needs or not. In order to get more clearly response from
the respondent, the concept testing must consist of queries that questioning the
respondents acceptance of our products concept, included the price, the
functionality, and the method.
6.4.2 Determining the population of the survey

The population of our survey comes from different segment of life, such as
housewives, students, disaster victim, and professional and comes from 20-50
years old. We choose student and professional as the biggest part of our survey
population because we thought that the student is a segment that understand about
the technology that we use as a purifier. We also choose housewives because they
are the segment who usually use water purifier in their house, and the disaster
victim as the main target of our product. Generally, those four segments is the
most potential segment to use our product in the future.
6.4.3 Determining the form of the survey

The form of survey that we use in this concept testing is interview. The
interview will be done to about 20 respondents from a various segment as
71
explained in the previous part. In this interview, we also have to explain the
concept of our product to the respondent so that they will understand about the
concept and raise the acceptance of our product.
6.4.4 Counting the responds from the respondents

The respondents that we interviewed comes from a few segments as we
explained in the previous part. Here is the pie chart that described the distribution
of respondents job.
15%
25%
25%
35%
Housewives
Student
Disaster Victim
Professional
Figure 6.1 Respondents Distribution Based on Their Profession

(source : reproduced from interview)
As we can see in the pie chart above that 35% of the respondents are
housewives, 25% of respondents are students, 25% of respondents are disaster
victim, and the rest are professional. By knowing this distribution, we can see the
distribution of the knowledge and salary of every correspondent.
72
35%
40%
25%
17 - 25 years old
26 - 40 years old
> 41 years old
Figure 6.2 Respondents Distribution Based on Their Age

Pie chart above shows us the distribution of our respondents age to get the
data about their interest with our product concept. As we can see in the pie chart
above that 35% of our respondents are 17 25 years old, 25% of our respondents
are 26 40 years old, and the rest are 41 years old or more. We tend to choose 17
25-years-old-interviewee because they are mostly are educated segment which
understand about the concept of water purifying process.
10%
5%
10%
55%
20%
Definitely Buy
Probably Buy
Probably Not Buy
Definitely Not Buy
Doubtfully Buy
Figure 6.3 Result of Concept Testing about Respondents Interest with the Product
73
The pie chart above shows the distribution of respondents interest about the
concept of our product. Here are the detail.
Fifty percents (50%) of respondents said that they definitely will buy our
product since it is very helpful to get drinking water when the disaster come
Twenty percents (20%) of respondents said that they probably will buy our
product since they still can get drinking water when the disaster come not for a
long period
Five percents (5%) of respondents said that they doubtfully will buy our
product since they didnt sure about the purifying process
Ten percents (10%) of respondents said that they probably wont buy our
product since they prefer to buy drinking water directly
Ten percents (10%) of respondents said that they definitely wont buy our
product since they dont need water purifier when the disaster come
6.4.5 Interpreting the result of interview

The result of the interview about the respondents interest with the product
shows us that our product get a good responds from the consumer. It is proven by
the data which said that 55% of respondents definitely will buy our product and
20% of respondents probably will buy our product. It is implying that the water
purifying concept that we make will have a good market in the future and will get
much consumer. Meanwhile 5% of the respondents said that they doubtfully will
buy our product because the respondent has a habit to drink boiled water, so the
respondent is not sure that the output from our product can be consumed directly.
The respondent suggest that there should be a heater to boil the water so the
bacteria will be killed by the boiling process. 10% of respondents said that they
probably wont buy our product. They prefer to buy drinking water directly which
is sold in gallon or in bottle package. And last, 10 % of our respondents said that
they definitely wont buy our product. They said that they sure about the water
that they consume in their daily life. So, they wont buy things that they dont
really need. We also got the suggestion from the respondent that the water purifier
would be better if it can produce hot water. But in this product, we didnt apply
that suggestion into our product because we didnt see the urgency of that need.
74
Besides, producing hot water means that we have to use heater which need power
source. Meanwhile, our product only use battery as the power source, so the
power will not be enough to provide the energy to the heater. From the
explanation above, especially that more than half of our respondent have a willing
to buy our product, we can say that our product is worthy to be sold in Indonesian
Market.
CHAPTER VII
FINAL PRODUCT
7.1. Product Positioning
In order to compare our product concept to another existing water purifier
concept, we use Conceptual Mapping as the method. Conceptual Mapping is a
chart that describe the position of our concept based on some criteria. On the
conceptual mapping, we can compare our product design to another existing
product by seeing its position in the map. The existing water purifier product that
we chose as a comparison are the same product that we chose as benchmark
product in the previous chapter. Those products are Pure It Classic 23 L, UV
SteriPEN Classic, and Lifestraw Community. Here is the comparison of our
product concept and the existing product, in a table and in the conceptual mapping
as follow.
Table 7.1 The Comparison of Own Product and Existing Product Based on the Criteria
Criteria
Standard Level
Content
Turbidity
Cost
Process Time
Easy to Obtain
Material
Easy to Make
Product
Health and Safety
Life Expectancy
Pure It
UV
Lifestraw
Own
Classic 23 SteriPEN
Community Product
L
Classic
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
4
2
4
4
3
3
2
2
4
5
3
5
3
5
3
4
5
4
4
5
4
(Source : Author Personal Data)
75
76
Figure 7.1 Perceptual Mapping


Standard level content in this perceptual mapping means that how effective
this water purifier can produce output water which can exceed the standard level
content of drinking water. Rating 5 is given to water purifier which can produce
water that exceed all of the parameter that a drinking water should have.
Meanwhile rating 1 is given to water purifier which cant produce water that can
satisfy all of the parameter.
Turbidity
Turbidity in this perceptual mapping means that how effective this water
purifier can produce output water that is colorless/transparent. Rating 5 is given to
water purifier which can produce colorless water, and rating 1 is given to water
purifier which produce turbid water.
77
Cost
Cost in this perceptual mapping means that how expensive the water purifier
is. Water purifier with a rating 5 are sold with a high price and water purifier with
a rating 1 are sold with a low price.
Process Time
Process time in this perceptual mapping means how long the water purifier
take to purify dirt water. Rating 5 is given to water purifier which dont need long
time to produce drinking water. Meanwhile rating 1 is given to water purifier
which take a long time to produce drinking water.
Easy to Obtain Material
Easy to obtain material in this perceptual mapping means how easy that the
component (such as the UV, membrane, chitosan, e.t.c.) of the product is
obtained. Rating 5 is given to a water purifier with components that are easily
obtained, and rating 1 is given to water purifier with components that are hard to
be obtained.
Easy to Make Product
Easy to make product in this perceptual mapping means how easy to
assemble the components into the product (the easiness of manufacturing). Rating
5 is given to a water purifier which is easy to be manufactured, and rating 1 is
given to water purifier which is hard to be manufactured.
Health and Safety
Health and safety in this perceptual mapping means how health the output
water of the purifier and how safe is the water purifier to be used. Health means
that the water should not contain any bacteria which can cause diseases. Rating 5
is given to water purifier which can produce water with no bacteria and safe to be
used. Meanwhile rating 5 is given to water purifier which produce water which
still contain many bacteria and not safe to be used.
Life Expectancy
Life expectancy in this perceptual mapping means how long the water
purifiers life before it is broken or its components should be replaced with a new
78
one. Rating 5 is given to water purifier with a long life expectancy, meanwhile
rating 1 is given to water purifier with a short life expectancy.
Based on the perceptual mapping above, we can conclude the position of our
product concepts among the existing products are:
a) In the standard live content criteria, our product concept has the same score
with Pure It Classic 23 L and has a higher score than UV SteriPEN and
Lifetraw Community.
b) In the turbidity criteria, our product has a highest score that other existing
products
c) In the cost criteria, our product has the same score with Pure It Classic 23 L
and UV SteriPEN, and has a higher score than Lifestraw Community. It
because we predict that our product will be sold in the range of Rp.1.00.000
Rp.1.200.000,-, which is not different significantly with PureIt Classic 23 L
which has the selling price of Rp.600.000,- and UV SteriPEN which has the
selling price of Rp.800.000,-. Meanwhile, LifeStraw Community is sold with a
selling price of Rp.1.500.000,d) In the process time criteria, our product has a highest score that other existing
products. It is because the other existing product, PureIt Classic 23 L, UV
SteriPEN Classic, and LifeStraw Community need 30, 5 and 120 minutes
respectively to process the dirty water. Meanwhile our product only need
e) In the easy to obtain material criteria, our product has the same score with UV
SteriPEN and has a lower score than Lifestraw Community and Pure It Classic
23 L
f) In the easy to make product criteria, our product has the same score with UV
SteriPEN and Lifestraw Community, and has a higher score than and Pure It
Classic 23 L
g) In the health and safety criteria, our product concept has the same score with
Pure It Classic 23 L and has a higher score than UV SteriPEN and Lifetraw
Community. It is because
h) In the life expectancy criteria, our product has the same score with Lifestraw
Community, has a lower score that UV SteriPEN, and has a higher score than
79
Pure It Classic 23 L. It is because LifeStraw Community has 3 years life

expectancy, UV SteriPEN has 6 years life expectancy, and PureIt has 1.5 years
life expectancy. Meanwhile, our product will has about 3 years life expectance.
Based on the interpretation of the conceptual mapping above, we can

conclude that the advantages of our product concepts are:
a) Turbidity. Our product can produce output water which is colorless. It is
because our product is equipped with ceramic microfiltration which can filter
bigger pollutant which size is larger than ceramic micro pore diameter and
chitosan which can make the water clear.
b) Process Time. Our product dont need much time to purify water. It is because
our product is equipped with component which dont need much time to
process the dirt water.
c) Health and Safety. Our product can produce drinking water which is healthy
and safe in terms of process used and water output. It is because our product is
equipped with 3 stage of purifying which one of those is to kill the
microorganism which can cause disease.
7.2. Product Description

Product description is a result of combination of our final product
specification and product concept. Our final product specification is represented
by criterias from selecting concept process. There are 6 criterias of our product.
They are effectiveness, process time, cost, health and safety, manufacturing ease
and life expectancy. From creating concept and concept selection process we
found that the chosen product concept is combination of three stage of water
purifying process that consist of ceramic microfiltration, chitosan adsorption, and
UV technology with form of product like Pure it product which has capacity
about 25 L in which 10 L as storage, family used, and can be operated without
electricity.
From principle work side, the combination of three stage technology process
has different purpose. First stage, ceramic microfiltration is a filter that works
physically to filter contaminants in the water. Microfiltration pore size is about
80
0.2-0.8 micron. In our product concept, ceramic microfiltration stage is used to

filter the sediment, heavy particles, bacteria, and certain viruses. Although this
method is still more expensive per m2 surface area compared to polymeric
microfiltration, but it has advantages as well. The first advantage is that a higher
flux can be applied. Besides, ceramic microfiltration has a higher mechanical
strength element which allows a high pressure backwash which is used to clean
the filter. Ceramic microfiltration also has a higher resistance to chemical
compared to polymeric one. Besides, ceramic microfiltration only need to be
cleaned twice a year which means that it could make our water purifier concept
have a good life expectancy and have a lifetime of approximately 2 years.
Second, chitosan adsorption stage is mainly used to adsorp some harmful
metal ion such as Mn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Cr6+. Chitosan is selected as
adsorbent, instead of activated carbon, because of its effectiveness. From our
references we know that chitosan has better effectivity to adsorp at least four
kinds of metal ion mentioned above. Besides, chitosan can also adsorp chlorine
compounds like 4-chloropenol, tetrachloroethylene, oil, and grease as well.
The third stage in our product concept is UV light technology. UV light has
wavelength smaller than visible light (so people unable to see it) and larger than x
light. UV light will rearrange DNA or RNA in microorganisms so it will eliminate
the function and ability to reproduce of microorganisms. One strict parameter of
drinking water that differentiate it with clean water is microorganism parameter.
Drinking water dont permit any microorganisms live in water. By using UV ray,
we can inactive microorganisms. Instead of chlorine technology, UV has broader
range of organisms, including cryptosporidium and giardia, which is very hard to
kill. This stage is used to cover health and safety specs and also effectiveness
specs. One main advantage of UV light is quick process time. We just need to
emit UV ray in water less than five minutes to get water which is free from
microorganisms. After passing through those three stages, our intake water will
become drinking water.
81
7.3. Product Material

Now we want to construct our product using specific material. Because
our product is device product, were focusing on the material used, not the
ingredient. We also will explain a little bit about how to get the material. First
about the packaging of our product. The packaging of our water purifier product
use plastic polimer material. Polimer is chosen because its light yet strong, have
long durability. Polimer can be easily fabricated into any large complex shape,
which is an advantage as well. Though the application temperatures are limited
for polimer, but because our product will be placed at home we dont need to
worry about our product.
In our water purifier product, we will combine three methods to purify
water : ceramic microfiltration, chitosan adsorption, and UV technology. Ceramic
microfiltration is a filter medium composed by inorganic oxides which will
permeate liquids through pores and separate out solid matters by retention.
Ceramic material has many advantages such as high strength, chemical resistance,
high thermal stability, and high durability. The selectivity of ceramic is based on
size, difference in diffusion coefficient, electrical charge, solubility and
adsorption. There are a lot of formulations to make ceramic filter. The proposed
raw material for ceramic is :
-
Alumina
(12,75%)
Quartz
(71,25%)
Soda ash
(2%)
Graphite
(10%)
Zircon
(2%)
Zircosil
(2%)
Selection of raw materials for ceramic filter is playing is critical for our
product because it will determine the effectiveness of our ceramic filter. We
choose those materials for making ceramic because it will make ceramic with
porous and micro size but have low raw material cost.
The selection of fabrication method is depending on product shapes,
complexity, structure, and chemical properties. For microfiltration ceramic filter
82
can be made by slip casting. This process are suitable to get desired porosity and
micro structure. In slip casting, ceramic powder is compacted in the slip casting
process and bonded together at high furnace temperature.
The second method is chitosan adsorption which of course need chitosan
material. Chitosan for water purifying process thats sold in Indonesia is
industrial-grade chitosan. We will use chitosan in powder form. The specification
of industrial-grade chitosan :
Table 7.2 Specification of Chitosan
Item
Specification
Appearance
Light Brown- Pure White
Particle Size
Flake Powder
Degre of Deacetylation
> 80 85 %
Viscosity
20 500 cps
Moisture Content
< 10 %
Ash Content
<2%
Protein Content
<1%
pH
7-8
Insoluble
< 1%
Total Plate Count
< 1000 cfu/g
Pathogenic Bacteria
Absent
Heavy Metals
< 10 ppm
(Source :PT Noble Biotech Indonesia)
From the chitosan specification above, the properties that direcly related to
chitosan adsorption capability is degree of deacetylation. Chitosan can be good
adsorbent if degree of deacetylation value is more than 70%. Because our product
will be taken from supplier which is already have specification above the standard
specification, chitosan which will be used have good adsorption capability.
For the third method, we use UV purification technology. We will use the
UV light with 30 W power. Also it must be noted that UV purification technology
dependent on wavelength. The effective wavelength our product will use is 254
83
nm. At this intensity, UV already can destroy DNA in microorganisms so its
effective for purifying water. The 30 W power is considered low and use small
amount of energy. UV light can be used for 9000 hours.
CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSION
Its important in chemical product design that the first step to do is to

identify customer needs. From customer data, we convert it into needs and we get
19 needs. After tidying up the needs, we get 13 needs. After that, we group and
rank every needs. We classify our needs into four groups : regulation, retailing,
product performance, and product perception. Then we decide the rank of each
need. The rank is decided after discussed with our group and also by combining
the result of interview. The needs that get the 5 rank is going to be used as a
priority in developing the products concept while others will be used as
supporting. When we already found the needs, they have to be translated into the
product, through product specifications. At this rate we try to make early
specification of our product. For disaster topic, specification that become appeal
of our product are can be used when disaster happen or not, process time,
turbidity, standard level content of water, easy to operate, and long life
expectancy.
From the next assignment, we can conclude that from creating concept and
concept selection process we found that the chosen product concept is a product
that use the combination of three stages of purifying process that consist of
ceramic microfiltration, chitosan adsorption and UV light technology, with a
Pure it-form-like which has capacity of 25 L with 10 L of it is storage tank,
family used, and can be operated without electricity but using battery instead.
From working principle side, the combination of those three stages technology has
different purpose on each stage. On the first stage, ceramic filtration is a filter that
works physically to filter sediment contained in water. This device is also used to
remove particles from the water with thin porous which is about 0.2-0.8 micron in
size. In our product concept, ceramic microfiltration stage is used to filter the
sediment, heavy particles, bacteria, and certain viruses. Second, the chitosan
adsorption stage is used to adsorp some harmful metal ion such as Mn2+, Fe2+,
84
Ni2+, Cu2+, and Cr6+. Chitosan is selected as adsorbent, instead of activated

carbon, because of its effectiveness. The third stage in our product concept is UV
light technology. By using UV ray, we can inactive microorganisms. All of those
stages are used and defined to cover healthy and safety and effectiveness
specifications. After passing through those three stages, our intake water will
become drinking water.
85
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Indonesia
Clean
Drinking
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Revised Midterm Report Chemical Product Design

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UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

WATER PURIFIER FOR DISASTER RELIEF

Revised Midterm Report

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

List of Content ............................................................................................... ii

CHAPTER VIII CONCLUSION ............................................................. 84

Figure 2.1. Spectrum of Light Regarding Disinfection Effectiveness. 13

Table 1.1. Main Parameter of Drinking Water ................................................ 8

1.2. Formulation of Problem

1.3. Identification of Problem

Most of existing water purifier need long time on purifying process to

Most of existing water purifier is so expensive so it cant be reached by

Most of existing water purifier is not portable so it make the people

1.4. Limitation of Problem

This water purifier product is designed and formulated to produce the

This water purifier product is designed and purposed to be inclusive and

2.1. Definition of Water

Though water is abundant, humans have inadequate access to drinking

Table 1.1. Main Parameter of Drinking Water

Parameter Related to Health

(Source : Permenkes, 2010)

Table 2.2. Additional Parameter of Drinking Water

Table 2.2. Additional Parameter of Drinking Water (continued)

(Source : Permenkes, 1990)

In Indonesia, monitoring and supervision of drinking water quality is carried

(Source : Ray, 2011)

Figure 2.1. Spectrum of Light Regarding Disinfection Effectiveness

ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Pore size is extremely small on reverse

Figure 2.2. Filtration Process Effectiveness

2.5.6. Coagulation and Flocculation

2.5.7. Combination of methods

proven to be effective for water purifying process. Membrane such as UF/MF

3.1. Determining Needs

Figure 3.1. Respondents Distribution Based on Their Age

Figure 3.2. Respondents Distribution Based on Their Profession

Pie chart above is used to see the distribution of correspondents job. By

been a habit to consume

not sure about the quality of

never heard about water

Table 3.1. Table Interpretation of Needs from Consumer Statement

How is the distribution supply of

The capacity of water purifier is large

How is the condition of the

Water purifier that can produce clear water

(Source : Authors Personal Data)

Table 3.1. Table Interpretation of Needs from Consumer Statement (continued)

Water purifier that has been clinically proven

It is more convientable to drink water from boiled

Water purifier that can be combined with

I want to consume purified water if the filtration

Water purifier with clear purifying process

How do you think about the

Water purifier that gives a good result with

The process from water purifier will take long

Water purifier with quick process

It can be more easy if the output from water

Water purifier that can produce the purified

We have to boil the water if we want to get hot

Water purifier that can produce a good hot

What is your complaint against

(Source : Authors Personal Data)

Table 3.2. List of Needs

Water purifier with high volumetric rate

Water purifier with many water taps

The capacity of water purifier is large

Water purifier that can produce clear water

Water purifier that can produces water which is free from