J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

DOI 10.1007/s10163-014-0273-7

NOTE

Assessment of the sustainability level of community waste

recycling program in Malaysia
Kian-Ghee Tiew Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri
Kohei Watanabe Mohammed F. M. Abushammala
Mohd. Takiyuddin Bin Ibrahim

Received: 10 June 2013 / Accepted: 1 June 2014

Springer Japan 2014

Abstract A sustainable municipal waste recycling program is important to successfully increase the recycling
rate in Malaysia. This paper evaluates and assesses the
sustainability level of the recycling activities by Surau AlHusna in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Five criteria were selected
in the evaluation process. These criteria were divided into
the continuous publicity of recycling programs, operation
cost, participation rate/recyclables collection rate, dissemination of information regarding recycling and the enthusiasm level regarding environmental concerns. The results
showed that Surau had a proper management system.
K.-G. Tiew (&)
N. E. Ahmad Basri
M. F. M. Abushammala
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
e-mail: tiew8585@hotmail.com; tiew8585@yahoo.com
N. E. Ahmad Basri
e-mail: ezlin@eng.ukm.my
M. F. M. Abushammala
e-mail: eng_abushammala@yahoo.com
K. Watanabe
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI),
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
e-mail: kw10004@cam.ac.uk
K. Watanabe
Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
M. F. M. Abushammala
Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East College,
Knowledge Oasis Muscat, P.B. No. 79, Al Rusayl 124,
Sultanate of Oman
Mohd. T. Bin Ibrahim
Pusat Pemikiran dan Kefahaman Islam (CITU), Universiti
Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
e-mail: mtaki986@salam.uitm.edu.my

However, several suggestions and recommendations were

provided to improve the current recycling program. In
conclusion, the Surau Al-Husna maintains sustainable
recycling practices and is a good role model for sustainable
recycling programs at the nationwide scale in Malaysia.
Keywords Sustainability
Waste recycling
Surau

Recycling program

Introduction
Waste management is a global environmental challenge.
Recycling is an environmentally sustainable waste management method. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) defines recycling as the process
of collecting and processing waste to produce new products
that could benefit the community and the environment [1].
Thus, a municipal waste recycling program could be an
environmental sustainable solution to reduce the current
burden on landfills. In Malaysia, conventional waste
management still disposes of 95 % of waste into landfills
[2]. Currently, the national-level waste recycling rate in
Malaysia is only 5 %, even after launching a recycling
program in 1993 [3]. Developing a sustainable waste
recycling program is important to achieve a national
recycling rate of 22 % by 2020.
Many Asian countries have adopted the 3Rs (Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle) culture in recycling management practices
[46]. In response, waste recycling is required to be practiced in the daily life of every citizen. There are numerous
factors influencing waste recycling programs. These
include the continuous publicity, maintenance and operational income (510 % from the sales of recyclables),
community, continuous training, and enthusiasm and

123

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

knowledge of program leaders towards environmental

protection [7]. However, to attain a sustainable waste
recycling program, two main roles are important: practice
of the mentioned system within neighborhoods (community-based recycling management system, CBR) and
benchmark learning or modified integrated sustainable
waste management to apply to current recycling practices.
Studies covering integrated sustainable waste management can provide a benchmark and be further adopted to
develop a sustainable waste recycling program. This is
because a recycling management system is unlikely to be
integrated with sustainable waste management. Hence,
factors that influence the sustainability of waste recycling
programs could include stakeholders, elements of management, and technical management requirements [4].
Stakeholders include the local authorities (LAs), private
sector (formal and informal), Non-Government Organizations (NGO), and consumers. Each stakeholder plays an
important role in sustaining a waste recycling program in
the community. The second factor that could influence the
sustainability of waste recycling program is the management of elements such as the generation of waste, the 3Rs
culture, the operation of the recycling process (collection,
transportation, treatment and disposal) and the storage of
waste. The third factor is the technical management of the
process covering environmental, health, financial, sociocultural, institutional, managerial, and policy aspects.
Overall, these three factors influence the waste recycling
program. Therefore, when the cooperation and interaction
between each stakeholder breaks down, the other two
factors, the management of specific elements and technical
process, would highlight the influence of this strained
relationship on the rate of recycling.
This paper evaluates the effectiveness and sustainability
of a community waste recycling program conducted at the
Surau Al-Husna and studies the potential of scaling this
program to a nation-wide level.

Solid waste management in Malaysia

Background information
In Malaysia, municipal solid waste (MSW) from households, businesses and institutions are managed by LAs,
whereas the wastes generated by construction, demolition,
and industry are managed by private waste-management
service contractors. Table 1 shows the total waste generated between 2000 and 2012. The amount of waste generated increased gradually from 15,586 tons in 2000 to
28,565 tons in 2012. For Malaysia, this change in waste
generation represents an approximately 1,000 tons increase
per year. Malaysia depends on landfills to manage daily

123

waste disposal [8]; approximately 95 % of the waste is

disposed into landfills [2]. Therefore, the cost of waste
management practices would be a burden to the economy
of the nation, and landfills cannot solely serve this massive
waste generation [9].
Problems and challenges
According to Guilberto and Shigefumi [11], Malaysia
showed positive results when implementing sustainable
and integrated MSW management system. These positive
results were because of several national/local management
advances such as economic instruments, technologies,
partnerships, informative measures, informal sectors, and
stakeholder participation [9, 11]. Additionally, Malaysias
municipal waste management challenges include an
increase in the waste generation rate, high operational costs
to treat and dispose of solid waste, irresponsible solid waste
disposal methods, and the absence of an integrated solid
waste plan or management structure. Moreover, landfills
manage 95 % of the daily waste disposed in Malaysia [2].
The government estimated that greenhouse gas emissions
will increase by 50 % by 2020 if Malaysia still depends on
landfills for waste disposal [9]. However, approximately
68 % methane emission reduction from landfills was estimated by increasing amount of waste recycling from the
year 2000 to reach 24 % in 2024 [12].
Solid waste management towards federalization
government
On September 1, 2011, the Solid Waste Management and
Public Cleansing 2007 (Act 672) Act took effect. Several
states in Peninsular Malaysia relinquished their authority
over waste management, delegating executive powers to
the federal government. These states include Perlis, Kedah,
Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan,
Malacca, Perak and Johor. However, this list of states
excludes Penang State and Selangor State. Therefore, two
new governmental agencies were established to manage the
waste in Peninsular Malaysia [9]:
1.

National solid waste management department (JPSPN)

2.

Formulate policies, plans and strategies.

Formulate plans for solid waste management
facilities (location, type and size).
Set the standards, specifications and codes of
practice.
Perform regulatory functions.

Solid waste management and public cleansing corporation (PPSPPA)

Implement policies, plans and strategies.

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Table 1 Daily waste generations at Peninsular Malaysia [10]
States

Solid waste generated (tons/day)

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2009

2010

2012

Johor

1,915

2,093

2,255

2,429

2,577

2,655

2,734

3,004

Kedah

1,323

1,446

1,559

1,679

1,781

1,835

1,890

2,078

Kelantan

1,034

1,130

1,213

1,302

1,381

1,423

1,465

1,622

Melaka

514

562

604

650

690

710

732

807

Negeri Sembilan

757

827

889

956

1,015

1,045

1,077

1,188

Pahang

957

1,046

1,125

1,209.8

1,283

1,322

1,361

1,502

Perak
Perlis

1,527
195

1,669
213

1,795
229

1,930.3
247.1

2,047
262

2,109
270

2,172
278

2,396
307

Pulau Pinang

1,087

1,188

1,278

1,374

1,458

1,502

1,547

1,706

Selangor

2,826

3,089

3,322

3,572

3,790

3,904

4,021

4,435

Terengganu

882

964

1,037

1,115

1,183

1,219

1,255

1,385

Wilayah Persekutuana

2,566

2,824

3,099

3,403

3,611

3,719

3,831

3,968

Sabah

NA

2,490

2,641

2,886

3,062

3,154

3,248

2,136

Sarawak

NA

1,905

2,021

2,208

2,342

2,413

2,485

2,027

Total

15,586

21,452

23,072

24,968

26,489

27,284

28,102

28,565

Kuala Lumpur and Labuan

Table 2 Examples of successful community-based recycling programs in Malaysia [13]

Features

Batu Caves Temple

(Hinduism)

Surau Al-Husna (Islam)

Beautiful Gates (Christianity)

Tzu Chi Association (Buddhism)

Operating
Period
(Established
date)

14 years (2000)

9 years (2005)

10 years (2004)

19 years (1995)

Recycling
facilities/
services
Handling of
recyclables

Recycling bins

Recycling points and

recycling bins

Recycling points and recycling

centers

Handled by the
municipality

Sold to private recyclers

Recycling points, recycling bins,

recycling center and door-todoor collections
Sold to private recyclers

Motivation to
recycle

Environmental
protection

Environmental
protection; Charity

Environmental protection;
Charity

Environmental protection;

Human
resources

Temple supervisor,
temple cleaners and
volunteers.

Surau committee and

volunteers.

Disabled staff members of

Beautiful Gates and volunteers

Volunteerswith some support from

the association

Organizational
structure

Temple management

Surau management
(small mosque)

Christian center for the disabled

Leadership

No information

Initiated by Mr Mazlan
Idus, a Surau
committee member

Initiated by Pastor Sia Siew Chin,

founder of Beautiful Gates

Movement of volunteerswith
support from Tzu Chi Association
liaison office
Initiated by Grand Master Cheng Yen
in Taiwan. Mostly based on a
volunteer system

Support and
funding

Local municipality

Local municipality

Private sector

Local politicians

Local municipality; Foreign

foundation;

NGOs

Sold to private recyclers

Charity; Cultivation of spiritual

lifestyle

Local municipality
Resident association

Churches;
Embassy of Japan

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J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Monitor the compliance with standards, specifications and codes of practice.

Implement and enforce the appropriate acts and
regulations.
Implement efforts to encourage public involvement
and public awareness.
Ensure and improve the quality of solid waste
management and public cleansing.

Municipal waste recycling in Malaysia

The national recycling campaign was launched in 1993 and
relaunched in December 2003 [13]. Additionally, the
government declared November 11th as National Recycling Day [9]. In 2006, approximately 13 years after the
first recycling campaign was launched, a 5 % recycling rate
was achieved [3]. However, the goal for the 2020 national
recycling rate set by the Malaysian Government in the
1990s is 22 % [13].
In Malaysia, there are two main routes for recyclables
collection: the first is the buy-back of recyclables and/or
establishing collection centers by local authorities, concessionaires, NGOs and private organizations, and the
second is by private collectors of recyclable materials. In
both methods, the collected recyclable materials are then
sold to recycling factories or intermediate buyers. Currently, initiatives for community-based recycling activities
are well-managed and active [13]. Table 2 provides several
successful sustainable waste recycling programs initiated
by different communities in Malaysia.
Recycling practices for Hindu-based organization primarily occur during festivals recycling, in which recycling
bins are provided during festival events. However, other
Islamic (Surau Al-Husna), Christian (Beautiful Gates), and
Buddhist (Tzu-Chi) associations provided recycling points/
centers and door-to-door collections (on call-basis) to
collect recyclable items. The primary purpose of these
respective recycling programs is to raise funds for charity
(Surau Al-Husna), to provide jobs for disabled staff
(Beautiful Gates) and to establish activities for senior citizens (Tzu-Chi Association). As a case study, this investigation focuses on the Surau Al-Husna integrated
community recycling programs.

Studies on community waste recycling program

at Surau Al-Husna
General information
Surau Al-Husna is an Islamic place of worship located in
Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia (3.056011N, 101.53618E).

123

Surau Al-Husna was established in 2003 and is supported

by the local community. The facility was initially a steel
container. In 2011, a new building housing the Surau AlHusna was constructed. Approximately, 2,000 people
reside in the neighborhood. The majority of the local
community is Muslim with ages ranging from 30 to
70 years old.
In Surau Al-Husna, a recycling program was established
in July 2005. Their objectives are to nurture the local
communitys love of nature, generate income for mosque
maintenance and to operate and enhance charity works.
Initially, this recycling program faced challenges associated with the lack of human resources to handle the process
of recyclable segregation and a lack of awareness in the
local community of the recycling program. Some people
assume that recyclable bins function as garbage bins
dropping off used diapers and other garbage at the center or
disposing of them in recyclable bins. These initial challenges were mitigated after promoting education awareness
of the recycling process by the Surau Al-Husna. The initial
challenges are summarized and discussed below, and may
potentially serve as a case study for other organizations
initiating a recycling collection/center:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The residents did not separate recyclable materials by

type.
Recyclable items were packed or mixed with garbage.
Unpleasant odor occurred if recyclable items were
stored for a long period.
Community involvement was not exhaustive.
The market selling price for recyclable items is
unstable.
A general lack of participation from members and
community because of a gap in knowledge about the
importance of environmental conservation to society
and religious worship.

Table 3 details the effects of the collection of recyclable

items by Surau Al-Husna. The program collected 4,986 kg
in 2005; in 2009, it successfully collected 20,400 kg, which
is approximately four times the amount collected in 2005
(409 %). The average monthly income from 2005 to 2009
generated by collecting recyclables was (Malaysian Ringgit) RM 464. The community waste recycling program at
Surau Al-Husna successfully managed 69 tons of waste
generated by the community and lowered the overall waste
disposal costs paid by local authorities. Additionally, the
recycling program generated income for the facility.
The dominant collected recyclable items in Surau AlHusna were paper (approximately 60 %), followed by
plastic and iron (17 and 16 %, respectively) (Fig. 1). These
three items are common recycled items collected in
Malaysia, and their market price is stable compared to
other recyclable items.

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Table 3 Recyclables and income generated in Surau Al-Husna (BinIbrahim, M.T., Personal communication, March 22, 2013)
Year

Year 1: Jul
Dec 2005

Amount
(kg)

Average (kg
per month)

Income
(RMa)

Average
monthly income
(RM)

4,986

800

1,516

250

Year 2:
JanDec
2006
Year 3:
JanDec
2007

11,545

900

4,714

375

15,167

1,250

6,290

520

Year 4:
JanDec
2008

17,001

1,400

6,979

580

Year 5:
JanDec
2009

20,400

1,700

5,607

467

Total

69,099

Recycling program evaluation

The sustainability of the waste recycling program implemented at Surau Al-Husna was based on a recycling
practices key performance index (RP-KPI). The RP-KPI is
a set of indicators that was taken from various literature
sources followed by selection criteria. The function of the
RP-KPI is to assess the performance, reliability, and verifiability of and to suggest improvements to management
decisions [14, 15]. Through this assessment, the recycling
practices/system is assessed on the performance, selected
indicators and current implemented recycling practices
[16]. The following sections will discuss the recycling
performance indicators, criteria of selection and scoring
evaluation.
Recycling performance indicators

1,280

25,104

464

Malaysian Ringgit

Performance indicators are measures of project effects,

outcomes, outputs, and inputs that are monitored during the
implementation of the project to assess progress toward
project objectives [17]. The Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines an indicator as a parameter, or a value derived from parameters,
which provides information about a phenomenon. The
indicator has significance that extends beyond the properties directly associated with the parameter value [18].
According to the World Bank (1996), performance indicators can be used for (i) strategic planning (ii) performance accounting, (iii) forecasting and early warning
during program implementation, (iv) measuring program
results, (v) program marketing and public relations, (vi)
benchmarking, and (vii) quality management. Selecting
appropriate and useful performance indicators requires
careful consideration through iterative refining, collaboration, and consensus building [19].
Criteria selection

Fig. 1 Recyclable items composition in Surau Al-Husna (BinIbrahim, M.T., Personal communication, March 22, 2013)

The management of Surau Al-Husna publicizes this

program through various activities: posting flyers or banners, sending mass SMSs to the community, talking after
prayer sessions and posting on blogs and Facebook.
Community members can easily drop-off recyclable items
at any time. Furthermore, Surau Al-Husna also promotes
several motivational programs, such as continuous education and awareness programs, to the members and community such as the recycling used cooking oil, zoo
volunteering, love the river partnership and beach coastal
cleanup programs.

Following the above review, the authors offer the following

elaboration of sustainability waste recycling programs.
Five evaluative criteria were selected:
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.

Continuous publicity.
Cost of operationmaintenance and operational
income (510 % from income resulting from the sales
of recyclables).
Participation rate/recyclables collection rate.
Dissemination of recycling knowledge to the society.
Enthusiasm level of the leader over environmental
concerns.

These five criteria were used to evaluate the waste

recycling program in Surau Al-Husna.

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J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Table 4 Scoring the sustainability recycling program at the Surau
Al-Husna

Table 5 Recyclable items from the municipal solid waste in

Malaysia [20]

Criteria

Scorea

Remarks

Item

Share of waste
composition (%)

Current situation

1. Continuous publicity

Surau Al-Husna had good

continuous publicity
programs in the community

Food
waste

49.3

Although large scale of composting

has yet to be implemented, the
government actively promoted
Takakura and Bokasi composting

Paper

17.1

Paper products for recycling are

mostly collected at the source
because of the well-known value
of paper recyclables

Plastics

9.7

Glass

3.7

Plastic products actively collected

for recycling include PET bottles,
HDPE, PE, PP, etc. Recently,
plastic bags began to be collected,
but the public is still unclear the on
this point
Glass products recycled includes
glass bottles, jars and colored or
clear glass

2. Cost of operation

3. Participation rate/
recyclables collection
rate

4. Dissemination of
recycling knowledge to
society

5. Enthusiasm level of
leaders over
environmental concerns

Successfully generated an
average monthly income of
RM 460. Starting cost of the
programs was around RM
3,000. Currently there is a
net profit to the Surau
Recording participation is
poor. The recyclables
collection rate is gradually
increasing. Positive effects
are shown by Surau AlHusna recycling programs.
A good dissemination of
information on recycling rate
to the community was
achieved through educational
and promotional activities
for the awareness of green
practices. Notably displayed
in younger participants,
which a good outcome from
Surau Al-Husna management
Surau Al-Husna started this
program from steel container
to proper building. A good
enthusiasm from the leader
about environmental
concernsand youth
involvement nurtures the
green program (indoor and
outdoor programs)

Public actively separates at source

because of the effect of launching
the 3-recycle bins campaign in
1993
The limited number of glass bottle
manufacturers in Malaysia
generates low demand
A bottle reuse market exists
Ferrous
metal

1.6

Wide range of ferrous metal

recyclables in the local market
Highly separated at source because
of market values

Aluminum

0.4

Highly separated at source because

of market values

Score range (1lowest, 2low, 3standard, 4good, 5

excellent)

Scoring of Performance
Base on the selected criteria, the performance score was
evaluated through interviews, personal observations, site
visits and data provided from Surau Al-Husnas management. The scores ranged from 1 to 5, where 1Lowest,
2Low, 3Standard, 4Good, and 5Excellent.

the Surau members, and from the voluntary efforts of the

community.
To improve the level of sustainability of the recycling
program at Surau Al-Husna, additional recommendations
should be followed such as adopting additional computer
programs for managing the recycling database and the
development of a participant contact list, reorganizing the
department and constructing a new recycling storage system to combat odors.
Potential scaling up to nationwide

Results and discussion

The assessment of the sustainability level of the waste
recycling program in Surau Al-Husna was based on the five
criteria that were mentioned and discussed previously
(Table 4). The results showed that the management of
Surau had a proper system. The success of the program
resulted from the high participation of the community and

123

The community waste recycling program at Surau Al-Husna could potentially be scaled to a nationwide process.
This is because the program is sustainable, the effect to the
neighbors/community is positive and the cost of operation
is low (which also can be considered a zero cost).
Table 5 describes the major recyclable items in terms of
their respective percentage of the waste composition. The

J Mater Cycles Waste Manag

Table 6 Number of Mosques and Suraus in Selangor state, 2012 [25]
No

Type of Mosque

Mosque

Surau

Surau Solat
Jumaat

Petaling
78

Sepang

Hulu
Selangor

Klang

Kuala
Selangor

Sabak
Bernam

Gombak

Hulu
Langat

Kuala
Langat

Total

23

23

42

56

47

43

46

34

392

365

73

158

192

154

224

220

342

126

1854

49

14

21

19

53

179

results of Table 5 displayed that potentially recyclable

items are still uncollected, consisting of food waste, paper,
plastics, glass, ferrous metal and aluminum.
The Malaysia society does not practice recycling
activities in their daily lives even with environmental
knowledge [21]. Thus, the Malaysian recycling rate is
considered low, approximately 9.7 % in 2013 [22]. This
rate is compared to countries such as Singapore (11 %),
Thailand (14 %), Japan (40 %), China (13 %) and Germany (53 %) [23]. However, the government established
two waste agencies, the National Solid Waste Management
Department (JPSPN) and the Solid Waste Management and
Public Cleansing Corporation (PPSPPA), to federalize the
management of waste disposal. Thus, a successful waste
recycling program at Surau Al-Husna could serve as a role
model. One important point is that the Malaysian population consists, in terms of religious affiliation, of nearly
70 % of the population practicing the Islamic faith [24].
Therefore, Islamic places of worship are omnipresent in the
nation. Worship places are a regular place the community
visits and are easily accessed for recycling practices. The
unit population of Selangor State is 2,425 with a mosque
located in the state (Table 6). For example, assume that
2,000 units in Surau applied the waste recycling program
based on the Surau Al-Husna model. Assuming a total of
1.3 tons per month which is similar to the amount of items
collected by Surau (according record of Surau Al-Husna in
Table 3), 2,600 tons per month would be recovered, preventing its disposal to a landfill. Additionally, the cost of
operation is lower at around RM 3000. The essential key of
the waste recycling program at Surau Al-Husna is their
purpose for the program: charity fund-raising and place of
worship building fund-raising. Surau Al-Husna is a
potential role as a model in waste recycling program
operation for nation-wide implementation because of the
similarly in the Malaysia culture and socioeconomic
patterns.

Conclusion
An assessment of sustainability of waste recycling programs
in Malaysia is required. Based on these assessments,

governmental agencies can track the recycling rate and

create an online database for recycling management systems.
The results of an assessment of the sustainability level of a
waste recycling program in the Surau Al-Husna displayed an
excellent sustainability level. This program was an initiative
by the local community and resulted from the enthusiasm of
an environmental steward. The assessment also shows that
Surau Al-Husna is promoting education and assisting the
younger generation in establishing a future green community. Surau Al-Husna required technical improvement in
their recycling programs; a computer database for recording
the recycling rate must be established and a better storage
policy of recyclable items must be implemented.
In conclusion, the community waste recycling program
at the Surau Al-Husna could be a role model in Malaysia
for a good continuous recycling collection/sustainable
recycling management system with income generation.
Surau Al-Husna could serve as a role model for scaling up
recycling practices in Malaysia because of the low operation cost obtained and to the generated income for charities, potentially sustaining recycling programs.
Acknowledgments The authors are grateful for the support to this
project which was performed at the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(under research grants: DLP-2013-019, BKBP-FKAB-K006400,
DPP-2013-064, UKM-PTS-007-2009, UKM-GUP-PLW-08-13-052,
PTS-2012-096, FRGS/1/2013/TK03/UKM/02/5 and OUP-2012-051)
and scholarship of MyPhD under Ministry of Education, Malaysia.
The authors would like to thank Ms. Qistina Azman and Ms. Jasmine
Tan Pui Ee for their assistance in this article.

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